EIS 154 Vol 5 IsIIsJ!Ms] Soils and vegetation along the ...
Transcript of EIS 154 Vol 5 IsIIsJ!Ms] Soils and vegetation along the ...
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE OF N.S.W.
SOILS AND VEGETATION OF THE MOOMBA - SYDNEY
NATURAL GAS PIPELINE
Section 5 Wagga Wagga to Young
by
P.J. BARKER
S0.L
Ar r/
BOcFof7zM /
/ LARY L)
,2'O 185
ISBN 0-7305-0991-5
C ( NT NT S
Page
INTRODUCTION 1
METHODS 1
CLIMATE 4
SOIL PROFILES 1-30 5
LABORATORY ANALYSES, PROFILES 1-30 69
REFERENCES
76
APPENDIX - GLOSSARY OF TERMS 78
so
INTRODUCTION
The excavation of the natural gas pipeline
trench from Wagga Wagga to Young provided an opportunity
to describe some soils in the Riverina Soil Conservation
Region.
The route followed by the gas pipeline is shown
overleaf. The trench for the pipeline was approximately
120 cm deep and 60 cm wide. Excavation of the trench
was by mechanised endless diggers.
Reconnaissance soil surveys at a scale of
1:250 000 have been produced for the area between Wagga
Wagga and Young by Beattie (1972) and Crouch (1981a and
1981b). Data provided by this study will be used to
supplement soil profile descriptions contained in the
above surveys and to provide more information on the
range of soils in certain mapping units. In addition,
the data on soil physical properties presented in this
study, which has not previously been available, will
allow certain mapping units to be more fully characterised.
METHODS
Soil sampling began near Wagga Wagga in
December, 1980 and concluded near Young in May, 1981.
Asit was not practical to examine soils at regular
intervals, soils were described at selected sites
located within the soil map units of previous surveys,
as shown in Table 1
At each sampling site the location, site description
and soil profile were described using the Soil Data
Card Handbook (Morse et al., 1982). Where topsoil
had been removed above the trench, topsoil was described
and sampled on undisturbed ground nearby.
Young
-I---
C. C/~
Coot a mu nd ra
reld4 ,
7 WAGGA WAGGA
20 10 0 20 40 60 80 100 Kilometres - KiIometjes
GI'4
S.C.S. 17888
-3-
Each profile was classified according to
Factual Key for the Recognition of Australian Soils
(Northcote, 1979). In addition, the related Great Soil
Group from A Handbook of Australian Soils (Stace et al.,
1968) was listed.
Samples were collected from each morphological
layer to assess physical properties. Laboratory analysis
consisted of tests for soil dispersibility, Atterberg
limits, grading analysis and linear shrinkage (see
Appendix ) . Results of these tests are presented in
Table 2.
A total of 30 profiles were described and 126
samples were collected for laboratory analysis.
Table 1. Map Units of Previous Soil Surveys Sampled
in this Study.
Profile Number Soil Map Unit Reference
1, 2, 3, 5, 9
Red earth
Seattle (1972)
4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, Red podzolic
12, 13
14, 15, 16, 18,
17, 20
21
22
23, 24, 25, 26
19 Red podzolic
Yellow podzolic
Red-brown earth
Euc hrozem
Red and yellow earths
Grouch 1981a)
27, 28, 29, 30 Red and yellow podzolic Crouch (1981b)
_4_
CLIMATE
flainfaiLl data for each sampling site has been
obtained from isohyets of median annual rainfall (Anon,
1973 and Johnston, 1981a and 1981b).
A general description of the climate between
Wagga Wagga and Young is given by Edwards (1979).
Briefly, median annual rainfall varies from 542 mm at
Wagga Wagga to 649 mm at Young, the higher rainfall
being in more elevated areas. June is the wettest
month of the year with rainfall of about 50 mm. This
decreases to around 30 mm per month in February. Summer,
rainfall is much less reliable than winter rainfall.
Soil moisture content is very high and reliable
throughout winter and early to mid spring, with late
spring and mid to late autumn also having relatively
high moisture levels. During summer the probability
of adequate soil moisture for plant growth is much reduced.
-5-
SOIL PROFILE DESCRIPTIONS
Profile Number: 1
LOCATION:
Map Sheet Number: 8327-1-N
Map Name and Scale: Wagga Wagga 1:25 000
Map Zone: 55
Australian Map Grid Reference: 5 40 600 m E
61 21 500 m N
Elevation: 212 m
LANDFORM ELEMENT: On a mid-slope (1 per cent) in a
gently undulating plain
CLIMATE: Median Annual Rainfall 545 mm
PARENT MATERIAL: Parna (Beattie, 1972)
SURFACE CONDITION: Hardsetting
ERODIBILITY: Topsoil - moderate; subsoil - moderate
PROFILE DRAINAGE: Moderate to rapid
LAND USE: Cropping
NATIVE VEGETATION: Extensively cleared. Originally
Woodland
PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Northcote classification: Gn 2.15
Handbook of Australian Soils: Red earth
Horizon Depth (cm)
Al 0-15
A2 15-30
Dark brown (7.5 YR 4/4,
moist); loam, fine sandy;
apedal; earthy fabric;
abundant fine roots;
pH 6. Clear, even to -
Dark reddish brown (5 YR
3/6 moist); sandy clay
loam; apedal; earthy fabric;
few hard ferruginous
concretions (5-15 mm diam.);
many fine roots; pH 6.
Clear, even to -
Horizon Depth (cm)
Bi 30-40 Yellow red (5 YR 4/8
moist); fine sandy clay
loam; apedal; earthy
fabric; many hard
ferruginous concretions
(5-15 mm diamJ; pH 6.5.
Gradual, even to -
B21 40-55 Yellow red (5 YR 4/8 moist);
sandy clay; moderate,
medium to fine sub-
angular blocky; earthy
fabric; few hard ferruginous
concretions (5-15 mm
diamJ; pH 6.5. Gradual
to -
B22 55-80 Strong brown (7.5 YR
5/6 moist); medium clay;
moderate, medium to fine
sub-angular blocky; less
porous than above; few
hard ferruginous
concretions (5-15 mm diamj;
pH 6.5. Clear to -
B23 80-130 Brownish yellow (10 YR
6/6 moist) with orange
and grey mottles; medium
clay; moderate to strong,
coarse blocky; many hard,
black manganiferous
concretions (5-15 mm diam.),
some ferromanganiferous
nodules; pH 7.
Profile Number: 2
LOCATION:
Map Sheet Number: 8327-1-N
Map Name and Scale: Wagga Wagga 1:25 000
Map Zone: 55
Australian Map Grid Reference: 5 42 500 m F
61 22 700 m N
Elevation: 230 m
LANDFORM ELEMENT: Lower slope (3 per cent)
CLIMATE: Median Annual Rainfall 545 mm
PARENT MATERIAL: Parna (Beattie, 1972)
SURFACE CONDITION: Harsetting
ERODIBILITY: Topsoil - Moderate; subsoil - moderate
PROFILE DRAINAGE: Moderate to rapid
LAND USE: Cropping
NATIVE VEGETATION Extensively cleared. Originally
woodi and
PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Northcote classification. Gn 2.23
Handbook of Australian Soils: Yellow earth
Horizon Depth (cm)
Al 0-30 Dark brown (7.5 YR
3/4 moist); sandy clay
loam; apedal; earthy
fabric; abundant fine
roots; pH 6. Gradual,
even to -
Bi 30-65 Yellowish red (5 YR
5/8 moist); sandy clay;
some quartz grit; weak,
medium angular blocky;
earthy fabric; many fine
roots; pH 7. Gradual,
even to -
-7--
Horizon Depth (cm)
B21 65-105 Brownish yellow (10 YR
6/8 moist); medium clay;
trace quartz grit;
moderate to strong, medium
angular blocky, breaking
to fine angular blocky;
occasional diffuse
Ce rromangan i fe rous
concretion; few roots;
pH 8. Diffuse to -
B22 105-1 45 Brownish yellow (10 YR
6/8 moist) faint red
mottles; medium clay;
morderate, medium angular
blocky, breaking to
fine angular blocky;
occasional diffuse
Ce r roman g an if e r o us
concretion; some soft
carbonate nodules; pH 8.
