Eisenhower, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Kennedy, Johnson Johnson

APUSHAPUSH

McElhaneyMcElhaney

Essay Question Johnson Essay Question Johnson AdministrationAdministration

Essay:Essay: In what ways did the In what ways did the Great Great

SocietySociety resemble the resemble the New New DealDeal in its origins, goals, in its origins, goals, and social and political and social and political legacy? Cite specific legacy? Cite specific programs and policies in programs and policies in support of your arguments.support of your arguments.

AP OutlineAP Outline

Eisenhower Eisenhower Social critics, Social critics,

nonconformists, and nonconformists, and cultural rebels cultural rebels

The Turbulent 1960sThe Turbulent 1960s1.1. From the New Frontier to From the New Frontier to

the Great Society the Great Society 2.2. Expanding movements for Expanding movements for

civil rights civil rights 3.3. Cold War confrontations: Cold War confrontations:

Asia, Latin America, and Asia, Latin America, and Europe Europe

4.4. Beginning of Détente Beginning of Détente 5.5. The antiwar movement and The antiwar movement and

the counterculture the counterculture 6.6. Kennedy's New Frontier; Kennedy's New Frontier;

Johnson's Great SocietyJohnson's Great Society

New domestic programs New domestic programs Tax cut Tax cut War on poverty War on poverty Affirmative action Affirmative action

Civil rights and civil Civil rights and civil liberties liberties African Americans: African Americans:

political, cultural, and political, cultural, and economic roles economic roles

The leadership of Martin The leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr. Luther King, Jr.

Resurgence of feminism Resurgence of feminism The New Left and the The New Left and the

Counterculture Counterculture Emergence of the Emergence of the

Republican Party in the Republican Party in the South South

The Supreme Court and The Supreme Court and the the MirandaMiranda decision decision

Foreign Policy Foreign Policy Bay of Pigs Bay of Pigs Cuban missile crisis Cuban missile crisis Vietnam quagmireVietnam quagmire

Did all of society conform Did all of society conform to the stereotypical image to the stereotypical image

of 1950’s “Leave it to of 1950’s “Leave it to Beaver”?Beaver”?

NoNo Many groups were not included in the Many groups were not included in the

“Affluent Society”“Affluent Society” Artists like Jackson Pollack- expressed their Artists like Jackson Pollack- expressed their

vision of society in their Artvision of society in their Art The The “Beat Generation”“Beat Generation” highlighted this highlighted this

dichotomy in American society.dichotomy in American society. Similar to the Similar to the Lost GenerationLost Generation of the 1920s- of the 1920s- The Beats were a literary movement The Beats were a literary movement

characterized by disillusionment with characterized by disillusionment with mainstream American Societymainstream American Society

They emerged in the late 1940’s and though They emerged in the late 1940’s and though the 1950’sthe 1950’s

What is the “Beat What is the “Beat Generation”?Generation”?

"I meant beaten. The world against me.“"I meant beaten. The world against me.“ “ “The point of Beat is that you get beat The point of Beat is that you get beat

down to a certain nakedness where you down to a certain nakedness where you actually are able to see the world in a actually are able to see the world in a visionary way," " which is the old classical visionary way," " which is the old classical understanding of what happens in the understanding of what happens in the dark night of the soul.” dark night of the soul.” GinsbergGinsberg, ,

It’s really an It’s really an intellectual movementintellectual movement that that represents the underside of society- not represents the underside of society- not mainstream- mainstream-

HOWLHOWL by Alan Ginsberg by Alan Ginsberg I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness, I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness,

starving hysterical naked, starving hysterical naked, dragging themselves through the negro streets at dawn dragging themselves through the negro streets at dawn looking for an angry fix, looking for an angry fix, angelheaded hipsters burning for the ancient heavenly angelheaded hipsters burning for the ancient heavenly connection to the starry dynamo in the machinery of night, connection to the starry dynamo in the machinery of night, who poverty and tatters and hollow-eyed and high sat up who poverty and tatters and hollow-eyed and high sat up smoking in the supernatural darkness of cold-water flatssmoking in the supernatural darkness of cold-water flatsfloating across the tops of cities contemplating jazz, floating across the tops of cities contemplating jazz, who bared their brains to Heaven under the El and saw who bared their brains to Heaven under the El and saw Mohammedan angels staggering on tene- ment roofsMohammedan angels staggering on tene- ment roofsilluminated, illuminated, who passed through universities with radiant cool eyes who passed through universities with radiant cool eyes hallucinating Arkansas and Blake-light tragedy among thehallucinating Arkansas and Blake-light tragedy among thescholars of war, scholars of war, who were expelled from the academies for crazy & publishing who were expelled from the academies for crazy & publishing obscene odes on the windows of the skull, obscene odes on the windows of the skull, who cowered in unshaven rooms in underwear, burn- ing who cowered in unshaven rooms in underwear, burn- ing their money in wastebaskets and listening to the Terrortheir money in wastebaskets and listening to the Terrorthrough the wall, through the wall, who got busted in their pubic beards returning through who got busted in their pubic beards returning through Laredo with a belt of marijuana for New York, Laredo with a belt of marijuana for New York,

Social Critics= “Social Critics= “The Beat The Beat Generation”Generation”

3 names you should remember:3 names you should remember: Jack Kerouac-Jack Kerouac- Novelist On The RoadNovelist On The Road Alan Ginsberg-Alan Ginsberg- Poet “Howl”Poet “Howl” William Burroughs-William Burroughs- novelist Naked novelist Naked

LunchLunch Nonconformists, individuals, Nonconformists, individuals,

intellectuals,intellectuals, artists that rejected the traditional artists that rejected the traditional

values of materialism and searched to values of materialism and searched to live, live, live the real life, to feel alive…live, live, live the real life, to feel alive…

Painter Jackson PollackPainter Jackson Pollack

Expressed violent, rebellious Expressed violent, rebellious intensityintensity

Youth RebellionYouth Rebellion

James DeanJames Dean Rebel Without a CauseRebel Without a Cause Symbolized the changes in youth culture Symbolized the changes in youth culture Parent and tension Parent and tension

J. D. SalingerJ. D. Salinger Catcher in the RyeCatcher in the Rye Young man in crisisYoung man in crisis

Rock N’ Roll- metaphor for sex (music)Rock N’ Roll- metaphor for sex (music) Began as African American cultureBegan as African American culture UsurpedUsurped by White America first big star by White America first big star Elvis Presley and Bill Haley (Elvis Presley and Bill Haley (Rock Rock

Around the ClockAround the Clock))

Space Race = arms raceSpace Race = arms race Part of the Cold War-hysteria-Part of the Cold War-hysteria- Americans and Soviets build weapons to Americans and Soviets build weapons to

use in case of waruse in case of war Soviets were paranoid of an American Soviets were paranoid of an American

attack- attack- Stalin- wanted to avoid a war with US at Stalin- wanted to avoid a war with US at

all costsall costs US had hundreds and later thousands of US had hundreds and later thousands of

