Eisenhower and Eisenhower and the 1950’sthe 1950’s

McElhaneyMcElhaney

APUSHAPUSH

The 1950sThe 1950sA. Emergence of the A. Emergence of the modern civil rights modern civil rights movementmovementB. B. The affluent society and The affluent society and “the other America”“the other America”C. Consensus and C. Consensus and conformity: suburbia and conformity: suburbia and middle class Americamiddle class AmericaD. Social critics, D. Social critics, nonconformists, and nonconformists, and cultural rebelscultural rebelsE. Impact of changes in E. Impact of changes in science, technology, and science, technology, and medicinemedicine

Eisenhower and Modern Eisenhower and Modern RepublicanismRepublicanism

Domestic frustrations; Domestic frustrations; McCarthyism McCarthyism

Civil rights movement Civil rights movement The Warren Court and The Warren Court and

Brown v. Board of Brown v. Board of EducationEducation

Montgomery bus boycott Montgomery bus boycott Greensboro sit-in Greensboro sit-in

John Foster Dulles' foreign John Foster Dulles' foreign policy policy Crisis in Southeast Asia Crisis in Southeast Asia Massive retaliation Massive retaliation Nationalism in Southeast Nationalism in Southeast

Asia, the Middle East, Latin Asia, the Middle East, Latin America America

Khrushchev and Berlin Khrushchev and Berlin American people: American people:

homogenized society homogenized society Prosperity: economic Prosperity: economic

consolidation consolidation Consumer culture Consumer culture Consensus of values Consensus of values

Space race Space race

Trends in the 1950’sTrends in the 1950’sDomestic Domestic

DevelopmentsDevelopments RepublicanRepublican Take Take

the presidencythe presidency McCarthyismMcCarthyism

continues then diescontinues then dies American American EconomyEconomy

developsdevelops Baby Boom-Baby Boom- more more

kids are born than kids are born than ever beforeever before

Housing boomHousing boom - -suburbs and Levvit suburbs and Levvit begin a new form of begin a new form of urban developmenturban development

Beat GenerationBeat Generation

CommercialismCommercialism//Materialism-”buy, buy, Materialism-”buy, buy, buy…”buy…”

Popular Popular culture-Rock and culture-Rock and rollroll

Civil RightsCivil Rights Movement Movement Desegregation of Schools-Desegregation of Schools-

Central HighCentral High, Little Rock, Little Rock Martin Luther KingMartin Luther King comes comes

on the scene with on the scene with Montgomery Bus BoycottMontgomery Bus Boycott

Cold War DevelopsCold War Develops Korean War/PeaceKorean War/Peace Arms Race/ArmsArms Race/Arms Build up (H- Build up (H-

Bomb)Bomb) Problems with Vietnam develop Problems with Vietnam develop

((Domino TheoryDomino Theory)) Cold War Moves to the Middle Cold War Moves to the Middle

East-East- Egypt and Iran Egypt and Iran Central America- Central America- GuatemalaGuatemala CIA growsCIA grows as a Cold War as a Cold War

institutioninstitution

Affluent SocietyAffluent Society The 1950’s can be seen as a time of The 1950’s can be seen as a time of prosperityprosperity and and

growth for many Americansgrowth for many Americans 52 million jobs-52 million jobs- return of defense spending return of defense spending New appliancesNew appliances Home buying/building explodes with easy creditHome buying/building explodes with easy credit Social Security covered more AmericansSocial Security covered more Americans Stock Market grew and attracted middle class Stock Market grew and attracted middle class

investorsinvestors Television/Advertising/ConsumerismTelevision/Advertising/Consumerism Family incomes rise 30% and GNP 37% increaseFamily incomes rise 30% and GNP 37% increase 3/4ths of Americans own automobiles- 1 in 6 own two3/4ths of Americans own automobiles- 1 in 6 own two Unemployment 4%Unemployment 4% Sports/Education/Magazines/Leisure activities Sports/Education/Magazines/Leisure activities

explodeexplode Labor gains benefits and protectionsLabor gains benefits and protections Women encouraged to be house wives and mothersWomen encouraged to be house wives and mothers