Gradual to -
B23 145-200 Yellow (10 YR 7/8 moist)
mottled red; sandy clay;
moderate, medium angular
blocky, breaking to fine
angular blocky; some diffuse
fe rromanganife rous
concretions; pH 8. Clear
to -
200-220 Yellow (10 YR 7/8 moist)
ahi1ndnt red mottles;
sandy clay loam; apedal;
abundant quartz grit; some
soft carbonate nrdnles;
pH 8.5.
Profile Number : 3
LOCATION:
Map Sheet Number: 8327-1-N
Map Name and Scale: Wagga Wagga 1:25 000
Map Zone: 55
Australian Map Grid Reference: 5 40 600 m E
61 21 lOOmN
Elevation: 210 m
LANDFORM ELEMENT: On a mid-slope (1 per cent) in a
gently undulating plain
CLIMATE: Median Annual Rainfall 545 mm
PARENT MATERIAL: Parna (Beattie, 1972)
SURFACE CONDITION: Hardsetting
ERODIBILITY: Topsoil - moderate; subsoil - moderate
PROFILE DRAINAGE: Moderate to rapid
LAND USE: Cropping
NATIVE VEGETATION: Extensively cleared. Originally
woo dl and
PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Northcote classification: Gn 2.22
Handbook of Australian Soils
Yellow earth.
Horizon Depth (cm)
Al 0-30 Dark reddish brown
(5 YR 3/4 moist); sandy
clay loam; weak, medium
platy; earthy fabric;
many fine roots; trace
charcoal; pH 6. Gradual,
even to -
B1 30-60 Yellowish red (5 YR
5/8 moist); fine sandy
clay loam; weak, medium
angular blocky; earthy
fabric; many fine roots;
-10-
some hard ferruginous
and ferromanganiferous
concretions (5-15 mm
diam.). Diffuse to -
B21 60-90 Brownish yellow (10 YR
6/6 moist) mottled red;
light clay (fine sandy);
moderate, medium angular
blocky; less porous
than above; some hard
ferruginous and
ferromanganiferous
concretions (5-15 mm
diam.); few fine roots;
pH 6.5. Gradual to -
B22 90-170 Yellowish brown (10 YR
5/6 moist) mottled
red and grey; medium
clay; moderate to strong,
medium prismatic; less
porous than above;
some hard ferromanganiferous
concretions (5-15 mm
diam.); pH 7.
-11-
Profile Number: 4
LOCATION:
Map Sheet Number: 8327-1--N
Map Name and Scale: Wagga Wagga 1 :25 000
Map Zone: 55
Australian Map Grid Reference: 5 43 700 m E
61 23 700 m N
Elevation: 280 m
LANDFORM ELEMENT: Mid-slope (15 per cent)
CLIMATE: Median Annual Rainfall 545 mm
PARENT MATERIAL: Shale?
SURFACE CONDITION: Hardsetting
EHODIBILITY: Topsoil - moderate; subsoil - moderate
PROFILE DRAINAGE: Moderate
LAND USE: Improved pasture
NATIVE VEGETATION: Extensively cleared. Originally
wood 1 and
PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Northcote Classification: Dr 2.12
Handbook of Australian Soils
Non-calcic brown soil
Horizon Depth (cm)
Some quartz stones
(to 20 cm diameter) on
surface.
All 0-10 Dark reddish brown
(25 YR 3/4 moist); light
sandy clay loam; weak,
medium angular blocky;
few angular quartz stones
(6-20mm diameter); abundant
fine roots; pH 7. Clear
to -
-12-
Horizon Depth (cm)
Al2 10-18 Dark reddish brown
(5 YR 31/4 moist);
light sandy clay
loam; weak, medium
angular blocky; angular,
colluvial, shale
rock fragments (6-20 mm
diameter) common; few
angular quartz stones
(2-20 mm diameter);
few hard ferruginous
concretions; abundant
fine roots; pH 6.8.
Clear to -
B21 18-40 Dark red (2.5 YR 3/6
moist); light clay;
moderate, medium
angular blocky; few
angular shale rock
fragments ( 6-20 mm
diameter); some fine
quartz gravel; many fine
roots; pH 6.9.
B21 40-75 As above. Gradual to -
B3 75-100 Dark red (2.5 YR 3/6
moist); sandy loam; much
weathered shale.
-13-
Profile Number: 5
LOCATION:
Map Sheet Number: 8427-IV-N
Map Name and Scale: Wantabadgery 1 :25 000
Map Zone: 55
Australian Map Grid Reference: 5 45 800 m E
61 25 500 m N
Elevation: 290 m
LANDFORM ELEMENT: Lower slope (2 per cent)
CLIMATE: Median Annual Rainfall 540 mm
PARENT MATERIAL: Parna (Beattie, 1972)
SURFACE CONDITION: Hardsetting
ERODIBILITY: Topsoil - moderate; subsoil - moderate
PROFILE DRAINAGE: Moderate
LAND USE: Cropping
NATIVE VEGETATION:
Completely cleared. Originally
woodi and
PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Northcote Classification: Gn 2.12
Hardbook of Australian Soils
Red earth.
Horizon Depth (cm)
Al 0-15 Dark reddish brown (5 YR 3/4
moist); sandy clay loam;
weak, medium platy; abundant
fine roots; pH 6. Clear
to -
Bi 15-45 Yellowish red (5 YR 4/8
moist); fine sandy clay
loam; weak, medium angular
blocky; earthy fabric; trace
fine quartz gravel; many
fine roots; pH 6.5. Gradual
to -
B21 45-85 Yellowish red (5 YR 5/8
moist), faint red mottles;
light medium clay; weak,
medium angular blocky; earthy
-14-
Horizon Depth (cm)
fabric; trace fine quartz
gravel; few fine roots;
occasional diffuse
ferromanganiferous
concretion; pH 7. Diffuse
to -
B22 85-140 Strong brown (7.5 YR 5/6
moist), faint red mottles;
heavy clay; strong, coarse
angular blocky breaking
to fine polyhedral; very
hard; smooth ped fabric;
some hard ferromanganiferous
concretions (up to 5 mm
diameter); pH 7. Diffuse
to -
B23 140-160 As above, but medium clay
and with more hard
ferromanganiferous
concretions (5-15 mm
diameter)
-15-
Dr 2.22 (12)
Dy 3.42 (13)
Dr .2.12 ( 1 1 )
Dy 2.42 '(10)
Dr. 2.12 (8)
Dy 2.12 (7)
Dy 3.42
(6)
Figure 1. Soil toposequences occurring on granite near
Harefield (profile number in brackets).