Nukes more than the SovietsNukes more than the Soviets Soviets had more conventional forces- and Soviets had more conventional forces- and

US had to compensate- (See Dulles- US had to compensate- (See Dulles- Massive Retaliation)Massive Retaliation)

SputnikSputnik-1957-1957

Soviets successfully launch a satellite into Soviets successfully launch a satellite into orbitorbit

One even included a dogOne even included a dog US was unsuccessful at firstUS was unsuccessful at first Significance:Significance:

Space Race is really about weapons developmentSpace Race is really about weapons development Post WWII- Post WWII- Nazis developed first jet engines and Nazis developed first jet engines and

rockets- guided missiles- V1 and V-2 bombsrockets- guided missiles- V1 and V-2 bombs Space Race is about developing rockets to Space Race is about developing rockets to

deliver new higher power Nuclear Weapons deliver new higher power Nuclear Weapons ––

Inter-continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM)Inter-continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM)

American Reacts- to American Reacts- to SputnikSputnik

1958- 1958- National Defense Education National Defense Education ActAct Government sponsors education Government sponsors education in science and humanities to support in science and humanities to support defensedefense

NASANASA- National Aeronautics and - National Aeronautics and Space Administration- began as Space Administration- began as agency for non-military space agency for non-military space research and developmentresearch and development

Cold War Cold War NovelNovel On the On the BeachBeach

Bleak story of a Nuclear war-Bleak story of a Nuclear war- Represents critics of Dulles’ Massive Represents critics of Dulles’ Massive

Retaliation doctrineRetaliation doctrine Coincides with American reduction Coincides with American reduction

in conventional forcesin conventional forces

Nixon visits Moscow Nixon visits Moscow 19591959

The “The “Kitchen DebateKitchen Debate”- a ”- a discussion between discussion between Nixon and Khrushchev Nixon and Khrushchev regarding economic regarding economic systemssystems

Later Khrushchev will Later Khrushchev will visit USAvisit USA

Relations were Relations were agreeable on the surfaceagreeable on the surface

U2U2 Crisis 1960 Crisis 1960

Good relations with Soviets- Good relations with Soviets- Eisenhower was to meet in Paris for Eisenhower was to meet in Paris for important summit meetingimportant summit meeting

US was sending U2 Spy Planes over US was sending U2 Spy Planes over Soviet Union-Soviet Union-

One is shot down- One is shot down- Francis Gary Francis Gary PowersPowers is the pilot- captured and is the pilot- captured and confesses to spyingconfesses to spying

Causes tension and breakdown of Causes tension and breakdown of summit meeting with IKEsummit meeting with IKE

Cuban Revolution 1950Cuban Revolution 1950 Fulgencio Batista-Fulgencio Batista- American Supported American Supported

corrupt dictator of Cubacorrupt dictator of Cuba Overthrown by Socialist- Overthrown by Socialist- Fidel CastroFidel Castro and and

Ernesto Che Guevara- Allies with Ernesto Che Guevara- Allies with Soviets Soviets and wants to spread revolution in South and wants to spread revolution in South AmericaAmerica

Regime nationalizes businesses and Regime nationalizes businesses and alienates American government- alienates American government-

Cubans leave to Florida-Cubans leave to Florida- support anti- support anti-Castro movement in US- become very Castro movement in US- become very powerful in powerful in Florida politicsFlorida politics

Cuba ContinuedCuba Continued Eisenhower administration was not Eisenhower administration was not

comfortable with intervention in Cubacomfortable with intervention in Cuba CIACIA did prepare a counter revolution- did prepare a counter revolution-

Cuban exiles were trained –Cuban exiles were trained – In 1961- In 1961- Bahia de CochinosBahia de Cochinos (Bay of (Bay of

Pigs) CIA backed counter Pigs) CIA backed counter revolutionaries invade Cuba, ask for revolutionaries invade Cuba, ask for US support and are refused by US support and are refused by Kennedy. (Kennedy didn’t want to use Kennedy. (Kennedy didn’t want to use American power)American power)

US continues US continues economic blockadeeconomic blockade (lasting through today)(lasting through today)

Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia Vietnam-French Conflict-post WWIIVietnam-French Conflict-post WWII American SupportAmerican Support Ho Chi Minh-Ho Chi Minh- Communist Nationalist- Communist Nationalist-

sends insurgents into South Vietnam sends insurgents into South Vietnam to unite country- “to unite country- “Viet CongViet Cong””

1954 1954 Dien Bien PhuDien Bien Phu battle- French battle- French are defeated and country is split in are defeated and country is split in Two North (Communist) South Pro-Two North (Communist) South Pro-American leader American leader Ngo Dinh DiemNgo Dinh Diem

Americans aid the South $ and military Americans aid the South $ and military advisorsadvisors

Bobbie Kennedy (RFK)Bobbie Kennedy (RFK)

Brother to JFK (Attorney General)Brother to JFK (Attorney General) Put in charge of “Put in charge of “Operation Operation

MongooseMongoose”” Covert operation to disrupt- Cuban Covert operation to disrupt- Cuban

domestic politicsdomestic politics Accusations of assassination plots Accusations of assassination plots

against Fidel Castroagainst Fidel Castro Kennedy will later develop a kind of Kennedy will later develop a kind of

“Marshall Plan for Latin America”“Marshall Plan for Latin America” Alliance for ProgressAlliance for Progress =Loans for =Loans for

economic development- in an effort to economic development- in an effort to prevent communist subversionprevent communist subversion

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis 19621962

Nikita Khrushchev-Nikita Khrushchev- new leader of new leader of Soviet Union (Stalin died March 5, Soviet Union (Stalin died March 5, 1953)1953)

Sent 3 dozen Nuclear war heads to Sent 3 dozen Nuclear war heads to CubaCuba

Idea seems to be that Khrushchev Idea seems to be that Khrushchev wanted to prevent an American wanted to prevent an American invasioninvasion

Kennedy Reacts Kennedy Reacts Kennedy “Could not permit this Kennedy “Could not permit this

unprecedented intrusion into the unprecedented intrusion into the American sphere of interest.”American sphere of interest.”