Origins of Korean WarOrigins of Korean War

1945 August the Soviet Union declared 1945 August the Soviet Union declared war on Japanwar on Japan

When Japan surrendered Soviets When Japan surrendered Soviets controlled North part of Korea- installed controlled North part of Korea- installed Communist government- Kim Ill SungCommunist government- Kim Ill Sung

US forces controlled Southern part of US forces controlled Southern part of KoreaKorea

Installed pro-US government- corrupt- Installed pro-US government- corrupt- Syngman RheeSyngman Rhee

KoreaKoreaKim Ill Sung- wanted to unite the peninsula and Soviets supported the attack but would not send troops to help.

North Koreans Invade June 1950

South Korean forces are overwhelmed

US sends troops and equipment

Truman authorizes MacArthur to fight in Korea

United Nations votes to support assistance to Korean Aggression (Soviets were boycotting proceedings)

KoreaKorea•MacArthur lands at Inchon and saves the South Korean Army

•US forces push north to the Border of China, Yalu River•Chinese do not want to see North Koreans conquered-

•Send 200,000 troops and push Americans back to the 38th parallel and stalemate occurs

•MacArthur wants to bomb China with nuclear weapons and widen the war and Truman said no and MacArthur is fired.

KoreaKorea Stalemate continues Stalemate continues

until Eisenhower is until Eisenhower is elected and threatens elected and threatens China with nuclear China with nuclear weapons.weapons.

Armistice is agreed to: Armistice is agreed to: July 1953July 1953

1 million Americans 1 million Americans served in Korea, 34,000 served in Korea, 34,000 US casualtiesUS casualties

Good example of the Good example of the Truman Doctrine and Truman Doctrine and Containment PolicyContainment Policy

Eisenhower and Modern Eisenhower and Modern RepublicansRepublicans

Landslide ElectionLandslide Election Ike vs. StevensonIke vs. Stevenson

PopularPopular War HeroWar Hero

IKE vs. StevensonIKE vs. Stevenson

From MidwestFrom Midwest “The Man from Abile

ne” Vowed to go to Korea Vowed to go to Korea

to end the warto end the war Promised to keep Promised to keep

essential elements of essential elements of New DealNew Deal

1952 Republicans 1952 Republicans Won both houses of Won both houses of congresscongress

Ike won 1952 and Ike won 1952 and 19561956

LandslidesLandslides Against the same Against the same

candidatecandidate

Ike and the RepublicansIke and the Republicans“Middle Way”“Middle Way”

Balanced BudgetBalanced Budget Keep some of the Keep some of the

New Deal New Deal programsprograms

End war in KoreaEnd war in Korea No deficit No deficit

spendingspending Wanted to reduce Wanted to reduce

the size of the the size of the federal federal governmentgovernment

Limit federal Limit federal powerpower

Return power to Return power to the statesthe states

Reduce defense Reduce defense expendituresexpenditures

Reduce agriculture Reduce agriculture subsidiessubsidies

Opened wild life Opened wild life preserve to oil and preserve to oil and gas leasinggas leasing

The RosenbergsThe Rosenbergs

HUAC followed up on a spy HUAC followed up on a spy captured by the British captured by the British Claus Claus Fuchs Fuchs (worked on the (worked on the Manhattan project and was Manhattan project and was giving information to Soviets)giving information to Soviets)

Fuchs gave information Fuchs gave information regarding regarding Ethel and Julius Ethel and Julius RosenbergRosenberg

They were convicted of They were convicted of Treason and executed in 1953Treason and executed in 1953

McCarthyism 1954McCarthyism 1954

McCarthy continued his abuse and McCarthy continued his abuse and reckless attacks until he goes reckless attacks until he goes against the Armyagainst the Army

He pushed too far and lost favor He pushed too far and lost favor with the American publicwith the American public

Because of the spectacle and Because of the spectacle and atrocious behavior the Senate atrocious behavior the Senate condemned his actions and he will condemned his actions and he will later die in disgrace.later die in disgrace.