-16-
Profile Number: 6
LOCATION:
Map Sheet Number: 8427-IV--N
Map Name and Scale: Wantabadgery 1:25 000
Map Zone: 55
Australian Map Grid Reference: 5 47 200 m E
61 26 500 m N
Elevation: 315 m
LANDFORM ELEMENT: Lower slope (3 per cent)
CLIMATE: Median Annual Rainfall 550 mm
PARENT MATERIAL: Colluvium derived from granite
SURFACE CONDITION: Hardsetting
ERODIBILITY: Topsoil - high; subsoil - high
PROFILE DRAINAGE: Slow
LAND USE: Improved pasture
NATIVE VEGETATION: Extensively cleared. Originally
woo dl and
PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Northcote Classification: Dy 3.42
Handbook of Australian Soils
Yellow solonetzic
Horizon Depth (cm)
Al 0-30 Dark yellowish brown
(10 YR 4/4 moist);
light sandy clay loam;
apedal, massive; many
fine roots; pH 6. Sharp
to -
A2CB 30-45 Brown (7.5 YR 5/4 moist,
8/2 dry); sandy loam;
apedal, massive; some
fine roots; few hard
ferromanganiferous
concretions (5-15 mm
diameter); some fine
quartz gravel; pH 6.5.
Clear to -
-17-
Horizon
Depth (cm)
B2 1
45-100 Yellowish brown (10 YR 5/6)
mottled red and orange;
sandy clay; strong, medium
to fine angular blocky;
few bard ferromanganiferous
concretions (5-15 mm
diameter); trace fine
quartz gravel; pH 7.
Diffuse to -
B22 100-120 As above, but moderate
rather than strong pedality.
Profile Number: 7
LOCATION:
Map Sheet Number: 8427-IV-N
Map Name and Scale: Wantabadgery 1 :25 000
Map Zone: 55
Australian Map Grid Reference: 5 47 300 m E
61 26 500 m N
Elevation 315 m
LANDFORM ELEMENT: Mid-slope (5 per cent)
CLIMATE: Median Annual Rainfall 550 mm
SURFACE CONDITION: Hardsetting
ERODIBILITY: Topsoil - moderate; subsoil - high
PARENT MATERIAL: Granite
PROFILE DRAINAGE: Moderate
LAND USE: Cropping
NATIVE VEGETATION: Extensively cleared. Oriin11v - -------------.--
woodi and
PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Northcote Classification: Dy 2.12
Handbook of Australian Soils:
Yellow podzolic
Horizon Depth (cm)
Al 0-12 Dark brown (7.5 YR 3/4
moist); light sandy clay
loam; weak, medium angular
blocky; earthy fabric;
many fine roots; pH 6.5.
Clear, even to -
B21 12-63 Yellowish red (5 YR 5/8
moist); fine sandy clay
loam; moderate, medium
to coarse angular blocky;
porous fabric, trace fine
quartz gravel; many fine
roots; pH 7. Gradual to -
-19-
Horizon Depth (cm)
B22 63-100 Yellowish brown ( 1 0 YR 5/8
moist) with red and orange
mottles; sandy medium clay;
moderate to strong, medium
to coarse angular blocky;
smooth ped fabric; trace
fine quartz gravel; few
fine roots; occasional
diffuse fe rromangani ferous
concretion; pH 7.5.
-20-
Profile Number: 8
LOCATION:
Map Sheet Number: 8427-TV-N
Map Name and Scale: Wantabadgery 1:25 000
Map Zone: 55
Australian Map Grid Reference: 5 47 500 m E
61 26 700 m N
Elevation 315 m
LANDFORM ELEMENT: Upper slope (10 per cent)
CLIMATE: Median Annual Rainfall 550 mm
PARENT MATERIAL: Granite
SURFACE CONDITION: Hardsetting
ERODIBILITY: Topsoil - moderate; subsoil - moderate
PROFILE DRAINAGE: Moderate to rapid
LAND USE: Cropping
NATIVE VEGETATION: Extensively cleared. Originally
woodi and
PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Northcote Classification: Dr 2.12
Handbook of Australian Soils: Non-
calcic brown soil.
Horizon Depth (cm)
Al 0-12 Dark reddish brown (5 YR
3/4 moist) ; light sandy
clay loam; apedal; earthy
fabric; trace fine quartz
gravel; abundant fine
roots; pH 6. Sharp, even
to -
82 12-70 Dark red (10 R 3/6 moist);
sandy clay; weak, sub-
angular blocky; smooth
ped fabric; abundant mica
flakes; many fine roots;
pH 7. Gradual, wavy to -
-22-
Profile Number: 9
1OCATION
Map Sheet Number: 8428-11 & 111
Map Name and Scale: Junee 1: 50 000
Map Zone: 55
Australian Map Grid Reference: 5 48 900 m 8
61 28 lOOm N
Elevation: 285 m
LANDFORM ELEMENT: Flat ( < 1 per cent slope)
CLIMATE: Median Annual Rainfall 545 mm
PARENT MATERIAL: Not identified
SURFACE CONDITION: Hardsetting
ERODIBILITY: Topsoil - moderate; subsoil - moderate
PROFILE DRAINAGE: Slow
LAND USE: Cropping
NATIVE VEGETATION; Extensively cleared. Originally
woodland.
PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Northcote Classification: Gn 2.22
Handbook of Australian Soils:
Yellow earth.
Horizon Depth (cm)
All 0-12 Dark brown (7.5 YR 3/4
moist) ; light sandy clay
loam; apedal; earthy
fabric; abundant fine
roots; pH 6. Sharp, even
to -
Al2 12-30 Dark brown (7.5 YR 3/4
moist) with 30% strong
brown (7.5 YR 5/8 moist,
7.5 YR 7/6 dry); light
sandy clay loam; apedal;
earthy fabric; many fine
roots; pH 6.5. Clear,
wavy to -
-23-
Horizon Depth (cm)
B11 30-85 Yellowish red (5 YR 5/8
moist); sandy clay loam;
weak, medium angular
blocky; porous fabric;
trace fine quartz gravel;
occasional hard
ferromanganiferous
concretion (5-15 mm
diameter); few fine roots;
pH 7. Clear, even to -
B12 85-100 Reddish yellow (7.5 YR 6/6
moist); sandy clay loam;
weak, fine to medium
polyhedral; stones (2-20 mm
diameter) and fine
quartz gravel common; many
hard ferromanganiferous
concretions (5-15 mm
diameter); pH 7. Gradual,
even to -
B21 100-155 Reddish brown (2.5 YR 5/3
moist) with orange
mottles; sandy light clay;
strong, medium angular
blocky; stones (2-20 mm
diameter) and fine quartz
gravel common; occasional
diffuse ferromanganiferous
concretions; pH 6.5.
-24-
Profile Number: 10
LOCATION:
Map Sheet Number: 8428-11 & 111
Map Name and Scale: Junee 1 :50 000
Map Zone: 55
Australian Map Grid Reference: 5 52 100 m E
61 31 100 m N
Elevation: 340 m
LANDFORM ELEMENT: Lower slope (10 per cent)
CLIMATE: Median Annual Rainfall 530 mm
PARENT MATERIAL: Colluvium derived from granite
SURFACE CONDITION: Hardsetting
ERODIBILITY: Topsoil - high; subsoil - high
PROFILE DRAINAGE: Moderate to slow
LAND USE: Cropping
NATIVE VEGETATION: Extensively cleared. Originally
woo dl and
PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Northcote Classification: Dy 2.42
Handbook of Australian Soils:
Yellow solodic.