It would encourage Khrushchev to It would encourage Khrushchev to further action in Latin Americafurther action in Latin America

It would also cause domestic criticism It would also cause domestic criticism against him by Republicansagainst him by Republicans

Kennedy decided to blockade Cuba and Kennedy decided to blockade Cuba and prevent any further Soviet prevent any further Soviet equipment/personnel/from being equipment/personnel/from being offloaded in Cubaoffloaded in Cuba

Tensions rose and Tensions rose and Nuclear WarNuclear War seemed seemed eminenteminent

Khrushchev Khrushchev

Stopped the ships heading to CubaStopped the ships heading to Cuba Decided that missiles in Cuba was not Decided that missiles in Cuba was not

worth nuclear warworth nuclear war Negotiated settlement- removal of Negotiated settlement- removal of

American missiles in Turkey and American missiles in Turkey and Soviet missiles in CubaSoviet missiles in Cuba

US promised not to invade CubaUS promised not to invade Cuba

Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia Vietnam-French Conflict-post WWIIVietnam-French Conflict-post WWII American SupportAmerican Support Ho Chi Minh-Ho Chi Minh- Communist Nationalist- Communist Nationalist-

sends insurgents into South Vietnam sends insurgents into South Vietnam to unite country- “to unite country- “Viet CongViet Cong””

1954 1954 Dien Bien PhuDien Bien Phu battle- French battle- French are defeated and country is split in are defeated and country is split in Two North (Communist) South Pro-Two North (Communist) South Pro-American leader American leader Ngo Dinh DiemNgo Dinh Diem

Americans aid the South $ and military Americans aid the South $ and military advisors (Kennedy increases aid and advisors (Kennedy increases aid and American troops)American troops)

SEATOSEATO

South East Asia Treaty OrganizationSouth East Asia Treaty Organization Cold War alliance similar to NATO in Cold War alliance similar to NATO in

EuropeEurope

Eisenhower’s Legacy:Eisenhower’s Legacy:Beware of the Beware of the “Military Industrial “Military Industrial

Complex”Complex”

He warned Americans watch out for He warned Americans watch out for the influence to the defense industries the influence to the defense industries in American Government-in American Government-

He saw this as a threat to peaceHe saw this as a threat to peace Felt control of government must Felt control of government must

remain civilian and independent from remain civilian and independent from industriesindustries

M.I.CM.I.C.= The defense industry, .= The defense industry, weapons manufacture and Military-weapons manufacture and Military-

Election of 1960Election of 1960

Senator John Fitzgerald Kennedy Senator John Fitzgerald Kennedy (Democrat) vs VP Richard Millhouse (Democrat) vs VP Richard Millhouse Nixon (Republican)Nixon (Republican)

1958 Democrats have large majority in 1958 Democrats have large majority in Senate and HouseSenate and House

JFK and the JFK and the ““New New Frontier”Frontier”

43 year old, Irish!!!!, Catholic, Democrat43 year old, Irish!!!!, Catholic, Democrat Senator since 1952Senator since 1952 Running mate Lyndon Baines Johnson Running mate Lyndon Baines Johnson

(LBJ) (Senate Majority Leader from (LBJ) (Senate Majority Leader from Texas)Texas)

““New Frontier”New Frontier” campaign program campaign program ““get the country moving again”get the country moving again” Close the missile gapClose the missile gap Expand the space explorationExpand the space exploration Boost economic growthBoost economic growth Support Civil RightsSupport Civil Rights

Kennedy Wins- very close electionKennedy Wins- very close election

Kennedy ushers in a new Kennedy ushers in a new era of change the 1960sera of change the 1960s

Opportunism, youth, Opportunism, youth, action, intelligenceaction, intelligence

““Camelot”- Camelot”- Jacqueline Bouvier Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Kennedy

Bay of PigsBay of Pigs Apollo Program- Apollo Program-

Man on the moonMan on the moon Alliance for ProgressAlliance for Progress Peace CorpsPeace Corps Green BeretsGreen Berets Berlin CrisisBerlin Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis

Civil Rights:Civil Rights: Freedom RidesFreedom Rides Birmingham protestsBirmingham protests University of MississippiUniversity of Mississippi James MeredithJames Meredith University Alabama University Alabama George WallaceGeorge Wallace MLK March on MLK March on

WashingtonWashington ““I have a dream speech”I have a dream speech”

November 22, 1963 November 22, 1963 Dallas TexasDallas Texas

Lee Harvey OswaldLee Harvey Oswald

Kennedy “New Frontier”Kennedy “New Frontier”

-- -- "We stand today on the edge of a "We stand today on the edge of a new frontier -- the frontier of the new frontier -- the frontier of the 1960s, a frontier of unknown 1960s, a frontier of unknown opportunities and paths, a frontier of opportunities and paths, a frontier of unfulfilled hopes and threats. The unfulfilled hopes and threats. The new frontier I speak is not a set of new frontier I speak is not a set of promises -- it is a set of promises -- it is a set of challenges." challenges."

1961 Kennedy's Inaugural 1961 Kennedy's Inaugural AddressAddress

““We observe today not a victory of party, but We observe today not a victory of party, but a celebration of freedom -- symbolizing an a celebration of freedom -- symbolizing an end, as well as a beginning -- signifying end, as well as a beginning -- signifying renewal, as well as change . . . Let the word renewal, as well as change . . . Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans -- born in to a new generation of Americans -- born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage -- and unwilling to witness or permit heritage -- and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to the slow undoing of those human rights to which this Nation has always been which this Nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.”today at home and around the world.”

Kennedy’s Foreign Policy Kennedy’s Foreign Policy Warning to the RussiansWarning to the Russians

““Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear in burden, or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear in burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and success of liberty.”foe to assure the survival and success of liberty.”

Significance:Significance: Kennedy would attempt to stop spread of Kennedy would attempt to stop spread of

Communism- continue Containment…Communism- continue Containment… Creates Creates Green BeretsGreen Berets -military forces- counter -military forces- counter

insurgency focusinsurgency focus Alliance for ProgressAlliance for Progress –Economic aid for Latin –Economic aid for Latin

AmericaAmerica Peace CorpsPeace Corps –humanitarian and development org.- –humanitarian and development org.-

education, agriculture, health care for third world education, agriculture, health care for third world countriescountries

Berlin Crisis 1961Berlin Crisis 1961

Khrushchev wanted US out of BerlinKhrushchev wanted US out of Berlin 3.5 million Germans were leaving to the 3.5 million Germans were leaving to the

Western side of Berlin- 30,000 per monthWestern side of Berlin- 30,000 per month Khrushchev tried to bully Kennedy by Khrushchev tried to bully Kennedy by

threatening to take over West Berlinthreatening to take over West Berlin Kennedy responds with arms build up, Kennedy responds with arms build up,

military build up in US, and commitment to military build up in US, and commitment to Berlin.Berlin.

Khrushchev responds with the Khrushchev responds with the “Berlin “Berlin Wall”Wall”

Berlin WallBerlin Wall

Civil Rights Continue in the Civil Rights Continue in the 60s60s

May 1961 May 1961 Congress of Racial Equality-Congress of Racial Equality- (CORE) (CORE) organizes organizes Freedom RidesFreedom Rides::

Protestors ride through the south to protest Protestors ride through the south to protest lack of enforcement of desegregation laws for lack of enforcement of desegregation laws for bussesbusses

Bobbie Kennedy- sends Federal Marshals to Bobbie Kennedy- sends Federal Marshals to protect protesters.protect protesters.