IKE and Civil RightsIKE and Civil Rights Ike was Ike was not a great not a great

supportersupporter of Civil of Civil RightsRights

Believed that law Believed that law could not change could not change people’s minds about people’s minds about race-race-

Blacks continue to Blacks continue to move North and West move North and West (2 million)(2 million)

By 1950’s; 40% of By 1950’s; 40% of Blacks live outside of Blacks live outside of the Souththe South

Life in the NorthLife in the North Crowded in citiesCrowded in cities ““Ghettos”Ghettos” Whites moved to the Whites moved to the

suburbssuburbs Discrimination in lending Discrimination in lending

and housing practices and housing practices limited opportunitieslimited opportunities

Federally organized Federally organized housing projects begin for housing projects begin for the poorthe poor

““The Projects”The Projects” Skilled labor unions Skilled labor unions

discriminateddiscriminated Some progress is made in Some progress is made in

the United Auto Workers the United Auto Workers UnionUnion

Civil Rights Progress in Civil Rights Progress in Eisenhower AdministrationEisenhower Administration

Conditions were ready for changeConditions were ready for change Returning veteransReturning veterans Black Urban Middle Class growsBlack Urban Middle Class grows Educated black leaders Educated black leaders Support the beginning of changeSupport the beginning of change

Warren CourtWarren Court Earl Warren-Earl Warren- moderate Republican moderate Republican

Supreme Court Chief JusticeSupreme Court Chief Justice Appointed by Eisenhower Appointed by Eisenhower

(Eisenhower later regrets this (Eisenhower later regrets this appointment)appointment)

Brown v. Board ruling ends Brown v. Board ruling ends segregation in public schools.segregation in public schools.

Ordered the states to create public Ordered the states to create public school systems free of racial school systems free of racial discrimination with discrimination with “All deliberate “All deliberate speed.”speed.”

Earl Warren, Chief Justice Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court of the U.S. Supreme Court

““Segregation of white and colored children in Segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children. The impact is greater the colored children. The impact is greater when it has the sanction of the law, for the when it has the sanction of the law, for the policy of separating the races is usually policy of separating the races is usually interpreted as denoting the inferiority of the interpreted as denoting the inferiority of the Negro group...Any language in contrary to Negro group...Any language in contrary to this finding is rejected. We conclude that in this finding is rejected. We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. educational facilities are inherently unequal.

——

Desegregation of the Desegregation of the SchoolsSchools

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) (web site) (web site) Civil Rights attorneys wanted to end segregation in Civil Rights attorneys wanted to end segregation in

the schoolsthe schools Supreme Court ruled in Supreme Court ruled in 18961896= = Plessy v. FergesunPlessy v. Fergesun

that segregation was constitutional if equal that segregation was constitutional if equal (Brown (Brown Case overturns Plessy)Case overturns Plessy)

Schools were clearly unequal (money per pupil and Schools were clearly unequal (money per pupil and conditions)conditions)

Thurgood Marshall-Thurgood Marshall- the lead attorney attacked the the lead attorney attacked the concept of “Separate but equal” concept of “Separate but equal”

Worked for Worked for NAACP-NAACP- National Association for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (created by Advancement of Colored People (created by W. E. B. W. E. B. Dubois 1909)Dubois 1909)

Case was Case was Brown v. Board of Education Topeka, Brown v. Board of Education Topeka, KansasKansas

Marshall arguedMarshall argued “Segregation saddled blacks with “Segregation saddled blacks with permanent sense of inferiority.” Caused permanent sense of inferiority.” Caused ambition and self esteem to dropambition and self esteem to drop