Horizon Depth (cm)
Al Mostly removed
A2CB 0-45 Brown (7.5 YR 5/4 moist,
7.5 YR 8/3 dry); sandy
loam; apedal; earthy
fabric; some fine quartz
gravel; occasional hard
ferromanganiferous
concretion (up to 5 mm
diameter); many fine
roots; pH 6. Clear,
even to -
-25-
Horizon Depth (cm)
B21 45-70 Yellowish brown (10 YR
5/6 moist) ; sandy medium
clay; moderate to strong,
medium angular blocky and
prismatic; smooth ped
fabric; some fine quartz
gravel; very few hard
ferromanganiferous
concretions (up to 5 mm
diameter); few fine roots;
pH 7. Gradual, even to -
B22 70-140 Yellowish brown (10 YR
5/6 moist) ; sandy clay;
apedal, massive; porous
fabric; very hard (dry);
few diffuse
ferromanganiferous
concretions and hard
nodules (5-15mm diameter);
pH 7.5.
-26-
Profile Number: 11
LOCATION:
Map Sheet Number: 8428-11 & 111
Map Name and Scale: Junee 1 :50 000
Map Zone: 55
Australian Map Grid Reference: 5 52 000 m E
61 31 000mN
Elevation: 310 m
LANDFORM ELEMENT: Upper slope (10 per cent)
CLIMATE: Median Annual Rainfall 530 mm
PARENT MATERIAL: Granite
SURFACE CONDITION: Hardsetting
ERODIBILITY: Topsoil - moderate; subsoil - moderate
PROFILE DRAINAGE: Rapid
LAND USE: Improved pasture
NATIVE VEGETATION: Extensively cleared. Originally
woodl and
PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Northcote Classification Dr 2.12
Handbook of Australian Soils: Non-
calcic brown soil
Horizon Depth (cm)
Al 0-12 Dark brown (7.5 YR 3/4
moist); light sandy clay
loam; weak, medium platy;
earthy fabric; some fine
quartz gravel; abundant
fine roots; pH 6. Clear
to -
82 12-80 Red (2.5 YR 4/6 moist);
sandy clay; weak to
moderate, medium angular
to sub-angular blocky;
some fine quartz gravel;
many fine roots; pH 7.
Gradual, wavy to -
-27-
Horizon Depth (cm)
B3 80-160 Red (2.5 YR 4/6 moist)
with orange mottles;
gravelly clayey sand;
apedal, massive.
Profile Number: 12
LOCATION:
Map Sheet Number: 8428-11 & 11
Map Name and Scale: Junee 1 :50 000
Map Zone: 55
Australian Map Grid Reference: 5 56 800 m E
61 35 100 m N
Elevation 380 m
LANDFORM ELEMENT: Upper slope (7 per cent)
CLIMATE: Median Annual Rainfall 530 mm
PARENT MATERIAL: Granite
SURFACE CONDITION: Hardsetting
ERODIBILITY: Topsoil - moderate; subsoil - moderate to
high
PROFILE DRAINAGE: Moderate
LAND USE: Cropping
NATIVE VEGETATION: Comoletelv cleared. 0riin11v
woodland.
PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Northcote Classification: Dr 2.22
Handbook of Australian Soils: Non-
calcic brown
Horizon Depth (cm)
Al 0-14 Dark reddish brown (5 YR
3/4 moist); sandy clay
loam; apedal; earthy
fabric; abundant fine
roots; pH 6. Clear to -
A2 14-25 Yellowish red (5 YR 5/8
moist, 5 YR 6/8 dry);
sandy clay loam; apedal;
earthy fabric; trace fine
quartz gravel; many fine
roots; pH 6.5. Clear to -
-29--
Horizon Depth (cm)
B21 25-65 Red (2.5 YR 4/8 moist);
medium clay; weak, medium
sub-angular blocky; porous
fabric; fine quartz gravel
common; very few diffuse
ferromanganiferous
concretions and hard
nodules (5-15 mm diameter);
pH 7. Clear to -
B22 65-100 Dusky red (10 R 3/4 moist)
with yellow mottles; medium
clay; strong, medium to
coarse prismatic breaking
to medium polyhedral;
smooth ped fabric; fine
quartz gravel common; very
few diffuse
ferromanganife rous
concretions and hard
nodules (5-15 mm diameter);
pH 7.
-30-
Profile Number: 13
LOCATION:
Map Sheet Number: 8428-11 & 111
Map Name and Scale: Junee 1:50 000
Map Zone: 55
Australian Map Grid Reference: 5 57 000 m E
61 35 100 m N
Elevation: 360 m
LANDFORM ELEMENT: Mid-slope (3 per cent)
CLIMATE: Median Annual Rainfall 530 mm
PARENT MATERIAL: Granite
SURFACE CONDITION: Hardsetting
ERODIBILITY: Topsoil - high; subsoil - moderate to high
PROFILE DRAINAGE: Slow
LAND USE: Cropping
NATIVE VEGETATION: Completely cleared. Originally
woodl and
PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Northcote Classification: Dy 3.42
Handbook of Australian Soils:
Yellow solonetzic
Horizon Depth (cm)
Al 0-15 Dark brown (7.5 YR 3/3
moist) ; light sandy clay
loam; apedal; earthy
fabric; abundant fine
roots; pH 6. Clear,
even to -
A2CB 15-30 Reddish yellow (7.5 YR
6/6 moist, 7.5 YR 7/3 dry);
sandy loam; apedal; earthy
fabric; many fine roots;
pH 6.5. Clear to -
-31-
Horizon Depth (cm)
B21 30-95 Brownish yellow (10 YR 6/8
moist) with red mottles;
medium clay; strong,
medium angular blocky;
smooth ped fabric; few
fine roots; few diffuse
ferromanganiferous
concretions and hard
nodules (5-15 mm diameter);
pH 7. Clear to gradual,
even to -
B22 95-120 Brownish yellow (10 YR
6/8 moist) with red and
grey mottles; medium clay;
weak to moderate, coarse
angular blocky; smooth
ped fabric; fine quartz
gravel common; very few
diffuse ferromanganife rous
concretions and hard nodules
(5-15 mm diameter); pH 7.
-32-
Dr 2.42 (1 4 Dr 2.12
(15)
Dr 2.13 (16)
Figure 2. Soil toposequence on metasedimentary
material near Illabo (profile number
in brackets).
-33-
Profile Number: 14
LOCATION:
Map Sheet Number: 8428-11 & 111
Map Name and Scale: Junee 1 :50 000
Map Zone: 55
Australian Map Grid Reference: 5 71 100 m F
61 50 200 m N
Elevation 260 m
LANDFORM ELEMENT: Upper slope (15 per cent)
CLIMATE: Median Annual Rainfall 550 mm
PARENT MATERIAL: Metasedimentary
SURFACE CONDITION: Hardsetting
ERODIBILITY: Topsoil - high; subsoil - moderate to high
PROFILE DRAINAGE: Moderate
LAND USE: Improved pasture
NATIVE VEGETATION: Completely cleared. Originally
woodland.
PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Northcote Classification: Dr 2.42
Handbook of Australian Soils: Red
solodic
Horizon Depth (cm)
Al 0-12 Reddish brown (5 YR 4/4
moist); sandy clay loam;
weak, fine platy; earthy
fabric; many angular
metasedimentary rock
fragments (6-20 mm
diameter); few fine roots;
pH 6. Sharp to -
A2CB 12..30 Yellowish red (5 YR 5/6
moist, 5 YR 7/4 dry);
fine sandy clay loam;
weak, medium sub-angular
blocky; earthy fabric;
angular me tasedimentary
rock fragments (6-20 mm
diameter) common; few
fine roots; pH 6.5. Clear
to -
-34-.
Horizon
B2
C
Depth (cm)
30-60 Red (2.5 YR 4/8 moist);
medium to heavy clay;
moderate, fine angular
blocky; smooth ped fabric;
angular me tasedimentary
rock fragments (20-60 mm
diameter) common; pH 7.