1962 1962 University of Mississippi-University of Mississippi- James MeredithJames Meredith desegregates, protected by marshals and desegregates, protected by marshals and troopstroops

1963, 1963, Birmingham ProtestsBirmingham Protests:: MLK goes to Birmingham, Alabama to protest MLK goes to Birmingham, Alabama to protest

discrimination and segregation of facilities discrimination and segregation of facilities

Birmingham 1963Birmingham 1963 MLK ArrestedMLK Arrested Police commissioner Eugene "Bull" Connor used Police commissioner Eugene "Bull" Connor used

cattle prods and ordered police dogs on cattle prods and ordered police dogs on demonstrators and used fire hoses on children as demonstrators and used fire hoses on children as world watched in horror. world watched in horror.

Causes- Public pressure for civil rights legislation.Causes- Public pressure for civil rights legislation. Local business leaders gave in and agreed to Local business leaders gave in and agreed to

desegregate the big department stores. desegregate the big department stores. King called off the demonstrations. King called off the demonstrations. Significance: Kennedy actively pursues civil rights Significance: Kennedy actively pursues civil rights

George Wallace- Gov. George Wallace- Gov. AlabamaAlabama

Tries to resist de-segregation of Tries to resist de-segregation of Alabama University "segregation Alabama University "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever."segregation forever."

Kennedy sends federal troopsKennedy sends federal troopsThat night,That night, Medgar Evers Medgar Evers, , NAACP director in NAACP director in Mississippi, was Mississippi, was assassinated assassinated -- Seen as retaliation for -- Seen as retaliation for University of Alabama University of Alabama incident incident

1963 The March on 1963 The March on WashingtonWashington

In response to murder of In response to murder of EVERSEVERS JFK announced JFK announced he would send Congress a civil rights bill which he would send Congress a civil rights bill which would crush segregation, outlaw discrimination in would crush segregation, outlaw discrimination in elections, and give the justice department elections, and give the justice department authority to enforce school integration. authority to enforce school integration.

March on Washington, March on Washington, August 28, 1963 August 28, 1963 Largest protest in nation’s history thus far; Largest protest in nation’s history thus far;

200,000 200,000 Protesters demanded support for Kennedy’s civil Protesters demanded support for Kennedy’s civil

rights bill rights bill King makes “I have a dream speech.”King makes “I have a dream speech.”

““I have a Dream Speech” I have a Dream Speech” August 1963, Washington August 1963, Washington

DCDC I have a dream that one day the state of Alabama, whose governor's lips are I have a dream that one day the state of Alabama, whose governor's lips are

presently dripping with the words of interposition and nullification, will be presently dripping with the words of interposition and nullification, will be transformed into a situation where little black boys and black girls will be transformed into a situation where little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls and walk together as able to join hands with little white boys and white girls and walk together as sisters and brothers. sisters and brothers.

I have a dream today. I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every I have a dream today. I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together. This is our hope. This is the faith with which I return to the flesh shall see it together. This is our hope. This is the faith with which I return to the South. With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of South. With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into hope. With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith we will be able to work together, to a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day. together, knowing that we will be free one day.

This will be the day when all of God's children will be able to sing with a new meaning, This will be the day when all of God's children will be able to sing with a new meaning, "My country, 'tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing. Land where my fathers "My country, 'tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing. Land where my fathers died, land of the pilgrim's pride, from every mountainside, let freedom ring." And if died, land of the pilgrim's pride, from every mountainside, let freedom ring." And if America is to be a great nation, this must become true. So let freedom ring from the America is to be a great nation, this must become true. So let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire. Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire. Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York. Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania! Let New York. Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania! Let freedom ring from the snowcapped Rockies of Colorado! Let freedom ring from the freedom ring from the snowcapped Rockies of Colorado! Let freedom ring from the curvaceous peaks of California! But not only that; let freedom ring from Stone Mountain curvaceous peaks of California! But not only that; let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia! Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee! Let freedom ring of Georgia! Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee! Let freedom ring from every hill and every molehill of Mississippi. From every mountainside, let freedom from every hill and every molehill of Mississippi. From every mountainside, let freedom ring. ring.

When we let freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from When we let freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, "Free at last! free be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, "Free at last! free at last! thank God Almighty, we are free at last!"at last! thank God Almighty, we are free at last!"

Assassination of Martin Luther Assassination of Martin Luther KingKing -- April 4, 1968 -- April 4, 1968

Martin Luther King Jr. continued his work of Martin Luther King Jr. continued his work of civil civil disobediencedisobedience and and non-violent protestnon-violent protest to work for to work for civil rights for African Americans, but he was civil rights for African Americans, but he was becoming more radical in views like the Vietnam war becoming more radical in views like the Vietnam war and socialist ideas. and socialist ideas.

He was shot while standing on a balcony in Memphis. He was shot while standing on a balcony in Memphis. King was working to increase wages for Memphis King was working to increase wages for Memphis

trash collectors. trash collectors. "We’ve got some difficult days ahead. But it doesn’t "We’ve got some difficult days ahead. But it doesn’t

matter with me now. Because I’ve been to the matter with me now. Because I’ve been to the mountain top. I may not get there with you, but I want mountain top. I may not get there with you, but I want you to know tonight... that we as a people will get to you to know tonight... that we as a people will get to the promised land." the promised land."

He had an idea he would not be alive much longer.He had an idea he would not be alive much longer.

James Earl Ray, accused of James Earl Ray, accused of assassination of MLKassassination of MLK

King’s Assassination King’s Assassination Causes Violent ProtestCauses Violent Protest

Blacks in the North-Blacks in the North- Slums, poverty, Slums, poverty,

crime, police crime, police brutalitybrutality

High unemploymentHigh unemployment 1960 3 million 1960 3 million

blacks on welfareblacks on welfare 1972 11 million on 1972 11 million on

welfarewelfare Jail, tensions cause Jail, tensions cause

unrest-unrest-

July- 1964 Harlem July- 1964 Harlem and Brooklyn riotsand Brooklyn riots

1965 Watts Riots 6 1965 Watts Riots 6 days (LA)days (LA)

1966- 40 riots1966- 40 riots 1967- 160 riots1967- 160 riots 1968 more riots1968 more riots

What is the significance?What is the significance?

““The only way we gonna stop them The only way we gonna stop them white men from whippin us is to take white men from whippin us is to take over.”over.”

““Burn Baby Burn”Burn Baby Burn” What group might have said this?What group might have said this?

How does MLK compare to How does MLK compare to other African American other African American

leadersleaders Malcolm XMalcolm X Nation of IslamNation of Islam Radical, brilliant orator Radical, brilliant orator Separation from White Society Separation from White Society

(similar to Marcus Garvey, of the (similar to Marcus Garvey, of the Harlem Renaissance, 1920’s)Harlem Renaissance, 1920’s)

Advocated African American rights Advocated African American rights through through "any means necessary.""any means necessary."