MarshallMarshall

Thurgood MarshallThurgood Marshall Will later be appointedWill later be appointed First African American toFirst African American to Supreme Court

1967 President Johnson nominated Marshall for Supreme Court Justice

Central High, Little Rock Central High, Little Rock ArkansasArkansas

Court order in Little Rock Court order in Little Rock Central High must be Central High must be

integratedintegrated Governor Orval Faubus-tried Governor Orval Faubus-tried

to prevent- citing public to prevent- citing public safetysafety

Angry white mobs try to Angry white mobs try to prevent integration- some of prevent integration- some of the worst racial hatred the worst racial hatred displayeddisplayed

Eisenhower dispatches 101Eisenhower dispatches 101stst Air Born to protect African Air Born to protect African American studentsAmerican students

““Massive Resistance”Massive Resistance”

Massive obstruction of Brown RulingMassive obstruction of Brown Ruling

Ignoring the ruling in the southIgnoring the ruling in the south

1955 Montgomery Bus 1955 Montgomery Bus BoycottBoycottAlabamaAlabama

Everything was segregated in Alabama Everything was segregated in Alabama including buses including buses

Rosa ParksRosa Parks, a trained member of the , a trained member of the NAACP, was on a bus and refused to move NAACP, was on a bus and refused to move back and give up her seat to a white man.back and give up her seat to a white man.

Action caused her arrest and a spontaneous Action caused her arrest and a spontaneous boycott movement of the bus companyboycott movement of the bus company

Martin Luther King JrMartin Luther King Jr. was a prominent . was a prominent leader in the Montgomery community, and leader in the Montgomery community, and takes the lead in the city bus boycott.takes the lead in the city bus boycott.

Protested Protested inequality of treatmentinequality of treatment and and injusticeinjustice with with Non-Violent Resistance and Non-Violent Resistance and Civil Disobedience Civil Disobedience

SCLCSCLC

MLK and BoycottMLK and Boycott

Boycott lasts 13 monthsBoycott lasts 13 months 1956 Supreme court ruled that segregation 1956 Supreme court ruled that segregation

of busses was unconstitutional under the of busses was unconstitutional under the 1414thth Amendment (Civil Rights) Amendment (Civil Rights)

Through the boycott:Through the boycott: MLK was Arrested, his house was bombedMLK was Arrested, his house was bombed The leading African American Civil Rights The leading African American Civil Rights

group emerges: group emerges: Southern Christian Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) MLK Leadership Conference (SCLC) MLK president 1957president 1957

MLK LeadsMLK Leads

MLK in Montgomery AL Dexter Avenue MLK in Montgomery AL Dexter Avenue Baptist Church start of the Montgomery bus Baptist Church start of the Montgomery bus boycott...boycott...

““If you will protest courageous and yet with If you will protest courageous and yet with dignity and Christian love, in the history dignity and Christian love, in the history books that are written in future generations, books that are written in future generations, historians will have to pause and say, "there historians will have to pause and say, "there lived a great people- a black people, who lived a great people- a black people, who injected a new meaning and dignity into the injected a new meaning and dignity into the veins of civilization." this is our challenge veins of civilization." this is our challenge and our overwhelming responsibility."and our overwhelming responsibility."

Images of MontgomeryImages of Montgomery

1960 Greensboro, North 1960 Greensboro, North CarolinaCarolina

Students in North Students in North CarolinaCarolina

Stage a massive Sit in- Stage a massive Sit in- at at Woolworth Woolworth DepartmentDepartment store store lunch counter in a lunch counter in a effort to integrate this effort to integrate this private establishmentprivate establishment

Student activists create Student activists create Student Non-Violent Student Non-Violent Coordinating Coordinating Committee (SNCC)Committee (SNCC)

Similar protests Similar protests developed throughout developed throughout the south.the south.