Irregular to -
60-80 Brownish yellow (10 YR
6/8 moist) with red and
orange mottles; sandy clay;
apedal; earthy fabric;
abundant, moderately to
strongly weathered rock
fragments (20-60 mm
diameter); pH 7. Gradual
to -
80-130 Partially weathered
metasedimentary parent
material.
-35-
Profile Number: 15
LOCATION:
Map Sheet Number: 8428-11 & 111
Map Name and Scale: Junee 1 :50 000
Map Zone: 55
Australian Map Grid Reference: 5 71 400 m E
61 50 300 m N
Elevation 265 m
LANDFOHM ELEMENT: Mid-slope (20 per cent)
CLIMATE: Median Annual Rainfall 550 mm
PARENT MATERIAL: Metasedimentary
SURFACE CONDITION: Hardsetting
ERODIBILITY: Topsoil - moderate; subsoil - high
PROFILE DRAINAGE: Moderate
LAND USE: Improved pasture
NATIVE VEGETATION: Completely cleared. Originally
woodland.
PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Northcote Classification: Dr 2.12
Handbook of Australian Soils: Non-
calcic brown soil
Horizon Depth (cm)
Al 0-20 Dark reddish brown (5 YR
3/6 moist) ; fine sandy
loam; weak, medium platy;
earthy fabric; trace fine
quartz gravel; abundant
fine roots; pH 6. Clear,
wavy to -
B21 20-35 Red (2.5 YR 4/6 moist);
sandy clay loam, weak,
medium to fine angular
blocky; smooth ped fabric;
few angular and sub-angular
quartz stones and
metasedimentary rock
fragments (2-20 mm
diameter) ; occasional
-36-
hard ferromanganiferous
concretion (5-15 mm
diameter); many fine roots;
pH 7. Gradual, wavy to -
B22 35-75 Red (2.5 YR 4/6 moist);
medium clay; moderate,
fine angular blocky;
smooth ped fabric; few
angular and sub-angular
quartz stones and
me tasedimentary rock
fragments (6-20 mm
diameter); few hard
ferromanganiferous
concretions (5-15 mm
diameter); many fine roots;
pH 7. Gradual, even to -
B23 75-130 Yellowish brown (10 YR 5/8
moist) with red mottles;
sandy clay; strong, fine
polyhedral; smooth ped
fabric; few sub-angular
metasedimentary rock
fragments (6-20 mm
diameter); few diffuse
ferromanganiferous
concretions and hard
nodules (5-15 mm diameter);
pH 7.
-37-
Profile Number: 16
LOCATION:
Map Sheet Number: 8428-11 & 111
* Map Name and Scale: Junee 1 :50 000
Map Zone: 55
- Australian Map Grid Reference: 5 71 700 m E
61 50 500 m N
Elevation: 260 m
LANDFORM ELEMENT: Lower slope (1 per cent)
CLIMATE: Median Annual Rainfall 550 mm
PARENT MATERIAL: Colluvium derived from metasediments
SURFACE CONDITION: Hardsetting
ERODIBILITY: Topsoil - moderate; subsoil - high
PROFILE DRAINAGE: Moderate
LAND USE: Improved pasture
NATIVE VEGETATION: Completely cleared. Originally
woodland.
PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Northcote Classification: Dr 2.13
Handbook of Australian Soils: Red-
brown earth.
Horizon Depth (cm)
Scattered surface stone
(to 150mm diameter).
Al 0-10 Dark reddish brown (5 YR
3/4 moist) ; sandy clay
loam; weak, medium platy;
earthy fabric; angular and
sub-angular stones (2-20mm
diameter) common; many
fine roots; pH 6.5. Sharp
to -
B22
Depth (cm)
10-55 Yellowish red (5 YR
4/8 moist); light medium
clay; moderate, medium
angular blocky breaking
to fine polyhedral;
angular and sub-angular
stones (2-20 mm diameter)
common; very few hard
ferruginous concretions
(up to 5 mm diameter) and
diffuse black manganiferous
concretions; very few
soft calcium carbonate
concretions; few fine
roots; pH 8. Gradual to -
55-120 Yellowish red (5 YR 4/8
moist); light medium clay;
moderate, fine polyhedral;
angular and sub-angular
stones (2-20mm diameter)
common; soft calcium
carbonate concretions
common; few diffuse
manganiferous concretions
and hard nodules; pH 9.
Horizon
B2 1
-39-
Profile Number: 17
LOC /\T TON:
Map Sheet Number: 8428-11 & 111
Map Name and Scale: Junee 1 :50 000
Map Zone: 55
Australian Map Grid Reference: 5 78 300 m E
61 50 000mN
Elevation 320 iii
LANDFORM ELEMENT: Upper slope (7 per cent)
CLIMATE: Median Annual Rainfall 525 mm
PARENT MATERIAL: Igneous - fine grained, siliceous
SURFACE CONDITION: Hardsetting
ERODIBILITY: Topsoil - high; subsoil - high
PROFILE DRAINAGE: Slow
LAND USE: Improved pasture
NATIVE VEGETATION: Extensively cleared. Originally
dry sclerophyll forest
PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Northcote Classification: Dy 2.41
Handbook of Australian Soils: Soloth
or yellow podzolic.
Horizon Depth (cm)
Al 0-7 Dark brown (7.5 YR 4/3
moist); sandy loam; apedal;
earthy fabric; trace fine
quartz gravel; many fine
roots; pH 5.5. Clear,
even to -
A21CB 7-30 Brown (7.5 YR 5/3 moist,
7.5 YR 8/2 dry); sandy
loam; apedal; earthy
fabric; angular and sub-
angular rock fragments
and quartz stones (6-20 mm
diameter) common;
occasional charcoal
inclusion; few fine roots;
pH 5.5. Sharp, wavy or
irregular to -
-40-
Horizon Depth (cm)
A22CB 30-45 Light grey (LO YR 7/2
moist, 7.5 YR 8/2 dry);
light sandy clay loam;
apedal; earthy fabric;
very hard (dry); few
angular and sub-angular
rock fragments and
quartz stones (6-20 mm
diameter); few hard
ferromanganiferous
concretions (5-15 mm
diameter); few fine
roots; pH 6. Clear
to -
B21 45-75 Pale brown (10 YR 6/3
moist); sandy clay;
strong, fine polyhedral;
very few angular rock
fragments (6-20 mm
diameter); few hard
ferromanganiferous
concretions (5-15 mm
diameter); pH 6.
Gradual to
822 75-1 30 Pale brown (10 YR 6/3
moist) with orange
mottles; sandy clay;
apedal, porous fabric;
very few angular rock
fragments (6-20 mm
diameter); pH 6.
-41-
Profile Number: 18
LOCATION:
Map Sheet Number: 8428-11 & 111
Map Name and Scale: Junee 1 :50 000
Map Zone: 55
Australian Map Grid Reference: 5 75 000 m F
61 51 200 m N
Elevation 300 rn
LANDFORM ELEMENT: Mid-slope (20 per cent)
CLIMATE: Median Annual Rainfall 525 mm
PARENT MATERIAL: Siltstone
SURFACE CONDITION: Hardsetting
ERODIBILITY: Topsoil - high; subsoil - high
PROFILE DRAINAGE: Moderate to slow
LAND USE: Improved pasture
NATIVE VEGETATION: Extensively cleared. Originally
woo dl and
PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Nothcote Classification: Dy 2.42
Handbook of Australian Soils: Yellow
solodi c
Horizon Depth (cm)
Al 0-5 Dark brown (7.5 YR 3/4
moist); sandy loam; weak,
fine platy; earthy fabric;
few angular and sub-angular
siltstone rock fragments
(2-20 mm diameter);
abundant fine roots;
pH 6. Clear, even to -
A2CB 5-35 Brown (7.5 YR 5/4 moist,
7.5 YR 7/3 dry); sandy
clay loam; apedal; earthy
fabric; few angular and
sub-angular silts tone
rock fragments (2-20mm
diameter); many hard
-42-
Horizon Depth (cm)
ferromanganiferous
concretions (5-15 mm
diameter); many fine
roots; pH 6.5. Sharp
to -
B2 35-75 Brownish yellow (10 YR
6/6 moist); heavy clay;
strong, medium prismatic
breaking to medium to
fine angular blocky;
smooth ped fabric; very
few angular siltstone
rock fragments (6-20 mm
diameter); very few hard
ferromanganiferous
concretions (5-15 mm
diameter) and charcoal
inclusions; pH 8.