Advocated use of weapons for self-Advocated use of weapons for self-defense believing nonviolence defense believing nonviolence encouraged white violence encouraged white violence

Scared the white community Scared the white community His views softened after his His views softened after his

pilgrimage to Mecca; he left Nation pilgrimage to Mecca; he left Nation of Islam of Islam

February 21, 1965, assassinated by February 21, 1965, assassinated by three members of the Nation of three members of the Nation of Islam.Islam.

Never supported King’s nonviolent Never supported King’s nonviolent methods: "The white people should methods: "The white people should thank Dr. King for holding black thank Dr. King for holding black people in check."people in check."

Stokely Carmichael Stokely Carmichael and and

“Black Power”“Black Power” Contrast to MLKContrast to MLK ““It is ludicrous for the society to believe that temporary It is ludicrous for the society to believe that temporary

measures can long contain the tempers of an oppressed measures can long contain the tempers of an oppressed people. And when the dynamite does go off, pious people. And when the dynamite does go off, pious pronouncements of patience should not go forth…That pronouncements of patience should not go forth…That dynamite was placed there by white racism and it was dynamite was placed there by white racism and it was ignited by white racist indifference and unwillingness to ignited by white racist indifference and unwillingness to act justly.” act justly.”

1966, CORE and SNCC called for civil rights movement to use 1966, CORE and SNCC called for civil rights movement to use only blacks, to staff, finance, and only blacks, to staff, finance, and

Black nationalism Black nationalism Separatism replaced integration as the goal. Separatism replaced integration as the goal. Carmichael later a member of Carmichael later a member of Black Black

PanthersPanthers, based in Oakland, and founded , based in Oakland, and founded by urban revolutionaries by urban revolutionaries Huey NewtonHuey Newton and and Bobby Seale. Bobby Seale. a. Revolutionary social movement to a. Revolutionary social movement to organize African American men in northern organize African American men in northern and western cities to fight for liberation. and western cities to fight for liberation. b. b. H. Rap BrownH. Rap Brown another leader of the another leader of the movement. movement. D. Racial violence D. Racial violence 1. Poverty, unemployment, & racial 1. Poverty, unemployment, & racial discrimination common in major inner-discrimination common in major inner-cities. cities. -- Empty promise of racial equality in the -- Empty promise of racial equality in the North ignited rage in many African North ignited rage in many African American American communities communities

““African-Americans and as African-Americans and as black people who are in fact black people who are in fact energetic, determined, energetic, determined, intelligent, beautiful, and peace-intelligent, beautiful, and peace-loving”. More concretely, they loving”. More concretely, they call for political modernization call for political modernization which necessitates rejecting the which necessitates rejecting the middle-class American values middle-class American values that perpetuate racism, founding that perpetuate racism, founding a third political party apart from a third political party apart from the bipartisan system that fails the bipartisan system that fails to represent blacks, and finally to represent blacks, and finally incorporating more black people incorporating more black people into political participation. Black into political participation. Black Power as they defined it was not Power as they defined it was not a new or groundbreaking a new or groundbreaking doctrine, but one that previous doctrine, but one that previous black leaders had called for on black leaders had called for on various occasions.”various occasions.”

Black PanthersBlack Panthers

Oakland, CaliforniaOakland, California Black Panther Party for Self DefenseBlack Panther Party for Self Defense ArmedArmed Advocated violenceAdvocated violence Believed in Racial segregationBelieved in Racial segregation Contrast to conservative MLK and Contrast to conservative MLK and

SCLCSCLC

Monday, 4-17Monday, 4-17

3 Weeks till AP EXAM May 5, 7:30 am3 Weeks till AP EXAM May 5, 7:30 am Due: Due: Reading Reading

Maier Chapter 30 Years of Rage: 1964-1974Maier Chapter 30 Years of Rage: 1964-1974 Brinkley Chapter 32 Crisis of AuthorityBrinkley Chapter 32 Crisis of Authority

Review packetsReview packets 1800-18241800-1824 1824-1850 1824-1850

Practice Multiple Choice AP Exams (2 should Practice Multiple Choice AP Exams (2 should have been completed)have been completed)

This WeekThis Week

Maier Maier Chapter 31 Conservative Chapter 31 Conservative

Revival 1974-1980Revival 1974-1980 Due April 18 Pages 984-Due April 18 Pages 984-

993993

Review packet Due Review packet Due Monday- 1850-1870Monday- 1850-1870

BrinkleyBrinkley Chapter 33 From the Chapter 33 From the

Age of Limits to the Age Age of Limits to the Age of Reaganof Reagan

Due April 18 Pages 879-Due April 18 Pages 879-888 888

Test on Kennedy, Test on Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, Carter Johnson, Nixon, Carter this Fridaythis Friday

November November 22, 1963, 22, 1963,

DallasDallas

JFK Assassinated JFK Assassinated November 22, 1963, DallasNovember 22, 1963, Dallas

Lee Harvey OswaldLee Harvey Oswald ““Lone Gunman”Lone Gunman” Killed Kennedy then Killed Kennedy then

was shot himself by was shot himself by Jack Ruby- Night club Jack Ruby- Night club

owner ties to Mafiaowner ties to Mafia Conspiracy theories Conspiracy theories

even to this dayeven to this day Chief Justice Earl Chief Justice Earl

Warren was appointed Warren was appointed to lead an investigation to lead an investigation

The “Warren The “Warren Commission” found no Commission” found no evidence of evidence of Conspiracy…Conspiracy…

President Lyndon Baines President Lyndon Baines JohnsonJohnson

LBJ becomes President Nov. 1963LBJ becomes President Nov. 1963

From TexasFrom Texas Wheeler DealerWheeler Dealer Devious, Cruel, VindictiveDevious, Cruel, Vindictive Generous and CompassionateGenerous and Compassionate 26 years in Congress26 years in Congress Majority Leader in Senate (Dems)Majority Leader in Senate (Dems)

LBJ and the Great LBJ and the Great SocietySociety

Johnson kept Kennedy’s CabinetJohnson kept Kennedy’s Cabinet Continued Kennedy’s- Continued Kennedy’s- “New “New

Frontier”Frontier” Tax cut- $10 billion tax reduction Tax cut- $10 billion tax reduction

(Surplus in Budget)(Surplus in Budget) Civil Rights Act 1964Civil Rights Act 1964 War on PovertyWar on Poverty Extend these to the “Great Society”Extend these to the “Great Society”

Great Society Accomplishments Great Society Accomplishments 19681968

Income Income ^ 41% Per ^ 41% Per CapitaCapita

Average income Average income $8000 year doubles $8000 year doubles (1958)(1958)

Unemployment down Unemployment down to 3.5%to 3.5%

Poverty down ½ to Poverty down ½ to 12% of population12% of population

Kennedy’s Tax cut Kennedy’s Tax cut helpedhelped

Expanded Soc. Expanded Soc. Security- more people Security- more people enrolledenrolled

MedicareMedicare MedicaidMedicaid Housing Housing Dependent childrenDependent children Job CorpsJob Corps Head StartHead Start Civil RightsCivil Rights Voting RightsVoting Rights Affirmative Action Affirmative Action

Great SocietyGreat Society

Part of Election of 1964Part of Election of 1964 Vision for LBJ’s domestic agendaVision for LBJ’s domestic agenda Anti-racismAnti-racism Anti-povertyAnti-poverty Pro-equalityPro-equality Included significant Included significant government government

regulationregulation and spending and spending

Johnson’s ViewJohnson’s View

      “      “The The Great SocietyGreat Society is a place where is a place where every child can find knowledge to enrich every child can find knowledge to enrich his mind and to enlarge his talents. his mind and to enlarge his talents.