Civil Rights Bill 1957Civil Rights Bill 1957

1957 1957 Congress Passed Congress Passed 11stst Civil Rights Bill Civil Rights Bill

since reconstructionsince reconstruction Created Created Civil Rights CommissionCivil Rights Commission

and and Civil and Rights Division of Civil and Rights Division of Justice DepartmentJustice Department

Focus was Focus was voting rightsvoting rights

People Left OutPeople Left Out of Affluence of Affluence and Prosperityand Prosperity

Mexican AmericansMexican Americans Hispanic population Hispanic population

grows grows Puerto Ricans-move to Puerto Ricans-move to

NYCNYC 1 million by 19601 million by 1960

BraceroBracero Program Program temporary workers temporary workers from Mexicofrom Mexico

Illegal immigrationIllegal immigration growsgrows

1950 5 million 1950 5 million immigrants deported immigrants deported to Mexicoto Mexico

Native AmericansNative Americans 1960 ½ million people 1960 ½ million people

still lived on still lived on reservationsreservations

Arizona and New Mexico Arizona and New Mexico now allowed Indians to now allowed Indians to votevote

Eisenhower supported a Eisenhower supported a movement to terminate movement to terminate the reservations and the reservations and relocate Indians to relocate Indians to urban areasurban areas

Many Indians didn’t Many Indians didn’t want the movewant the move

The program was The program was terminated in 1958 terminated in 1958

Teen CultureTeen Culture

The “Beat” Generation: * Jack Kerouac --> On The Road * Allen Ginsberg --> poem, “Howl” * Neal Cassady * William S. Burroughs

“Beatnik” “Clean” Teen

(The “Alienated” Teen)(The “Alienated” Teen)

““Rock N Roll”Rock N Roll” Metaphor for Sexual Metaphor for Sexual

intercourseintercourse

Bill Haley and the CometsBill Haley and the Comets ““Rock Around the Clock”Rock Around the Clock” Represents teen Represents teen generational generational

conflict.conflict. Mainstream America White Mainstream America White

Teenagers embrace the Teenagers embrace the African American Musical African American Musical culture.culture.

““Rock N Roll Themes”Rock N Roll Themes”

Dancing and partying all night longDancing and partying all night long Teen Relationships-Teen Relationships- love and love and

PromiscuityPromiscuity Teen problemsTeen problems Parent teen relationshipsParent teen relationships

Love and fighting teensLove and fighting teens Teen angstTeen angst Teenage Heart-breakTeenage Heart-break

Interstate Highway Act Interstate Highway Act 19561956

$27 Billion plan to build $27 Billion plan to build 42,000 Miles of highways42,000 Miles of highways Ike supports this great public works Ike supports this great public works

project.project.

National Security PurposesNational Security Purposes

IKE’s Sec. of State IKE’s Sec. of State John Foster DullesJohn Foster Dulles

Strong, Strong, Wilsonian- moral leadership, anti-communistWilsonian- moral leadership, anti-communist

Created the idea of Created the idea of Massive Retaliation-Massive Retaliation- Using Nuclear weapons instead of conventional forces Using Nuclear weapons instead of conventional forces

to counter Communist threats throughout the worldto counter Communist threats throughout the world Supported the Supported the Arms Race-Arms Race- build up of Atomic weapons build up of Atomic weapons

and the missile program to deliver weaponsand the missile program to deliver weapons All used as a All used as a DeterrenceDeterrence to soviet Aggression and to soviet Aggression and

surprise attack (Idea was to deter any attack against surprise attack (Idea was to deter any attack against the US)the US)

Ike and the Cold WarIke and the Cold War

Begun under TrumanBegun under Truman Ike continues containmentIke continues containment Supported strengthening of Supported strengthening of GermanyGermany and and

JapanJapan to counter communists- both to counter communists- both countries begin to rebuild industry in this countries begin to rebuild industry in this period.period.