Gradual to -
83 75-120 Brownish yellow (10 YR
6/6 moist) with grey
mottles; sandy clay;
apedal, massive; abundant
partially weathered
siltstone rock; diffuse
ferromanganiferous
concretions common;
occasional hard
ferromanganiferous nodule;
pH 6.5.
_43_
Profile Number: 19
LOCATION:
Map Sheet Number: 8428-11 & 111
Map Name and Scale: Junee 1:50 000
Map Zone: 55
Australian Map Grid Reference 5 75 000 m E
61 51 000mN
Elevation: 300 m
LANDFORM ELEMENT: Lower slope (3 per cent)
CLIMATE: Median Annual Rainfall 525 mm
PARENT MATERIAL: Not identified
SURFACE CONDITION: Hardsetting
ERODIBILITY: Tbpsoil - moderate; subsoil - high
PROFILE DRAINAGE: Moderate
LAND USE: Cropping
NATIVE VEGETATION: Extensively cleared. Originally
woodland.
PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Northcote Classification: Dr 2.13
Handbook of Australian Soils: Bed-
brown earth
Horizon Depth (cm)
Al 0-12 Dark reddish brown (2.5 YR
3/3 moist); sandy clay
loam; weak, medium
angular blocky; earthy
fabric; very few angular
and sub-angular stones
(2-6 mm diameter); very
few hard ferromanganiferous
concretions (up to 5 mm
diameter); abundant fine
roots; pH 6.5. Clear,
even to -
-44-
Horizon Depth (cm)
B21 12-40 Dark reddish brown (2.5 18
3/4 moist) ; fine sandy
medium clay; moderate,
medium angular blocky;
smooth ped fabric;
very few angular and
sub-angular stones
(2-6 mm diameter);
very few hard
ferromangan iferous
concretions (up to 5 mm
diameter); many fine
roots; pH 8. Clear to -
B22 40-85 Red (2.5 YR 5/6 moist);
medium to heavy clay;
strong, medium prismatic
breaking to fine to medium
angular blocky; Smooth
ped fabric; diffuse
calcium carbonate
concretions and hard
nodules (greater than
15 mm diameter) common;
few fine roots; pH 9.
Gradual to -
B23 85-150 Yellowish red (5 YR 5/8
moist); heavy clay;
moderate, medium prismatic
breaking to medium angular
blocky; smooth ped fabric;
few diffuse calcium
carbonate concretions; few
diffuse fe rromangan if erous
concretions and hard
nodules (up to 5 mm
diameter); pH 9.
-45-
Profile Number 20
LOCATION:
Map Sheet Number: 8528-I & IV
Map Name and Scale: Cootamundra 1:50 000
Map Zone: 55
Australian Map Grid Reference: 5 91 900 m S
61 70 000 m N
Elevation: 360 m
LANDFORM ELEMENT: Lower slope (1 per cent)
CLIMATE: Median Annual Rainfall 590 mm
PARENT MATERIAL: Not identified
SURFACE CONDITION: Hardsetting
ERODIBILITY: Topsoil - moderate; subsoil - moderate
PROFILE DRAINAGE: Moderate to slow
LAND USE: Cropping
NATIVE VEGETATION: Completely cleared. Originally
woodland.
PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Northcote Classification: Dy 2.22
Handbook of Australian Soils: Yellow
podzol ic
Horizon Depth (cm)
Al 0-12 Dark brown (7.5 YR 3/4
moist); sandy clay loam;
weak, medium platy; earthy
fabric; abundant fine
roots; pH 5.5. Clear,
even to -
A2 12-35 Yellowish red (5 YR 5/6
moist, 5 YR 6/8 dry);
fine sandy clay loam;
apedal; earthy fabric;
very hard (dry); very
few angular quartz stones
(2-6 mm diamter); hard
ferruginous concretions
(up to 5 mm diameter)
common; many fine roots;
pH 6. Clear, even to -
-46-
Horizon Depth (cm)
B21 35-55 Yellowish red (5 YR 5/8
moist); medium clay;
moderate, fine to medium
sub-angular blocky; hard
ferruginous concretions
(5-15 mm diameter) common;
many fine roots; pH 6.
Gradual, even to -
B22 55-75 Reddish yellow (7.5 YR
6/8 moist); medium clay;
strong, fine to medium
sub-angular blocky; hard
ferruginous concretions
(5-15 mm diameter) common;
few fine roots; pH 7.
Gradual to -
B23 75-130 Brownish yellow (10 YR 6/6
moist) with orange and
grey mottles; strong,
fine angular blocky;
hard black manganiferous
concretions (5-15 mm
diameter) common; few
hard ferruginous
concretions (5-15 mm
diameter); pH 7.
-47-
Profile Number: 21
LOCATION:
Map Sheet Number: 8528-I-IV
Map Name and Scale: Cootamundra 1 :50 000
Map Zone: 55
Australian Map Grid Reference: 5 93 600 m E
61 71 300 m N
Elevation 345 m
LANDFORM ELEMENT: Lower slope (1 per cent)
CLIMATE: Median Annual Rainfall 600 mm
PARENT MATERIAL: Quaternary terrestrial sediments
SURFACE CONDITION: Hardsetting
ERODIBILITY: Topsoil - high; subsoil - moderate
PROFILE DRAINAGE: Moderate
LAND USE: Improved pasture
NATIVE VEGETATION: Extensively cleared. Originally
woodland
PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Northcote Classification: Dy 2.42
Handbook of Australian Soils: Yellow
solodic
Horizon Depth (cm)
Al 0-10 Dark brown (7.5 YR 4/3
moist); light sanay clay
loam; weak, medium platy;
earthy fabric; very few
charcoal inclusions (up to
5 mm diameter) ; many fine
roots; pH 5.5. Clear to -
A2CB 10-50 Brown (7.5 YR 5/4 moist,
10 YR 7/4 dry); sandy clay
loam; apedal; earthy fabric;
very few diffuse
ferromanganiferous
concretions; many fine
roots; pH 6. Sharp to -
Horizon Depth (cm)
B21 50-80 Yellowish red (5 YR 5/6
moist); heavy clay; strong,
fine angular blocky;
smooth ped fabric; very
few diffuse and soft
ferromanganiferous
concretions (up to 5 mm
diameter); many fine roots;
pH 7. Gradual to -
B22 80-130 Yellowish red (5 YR 5/6
moist) with grey mottles;
heavy clay; strong fine
angular blocky; smooth
ped fabric; few hard
ferromanganiferous
concretions (up to 5 mm
diameter); few fine roots. 4
Profile Number: 22
LOCATION:
Map Sheet Number: 8528-I & IV
Map Name and Scale: Cootamundra 1:50 000
Map Zone: 55
Australian Map Grid Reference: 6 00 000 m F
61 77 300 m N
Elevation 520 m
LANDFORM ELEMENT: Upper slope (20 per cent)
CLIMATE: Median Annual Rainfall 675 mm
PARENT MATERIAL: Not identified
SURFACE CONDITION: Hardsetting
ERODIBILITY: Topsoil - moderate; subsoil - moderate
PROFILE DRAINAGE: Moderate to rapid
LAND USE: Cropping
NATIVE VEGETATION: Completely cleared. Originally
woodi and
PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Northcote Classification: Gn 3.12
Handbook of Australian Soils: Euchrozem
Horizon Depth (cm)
Al 0-10 Dark reddish brown (5 YR
3/4 moist); fine sandy
clay loam; apedal to weak,
crumb; earthy fabric;
abundant fine roots;
pH 6. Clear to -
B21 10-30 Dusky red (10 R 3/4 moist);
light medium clay;
moderate to strong, medium
angular blocky; porous
fabric; many cutans; very
few angular quartz stones
(2-20 mm diameter);
abundant fine roots;
pH 6.5. Arbitrary to -
-50--
Horizon Depth (cm)
B22 30-60 Dusky red (10 H 3/4 moist);
medium clay; strong,
medium angular blocky;
porous fabric; many
cutans; very few angular
quartz stones (2-20 mm
diameter); abundant fine
roots; pH 7. Arbitrary to -
B22 60-90 As above, but fewer fine
roots. Arbitrary to -
B22 90-110 As above, but fewer fine
roots. Diffuse to -
B23 110-130 Dusky red (10 R 3/4 moist);
medium clay; strong, coarse
blocky breaking to fine
angular blocky; cutans
common; very few angular
quartz stones; pH 7.