It is a place where the city of man serves It is a place where the city of man serves not only the needs of the body and the not only the needs of the body and the demands of commerce but the desire for demands of commerce but the desire for beauty and the hunger for community. beauty and the hunger for community.

It is a place where men are more It is a place where men are more concerned with the quality of their goals concerned with the quality of their goals than the quantity of their goods.” than the quantity of their goods.”

Great SocietyGreat Society Programs to alleviate povertyPrograms to alleviate poverty

Economic Opportunity ActEconomic Opportunity Act Minimum Wage increase Minimum Wage increase

$1.25-1.60$1.25-1.60 Redevelopment of Appalachia Redevelopment of Appalachia Model Cities Act- low income Model Cities Act- low income

housing, help for the slums housing, help for the slums (projects)(projects)

Education ProgramsEducation Programs Secondary Education Act- Secondary Education Act-

funding for schools that serve funding for schools that serve poorpoor

Higher Education ActHigher Education Act Scholarship $ for low income Scholarship $ for low income

peoplepeople Head startHead start

Civil RightsCivil Rights Voting Rights Act ending poll Voting Rights Act ending poll

taxestaxes 24th Amendment24th Amendment

Healthcare Healthcare Medicare- healthcare for Medicare- healthcare for

elderlyelderly Medicaid- healthcare for Medicaid- healthcare for

indigent, blind, disabledindigent, blind, disabled

Other Programs:Other Programs: National Endowment for the National Endowment for the

Humanities- support=$ for Humanities- support=$ for the artsthe arts

Immigration Reform- ended Immigration Reform- ended immigration preferences for immigration preferences for EuropeEurope

RegulationsRegulations Auto SafetyAuto Safety Anti-Pollution Clean Air ActAnti-Pollution Clean Air Act Conservation- Red WoodsConservation- Red Woods

Civil Rights Act 1964Civil Rights Act 1964

Easy pass in House- Senate filibuster- Easy pass in House- Senate filibuster- but passedbut passed

Outlawed racial discriminationOutlawed racial discrimination in public in public accommodations- interstate commerce, accommodations- interstate commerce, restaurants, hotels…restaurants, hotels…

Prohibited discrimination in employment Prohibited discrimination in employment on basis of race, color, religion, national on basis of race, color, religion, national origin- established origin- established Equal Employment Equal Employment Opportunity CommissionOpportunity Commission

Executive OrderExecutive Order

Affirmative ActionAffirmative Action Federal government will give Federal government will give

preference to employing non-whites preference to employing non-whites

And in awarding contractsAnd in awarding contracts

2424thth Amendment (1964) Amendment (1964) Ends Poll TaxEnds Poll Tax

Section 1. The right of Section 1. The right of citizens of the United citizens of the United States to vote in any States to vote in any primary or other election primary or other election for President or Vice for President or Vice President, for electors for President, for electors for President or Vice President or Vice President, or for Senator President, or for Senator or Representative in or Representative in Congress, shall not be Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the denied or abridged by the United States or any United States or any State by reason of failure State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or to pay any poll tax or other tax. other tax.

Caused- Caused- 3 x more blacks vote3 x more blacks vote Caused black Caused black

registration to registration to increase 60%increase 60%

3.1 million vote3.1 million vote

Johnson Administration Johnson Administration UpheavalsUpheavals

Gulf of Gulf of TonkinTonkin

Tet Tet Offensive Offensive 19681968

FeminismFeminism WoodstockWoodstock

Vietnam Vietnam QuagmirQuagmiree

Walter Walter CronkiteCronkite

Counter Counter CultureCulture

LBJ LBJ Surprise Surprise Speech Speech 19681968

CredibilitCredibility Gapy Gap

Mai-Lai Mai-Lai MassacreMassacre

Timothy Timothy LearyLeary

Election of Election of 1968 Slide 1968 Slide 1, 2, 3, 4,1, 2, 3, 4,

Anti-War Anti-War MovemeMovementnt

New LeftNew Left Kissenger Kissenger and and Peace Peace with with HonorHonor

Robert F. Robert F. KennedyKennedy

Gulf of Gulf of TonkinTonkin

1964 Gulf of Tonkin Incident1964 Gulf of Tonkin Incident: : American forces claim to have been American forces claim to have been attacked by North Vietnameseattacked by North Vietnamese

LBJ reacts by asking Congress for a LBJ reacts by asking Congress for a free hand in protecting American free hand in protecting American interests interests Gulf of Tonkin ResolutionGulf of Tonkin Resolution and gains wide support and a free and gains wide support and a free hand in Vietnam hand in Vietnam “A Blank Check”“A Blank Check”

““To take all necessary measures to To take all necessary measures to repel any armed attacks against the repel any armed attacks against the forces of the U.S. and to prevent forces of the U.S. and to prevent further aggression in the area.”further aggression in the area.”

Americans build up forces by 1965- Americans build up forces by 1965- 125,000 forces in Vietnam125,000 forces in Vietnam

Vietnam QuagmireVietnam Quagmire

Fighting the War was difficultFighting the War was difficult Counter insurgency war- unconventional- Counter insurgency war- unconventional-

Vietcong infiltrators perpetrate terror and Vietcong infiltrators perpetrate terror and guerrilla fighting.guerrilla fighting.

US was afraid of provoking Soviets and US was afraid of provoking Soviets and China to enter the war.China to enter the war.

No invasion of North VietnamNo invasion of North Vietnam North Vietnamese would not give up and North Vietnamese would not give up and

war continued-war continued- No success was insightNo success was insight

Credibility Gap-VietnamCredibility Gap-Vietnam War begins to drag onWar begins to drag on Each night TV shows the War being foughtEach night TV shows the War being fought Publicizing the American Body Count- (50 Publicizing the American Body Count- (50

killed today in Vietnam, day after day, 800 killed today in Vietnam, day after day, 800 per month by 1967)per month by 1967)

Death, destruction and suffering each night Death, destruction and suffering each night on TVon TV

Meanwhile the Government is say the war is Meanwhile the Government is say the war is being won.being won.