US Fleet protects TaiwanUS Fleet protects Taiwan Supports anti-Communists Supports anti-Communists Southeast Asia, Middle EastSoutheast Asia, Middle East Arms Research= Hydrogen bombArms Research= Hydrogen bomb

Hydrogen BombHydrogen Bomb

Part of the emerging Part of the emerging arms race- each arms race- each country develops an country develops an arms programarms program

US detonates a US detonates a Hydrogen Bomb- Hydrogen Bomb- November 1952November 1952

August 1953, August 1953, Soviets will Soviets will detonate H-Bombdetonate H-Bomb

Weapon’s GapWeapon’s Gap

USAUSA SovietsSoviets

19519500

19519511

19519522

299299

438438

841841

00

00

5050

Examples of the Arms Examples of the Arms RaceRace

The United States after WWII collected The United States after WWII collected German scientists working on rockets (V-2 German scientists working on rockets (V-2 bombs)bombs)

US began to US began to build missilesbuild missiles in order to fire in order to fire against Sovietsagainst Soviets

Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM(ICBM) missiles able to reach Russia from ) missiles able to reach Russia from USUS

Atlas, Minuteman, and Polaris are developedAtlas, Minuteman, and Polaris are developed Nuclear SubmarinesNuclear Submarines equipped with missiles equipped with missiles

are developed to sneak up on Russiansare developed to sneak up on Russians U2-U2-Survelliance Planes are developed to spy Survelliance Planes are developed to spy

on Russianson Russians

Space RaceSpace Race

Soviet Scientists send a satellite into space Soviet Scientists send a satellite into space SputnikSputnik Really about sending developing missile Really about sending developing missile

technology for delivering Nuclear technology for delivering Nuclear WeaponsWeapons

US responds by creating US responds by creating NASANASA National Aeronautics and Space National Aeronautics and Space

AdministrationAdministration

The Nuclear AgeThe Nuclear Age

Nuclear Tests cause fear of “Nuclear Tests cause fear of “FalloutFallout” ” or radiation contaminationor radiation contamination

Groups call for Groups call for Test Bans-Test Bans- this this results in some agreements (bans results in some agreements (bans tests in the atmosphere but not tests in the atmosphere but not underground)underground)

US and US and VietnamVietnam

Vietnam-Vietnam-French French Conflict-post Conflict-post WWIIWWII

American American SupportSupport

Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia Ho Chi Minh-Ho Chi Minh- Communist Communist

Nationalist- sends insurgents into Nationalist- sends insurgents into South Vietnam to unite country- “South Vietnam to unite country- “Viet Viet CongCong””

1954 1954 Dien Bien PhuDien Bien Phu battle- battle- French are defeatedFrench are defeated and country is and country is

split in Two North (Communist) Southsplit in Two North (Communist) South Pro-American leader Pro-American leader Ngo Dinh DiemNgo Dinh Diem Americans aid the South Americans aid the South $$ and and

militarymilitary advisors advisors

Middle East-Cold WarMiddle East-Cold War

Iran-CIA-Shah-Iran-CIA-Shah- 1953- US CIA sponsors the overthrow of a 1953- US CIA sponsors the overthrow of a

democratically elected Iranian democratically elected Iranian governmentgovernment

Places new Places new Shah (King) in charge of Shah (King) in charge of Iran<dictator> Iran<dictator>

Reflected the Cold War Reflected the Cold War US will support all non-communistUS will support all non-communist Leaders Leaders video

Egypt-Nasser-RussiansEgypt-Nasser-Russians

U2 IncidentU2 Incident

U2 Spy planesU2 Spy planes High speed, High AltitudeHigh speed, High Altitude Surveillance/PhotographySurveillance/Photography Used to gain info on SovietsUsed to gain info on Soviets Plane is shot downPlane is shot down Pilot is captured put on trialPilot is captured put on trial Francis Gary PowersFrancis Gary Powers Cyanide pill not takenCyanide pill not taken