-51-
Gn 2.12 (23)
G.n 2.12 (25)
Gn 2.22 Dy 2.42
(24) (26)
Figure 3. Soil toposequence on unidentified material
near Wallendbeen (profile number in brackets).
-52-
Profile Number: 23
LOCATION:
Map Sheet Number: 8528-I & IV
Map Name and Scale: Cootamundra 1 :50 000
Map Zone: 55
Australian Map Grid Reference: 6 02 100 m E
61 79 300 m N
Elevation: 500 m
LANDFOHM ELEMENT: Mid-slope (10 per cent)
CLIMATE: Median Annual Rainfall 675 mm
PARENT MATERIAL: Not identified
SURFACE CONDITION: Hardsetting
ERODIBILITY: Topsoil - moderate; subsoil - moderate
PROFILE DRAINAGE: Rapid
LAND USE: Improved pasture
NATIVE VEGETATION: Completely cleared. Originally
woodland
PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Northcote Classification: Go 2.12
Handbook of Australian Soils: Red
earth
Horizon Depth (cm)
Al 0-15 Dark reddish brown (5 YR
3/4 moist); sandy clay
loam; apedal to weak,
platy; earthy fabric;
abundant fine roots;
pH 5.5. Clear to -
Bi 15-50 Red (25 YR 4/6 moist);
fine sandy light clay;
weak, fine sub-angular
blocky; earthy fabric;
very few hard
ferromanganiferous nodules
(up to 5 mm diameter);
few fine roots; pH 6.
Diffuse to -
-53-
Horizon Depth (cm)
B2 50-110 Dark red (2.5 YB 3/6
moist); medium clay;
moderate, fine sub-angular
blocky; friable (moist);
few hard ferromanganiferous
nodules (up to 5 mm
diameter); few fine roots;
p1-i 6.
-54-
Profile Number: 24
LOCATION:
Map Sheet Number: 85281 & IV
Map Name and Scale: Cootamundra 1 :50 000
Map Zone: 55
Australian Map Grid Reference: 6 02 800 m E
61 79 900 m N
Elevation: 500 m
LANDFORM ELEMENT: Lower slope (3 per cent)
CLIMATE: Median Annual Rainfall 675 mm
PARENT MATERIAL: Not identified
SURFACE CONDITION: Hardsetting
ERODIBILITY: Topsoil - high; subsoil - moderate
PROFILE DRAINAGE: Moderate to rapid
LAND USE: Cropping
NATIVE VEGETATION: Completely cleared. Originally
wood 1 and
PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Northcote Classification: Gn 2.22
Handbook of Australian Soils: Yellow
earth
Horizon Depth (cm)
Al 0-14 Brown (7.5 YR 5/4 moist);
loam, fine sandy; apedal;
earthy fabric; abundant
fine roots; pH 5.5. Clear,
even to -
B1 14-40 Strong brown (7.5 YR 5/6
moist); sandy clay loam;
apedal to weak, medium
sub-angular blocky; earthy
fabric; many fine roots;
pH 6. Gradual to -
-55-
Horizon Depth (cm)
B21 40-65 Strong brown (7.5 YR
5/6 moist) ; fine sandy
light clay; moderate,
fine sub-angular blocky;
very few hard
ferromanganiferous
concretions (up to 5 mm
diameter); many fine roots;
pH 6. Gradual to -
B22 65-110 Yellowish brown (10 YR
5/6 moist); fine sandy
light clay; moderate,
fine sub-angular blocky;
very few hard
ferromanganiferous
concretions (5-15 mm
diameter); few fine roots;
pH 7. Clear to -
B23 110-120 Pale brown (10 YR 6/3
moist) with orange and
yellow mottles; medium
clay; moderate to strong
fine angular blocky;
many hard black
manganiferous concretions
(5-15 mm diameter); few
hard ferromanganiferous
concretions (5-15 mm
diameter); pH 7.
-56--
Profile Number: 25
LOCATION:
Map Sheet Number: 8528-I & IV
Map Name and Scale: Cootamundra 1 :50 000
Map Zone: 55
Australian Map Grid Reference: 6 03 000 m S
61 80 800 m N
Elevation: 500 m
LANDFOHM ELEMENT: Upper slope (20 per cent)
CLIMATE: Median Annual Rainfall 660 mm
PARENT MATERIAL: Not identified
SURFACE CONDITION: Hardsetting
ERODIBILITY: Topsoil - high; subsoil - moderate
PROFILE DRAINAGE: Rapid
LAND USE: Improved pasture
NATIVE VEGETATION: Completely cleared. Originally
woodi and
PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Northcote Classification: On 2.12
Handbook of Australian Soils: Red
earth
Horizon Depth (cm)
Al 0-12 Reddish brown (5 YR 4/6
moist); loam, fine sandy;
weak, crumb; earthy fabric;
very few charcoal
inclusions (5-15 mm
diameter); abundant fine
roots; pH 5.5. Gradual
to -
81 12-30 Red (2.5 YR 4/6 moist);
fine sandy clay loam;
weak, medium sub-angular
blocky; earthy fabric;
very few hard
ferromanganife rous
concretions and charcoal
inclusions (up to 15 mm
-57--
Horizon Depth (cm)
diameter); abundant fine
roots; pH 6. Diffuse to -
B21 30-65 Red (2.5 YR 4/6 moist);
sandy clay; weak to
moderate, medium sub-
angular blocky; earthy
fabric; few hard
ferrornanganiferous
concretions (up to
5mm diameter); many fine
roots; pH 6. Diffuse to -
B22 65-100 Red (2.5 YR 4/8 moist);
fine sandy light clay;
weak to moderate, medium
sub-angular blocky; few
hard ferromanganiferous
concretions (5-15 mm
diameter); many fine
roots; pH 7. Clear to -
B 100-120 Red (2.5 YR 4/8 moist);
fine sandy light clay;
apedal, earthy fabric;
abundant hard black
manganiferous concretions
and f errom angani f e ro us
concretions (greater than
15 mm diameter); few
fine roots; pH 7.