Americans begin to get tired of the death Americans begin to get tired of the death The media begins to express skepticismThe media begins to express skepticism Johnson administration was saying that it was Johnson administration was saying that it was

winning the war.- but we clearly were notwinning the war.- but we clearly were not

Tet Offensive January Tet Offensive January 19681968

Tet is the Vietnamese New YearTet is the Vietnamese New Year Massive uprising- The Viet Cong and Massive uprising- The Viet Cong and

North Vietnamese army attacked in every North Vietnamese army attacked in every city in South Vietnamcity in South Vietnam

Showed on American TV that US was not Showed on American TV that US was not in control (contradiction to US Gov line, in control (contradiction to US Gov line, “we are winning” “we are winning”

Causes more people in US to view the war Causes more people in US to view the war as a bad idea.as a bad idea.

Anti-War movement becomes more Anti-War movement becomes more popular and feeds into more protestspopular and feeds into more protests

Mai Lai Massacre March Mai Lai Massacre March 19681968 American Soldiers Kill innocent Vietnamese women and American Soldiers Kill innocent Vietnamese women and

children children My Lai village in S Vietnam, Numerous members of Charlie My Lai village in S Vietnam, Numerous members of Charlie

Company had been maimed or killed in the area during the Company had been maimed or killed in the area during the preceding weeks. preceding weeks.

Under the command of Lt. William Calley, Under the command of Lt. William Calley, MassacreMassacre

As the "search and destroy" mission unfolded, it soon As the "search and destroy" mission unfolded, it soon degenerated into the massacre of over 300 apparently degenerated into the massacre of over 300 apparently unarmed civilians including women, children, and the elderly. unarmed civilians including women, children, and the elderly.

Calley ordered his men to enter the village firing, though there Calley ordered his men to enter the village firing, though there had been no report of opposing fire. According to eyewitness had been no report of opposing fire. According to eyewitness reports offered after the event, several old men were reports offered after the event, several old men were bayoneted, praying women and children were shot in the back bayoneted, praying women and children were shot in the back of the head, and at least one girl was raped and then killed. For of the head, and at least one girl was raped and then killed. For his part, Calley was said to have rounded up a group of the his part, Calley was said to have rounded up a group of the villagers, ordered them into a ditch, and mowed them down in villagers, ordered them into a ditch, and mowed them down in a fury of machine gun fire. a fury of machine gun fire.

Becomes a national disgraceBecomes a national disgrace A black eye for the Johnson Administration, feeds into Anti-War A black eye for the Johnson Administration, feeds into Anti-War

criticismcriticism

War Protests Begin 1967-War Protests Begin 1967-Continue through Nixon Continue through Nixon

19731973 More and more troops to Vietnam, 500k by 1968More and more troops to Vietnam, 500k by 1968 Draftees- Draftees- draft protestsdraft protests emerge emerge Community leaders- Community leaders- Dr. SpockDr. Spock, Catholic church, Catholic church Students in the UniversitiesStudents in the Universities ArgueArgue: Vietnam is a Civil War, : Vietnam is a Civil War,

Not important to American interestsNot important to American interests Ho Chi Minh was a Nationalist Ho Chi Minh was a Nationalist

Muhammad Ali- protested the war and draft- Muhammad Ali- protested the war and draft- Refused to go, Conscientious ObjectorRefused to go, Conscientious Objector

Kent State Protest-Kent State Protest- 4 students killed in Ohio, 4 students killed in Ohio, May 1970May 1970

Walter CronkiteWalter Cronkite “The Most “The Most Trusted Man in America”Trusted Man in America”

CBS news Anchor Man- very CBS news Anchor Man- very influential for middle Americainfluential for middle America

Suggested that the War was not Suggested that the War was not winnablewinnable

CausesCauses more people to criticize the more people to criticize the War and Johnson to lose much War and Johnson to lose much popularitypopularity

““It seems now more certain than It seems now more certain than ever that the bloody experience ever that the bloody experience in Vietnam is to end in Stalemate in Vietnam is to end in Stalemate and that the only rational way and that the only rational way out will be to negotiate.”out will be to negotiate.”

New Left- Liberal New Left- Liberal ActivistsActivists

Anti- war movementAnti- war movement Tom HaydenTom Hayden Students for a Democratic SocietyStudents for a Democratic Society

Counter Counter Culture-Culture-

The Generation The Generation GapGap 18-25 year olds18-25 year olds

½ of the 18 year olds are in college½ of the 18 year olds are in college Reject traditional culture-Reject traditional culture- Experience the drug culture Experience the drug culture Freedom lifestyleFreedom lifestyle

Timothy LearyTimothy Leary Harvard psychology professor Harvard psychology professor

advocated LSD. “Drop out, Turn on advocated LSD. “Drop out, Turn on and Tune in.” believed LSD was a and Tune in.” believed LSD was a way to raise levels of consciousness.way to raise levels of consciousness.

Beatles reflect these Counter Beatles reflect these Counter Culture attitudesCulture attitudes Lucy in the Sky with DiamondsLucy in the Sky with Diamonds

Grateful Dead:Grateful Dead:

Counter Culture Meets Counter Culture Meets MainstreamMainstream

HairHair Theater production reflected both Theater production reflected both counter culture and the anti-war counter culture and the anti-war movement (story of a boy befriended by movement (story of a boy befriended by Hippies before he is drafted)Hippies before he is drafted)

Easy RiderEasy Rider Movie about Hippie drug Movie about Hippie drug smugglers- reflects the counter culture smugglers- reflects the counter culture movement of freedom, communes, movement of freedom, communes, rejection of traditional values and rejection of traditional values and conflict with mainstream values.conflict with mainstream values.

WoodstockWoodstock rock n roll festival- in up state rock n roll festival- in up state New York. 400,000 young people seem New York. 400,000 young people seem to reflect counter culture movementto reflect counter culture movement

Extremism Counter Extremism Counter CultureCulture

Charles Manson-Charles Manson- lifetime criminal lifetime criminal living the hippie lifestyle, creates a living the hippie lifestyle, creates a cult like environment and some of cult like environment and some of his followers kill 9 people, in Los his followers kill 9 people, in Los Angeles area, scares mainstream Angeles area, scares mainstream public of excess of counter culture.public of excess of counter culture.

FeminismFeminism

Women’s Movement emerges- Women’s Movement emerges- 1960s1960s

Women were 50% of US Women were 50% of US populationpopulation

7% doctors, 4% lawyers, paid 7% doctors, 4% lawyers, paid less, less,

Low representation in Low representation in managerial and professional managerial and professional careerscareers

36% worked, many with kids36% worked, many with kids

Betty Friedan-Betty Friedan- activist and activist and author, wrote author, wrote The Feminine The Feminine Mystique-Mystique-had a great impact had a great impact on women of the 60’s and on women of the 60’s and 70’s70’s

Book identified cultural Book identified cultural stereotypes about women: stereotypes about women: Passive, subordinate, suited Passive, subordinate, suited to domestic role and childrento domestic role and children

Friedan said this was wrong Friedan said this was wrong and women needed to find and women needed to find their own identitytheir own identity

Created- National Created- National Organization for WomenOrganization for Women (NOW) called for Women’s (NOW) called for Women’s rights and equal opportunity, rights and equal opportunity, and affirmative actionand affirmative action

LBJ Surprise Speech March LBJ Surprise Speech March 19681968

LBJ under increased criticism and hostility from diverse parts of American societyLBJ under increased criticism and hostility from diverse parts of American society After Tet, after continued protests, and after Mai Lai… Johnson believes he will not After Tet, after continued protests, and after Mai Lai… Johnson believes he will not

be reelected, and wanted to focus on the a negotiated settlement of the conflict. be reelected, and wanted to focus on the a negotiated settlement of the conflict.

““With America's sons in the fields far away, with With America's sons in the fields far away, with America's future under challenge right here at America's future under challenge right here at home, with our hopes and the world's hopes for home, with our hopes and the world's hopes for peace in the balance every day, I do not believe peace in the balance every day, I do not believe that I should devote an hour or a day of my time that I should devote an hour or a day of my time to any personal partisan causes or to any duties to any personal partisan causes or to any duties other than the awesome duties of this office--the other than the awesome duties of this office--the Presidency of your country.Presidency of your country.

Accordingly, I shall not seek, and I will not Accordingly, I shall not seek, and I will not accept, the nomination of my party for another accept, the nomination of my party for another term as your President.term as your President.

But let men everywhere know, however, that a But let men everywhere know, however, that a strong, a confident, and a vigilant America stands strong, a confident, and a vigilant America stands ready tonight to seek an honorable peace--and ready tonight to seek an honorable peace--and stands ready tonight to defend an honored stands ready tonight to defend an honored cause--whatever the price, whatever the burden, cause--whatever the price, whatever the burden, whatever the sacrifice that duty may require.”whatever the sacrifice that duty may require.”

Election of 1968 (Slide #1)Election of 1968 (Slide #1) LBJ chose not to RunLBJ chose not to Run Early in the campaign Early in the campaign

Democrats found:Democrats found: Eugene McCarthy-Eugene McCarthy-

Senator Minnesota Senator Minnesota anti-war platformanti-war platform popular with young popular with young peoplepeople

Robert F. Kennedy-Robert F. Kennedy- Senator for New York Senator for New York becomes very popularbecomes very popular

Would have won Would have won (Assassinated)(Assassinated)

After RFK is After RFK is assassinateassassinated Hubert d Hubert Humphrey, Humphrey, the the conservativconservative e Democratic, Democratic, V.P. to V.P. to Johnson Johnson wins the wins the nomination nomination and runs for and runs for president.president.

George Wallace George Wallace Independent 1968Independent 1968

Racist from Alabama Racist from Alabama Runs with Curtis Runs with Curtis

“Bomb’em back to the “Bomb’em back to the Stone age” LeMay Stone age” LeMay

Segregation platformSegregation platform Wallace shot in 1972 Wallace shot in 1972

race for presidentrace for president

1968 Election Results1968 Election Results Republicans Republicans

Nominate Nominate Richard NixonRichard Nixon And VP And VP Spiro AgnewSpiro Agnew

(1973, will later (1973, will later resign for being resign for being indicted for indicted for corruption /bribery corruption /bribery when he was a when he was a Governor of Governor of Maryland)Maryland)

Platform promises to Platform promises to end War in Vietnamend War in Vietnam with with “Secret Plan”“Secret Plan”

““Peace with honor”Peace with honor”

RFK AssassinationRFK Assassination

Winning the primary Winning the primary elections 1968elections 1968

Was shot and killed Was shot and killed in California, Los in California, Los AngelesAngeles

By Sirhan Sirhan- By Sirhan Sirhan- Palestinian protestorPalestinian protestor

To protest American To protest American support for Israelsupport for Israel

Kissinger Peace With Kissinger Peace With Honor #1Honor #1

Nixon began to call for negotiations to continue with Nixon began to call for negotiations to continue with the North Vietnamese (Johnson had been negotiating the North Vietnamese (Johnson had been negotiating prior to 1969)prior to 1969)

He wanted to withdraw troops from Vietnam and force He wanted to withdraw troops from Vietnam and force a negotiated settlement- a negotiated settlement-

Henry Kissinger-Henry Kissinger- Nixon’s National Security Advisor and Nixon’s National Security Advisor and later Secretary of State- worked to end American later Secretary of State- worked to end American involvement in the Vietnam Warinvolvement in the Vietnam War

VietnamizationVietnamization- the transfer of the majority of fighting - the transfer of the majority of fighting to the South Vietnameseto the South Vietnamese

Vietnam did not accommodate American desires to Vietnam did not accommodate American desires to negotiate- so he began a strong/strongest bombing negotiate- so he began a strong/strongest bombing campaign campaign

Meanwhile he began to withdraw troops in 1969 Meanwhile he began to withdraw troops in 1969 (60,000)(60,000)

By 1972 there were about 60,000 left in VietnamBy 1972 there were about 60,000 left in Vietnam

Kissinger Gets a Negotiated Kissinger Gets a Negotiated SettlementSettlement

Kissinger and Nixon force Vietnamese to give more in Kissinger and Nixon force Vietnamese to give more in negotiations by expanding the Bombing campaign into negotiations by expanding the Bombing campaign into Laos and Cambodia (the Ho Chi Minh Trail)Laos and Cambodia (the Ho Chi Minh Trail)

Still no progress, 1970 Still no progress, 1970 Nixon orders American troops Nixon orders American troops into Laosinto Laos and Cambodia expanding the war… Causing a and Cambodia expanding the war… Causing a revival of the revival of the Anti-War movement. (Kent State tragedy Anti-War movement. (Kent State tragedy occurs as a resultoccurs as a result))

Finally- more bombing in the North causes the North Finally- more bombing in the North causes the North Vietnamese to negotiate-Vietnamese to negotiate-

October 26, October 26, 19721972 days before the Presidential election, days before the Presidential election, Kissinger announced “Peace is at hand” a tentative Kissinger announced “Peace is at hand” a tentative agreement was reachedagreement was reached

After the election After the election negotiations break down againnegotiations break down again and and more bombing- more bombing- “Christmas Bombing”- strongest “Christmas Bombing”- strongest bombing campaignbombing campaign of the War of the War

In 1973, The War would end for the US, but not for the In 1973, The War would end for the US, but not for the South- Saigon falls in 1975. Vietnam is united and South- Saigon falls in 1975. Vietnam is united and communist.communist.