Profile Number: 26
LOCATION:
Map Sheet Number: 8528-I & IV
Map Name and Scale: Cootamundra 1:50 000
Map Zone: 55
Australian Map Grid Reference: 6 02 900 m E
61 80 200 m N
Elevation 500 m
LANDFORM ELEMENT: Flat (2 per cent slope)
CLIMATE: Median Annual Rainfall 665 mm
PARENT MATERIAL: Not identified
SURFACE CONDITION: Hardsetting
ERODIBILITY: Topsoil - high; subsoil - high
PROFILE DRAINAGE: Slow
LAND USE: Improved pasture
NATIVE VEGETATION: Extensively cleared. Originally
woodland
PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Northcote Classification: Dy 2.42
Handbook of Australian Soils: Yellow
solodic
Horizon Depth (cm)
Al 0-15 Greyish brown (10 YR 5/2
moist); light sandy clay
loam; weak, fine crumb;
earthy fabric; very
few charcoal inclusions
(up to 5 mm diameter);
abundant fine roots;
pH 5.5. Clear to -
A2CB 15-65 Light brownish grey
(10 YR 6/2 moist, 10 YR
8/1 dry) with orange
flecks; light sandy clay
loam; apedal; earthy
fabric; hard
ferromanganiferous
concretions (5-15 mm
-59--
Horizon Depth (cm) diameter) common; many
fine roots; pH 6. Sharp
to -
B21 65-80 Greyish brown (2.5 Y 5/1
moist) with orange flecks;
medium clay; strong, medium
angular blocky; smooth
ped fabric; very few hard
ferromanganiferous
concretions (up to 5 mm
diameter); many fine roots;
pH 7. Clear to -
B22 80-120 Light brownish grey (10 YR
6/2 moist) with yellow
mottles; sandy clay;
moderate, medium angular
blocky; few hard
ferromanganiferous
concretions (up to 5 mm
diameter); pH 7. Gradual
to -
B23 120-200 Light olive brown (2.5 Y
5/3 moist) with orange
mottles; heavy clay;
strong, medium angular
blocky; smooth ped fabric;
many cutans; few hard
ferromanganiferous
concretions (up to 5 mm
diameter) but less than
above; pH 8.
Gn 2.12 (27
Gn 2.12 (29) Gn 2.12
Gn 2.22 (28) - (30)
Figure 4. Soil toposequence occurring on granodiorite
near Young (profile number in brackets).
-61-
Profile Number: 27
LOCATION:
Map Sheet Number: 8529- 11 & 111
Map Name and Scale: Young 1:50 000
Map Zone: 55
Australian Map Grid Reference: 6 11 500 m 8
61 97 500 m N
Elevation: 520 m
LANDFORM ELEMENT: Upper slope (4 per cent)
CLIMATE: Median Annual Rainfall 680 mm
PARENT MATERIAL: Granodiorite
SURFACE CONDITION: Hardsetting
ERODIBILITY: Topsoil - moderate; subsoil - moderate to high
PROFILE DRAINAGE: Rapid
LAND USE: Improved pasture
NATIVE VEGETATION: Extensively cleared. Originally
wood 1 and
PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Northcote Classification: Gn 2.12
Handbook of Australian Soils: Red
earth
Horizon Depth (cm)
Al 0-10 Dark reddish brown
(2.5 YR 3/3 moist); light
sandy clay loam; apedal;
earthy fabric; trace fine
quartz gravel; abundant
fine roots; pH 5.5. Clear
to -
Bl 10-25 Dark reddish brown (2.5 YR
3/4 moist) ; sandy clay
loam; weak, medium angular
blocky;cutans common;
earthy fabric; trace fine
quartz gravel; abundant
fine roots; pH 6. Gradual
to -
-62-
Horizon Depth (cm)
B21 25-80 Dark red (2.5 YR 3/6
moist); medium clay;
weak to moderate,
medium angular blocky;
very porous fabric; cutans
common; trace fine
quartz grit; many fine
roots; pH 7. Gradual
to -
B22 80-140 Dark red (2.5 YR 3/6
moist); medium clay;
moderate, medium angular
to sub-angular blocky;
porous fabric; cutans
common; trace fine quartz
gravel; few diffuse
ferromanganiferous
concretions and hard
nodules (up to 5 mm
diameter); pH 7.
-63-
Profile Number: 28
LOCATION:
Map Sheet Number: 8529 - 11 & 111
Map Name and Scale: Young 1:50 000
Map Zone: 55
Australian Map Grid Reference: 6 11 500rn E
61 97 500 m N
Elevation 520 m
LANDFORM ELEMENT: Mid-slope (5 per cent)
CLIMATE: Median Annual Rainfall 680 mm
PARENT MATERIAL: Granodiorite
SURFACE CONDITION: Hardsetting
ERODIBILITY: Topsoil - moderate; subsoil - high
PROFILE DRAINAGE: Moderate
LAND USE: Improved pasture
NATIVE VEGETATION: Extensively cleared. Originally
wood 1 and
PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Northcote Classification: Gn 2.12
Handbook of Australian Soils: Red
earth
Horizon Depth (cm)
Al 0-13 Reddish brown (5 YR 4/
moist); fine sandy loam;
weak, fine subangular
blocky; earthy fabric;
abundant fine roots; pH 6.
Clear, even to -
Bl 13-30 Dark reddish brown (5 YR
3/' moist); sandy clay
loam; weak, medium sub-
angular blocky; earthy
fabric; very few hard
ferromanganiferous -
concretions (up to 5 mm
diameter); abundant fine
roots; pH 6. Gradual,
even to -
-64--
Horizon Depth (cm)
821 30-75 Yellowish red (5 YB 4/8
moist); fine sandy clay
loam; weak to moderate,
medium angular blocky;
porous fabric; few cutans;
trace fine quartz gravel;
few hard manganiferous
and ferromanganiferous
concretions (5-15 mm
diameter); many fine
roots; pH 6.5. Gradual,
even to -
822 75-105 Yellowish red (5 YR 4/8
moist); sandy clay; weak,
medium sub-angular blocky;
porous fabric; few cutans;
trace fine quartz gravel;
few hard manganiferous and
ferromanganife rous
concretions (5-15 mm
diameter); few fine roots;
pH 7. Gradual, even to -
B23 105-130 Brownish yellow (10 8 6/6
moist); sandy clay; apedal;
porous fabric; trace fine
quartz gravel; hard
manganiferous and
f e r roman g an if e r o us
concretions (5-15 mm
diameter) common; pH 7.
-65-
Profile Number: 29
LOCATION:
Map Sheet Number: 8529 - 11 & 111
Map Name and Scale: Young 1:50 000
Map Zone: 55
Australian Map Grid Reference: 6 11 100 m E
61 96 500 m N
Elevation 540 m
LANDFORM ELEMENT: Mid-slope (5 per cent)
CLIMATE: Median Annual Rainfall 680 mm
PARENT MATERIAL: Granodiorite
SURFACE CONDITION: Hardsetting
ERODIBILITY: Topsoil - moderate; subsoil - moderate to high
PROFILE DRAINAGE: Moderate to rapid
LAND USE: Cropping
NATIVE VEGETATION: Extensively cleared. Originally
woodi and
PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Northcote Classification: Gn 2.12
Handbook of Australian Soils: Red
earth
Horizon Depth (cm)
Al 0-10 Dark brown (7.5 YR 3/4
moist) ; light sandy clay
loam; weak, medium platy;
earthy fabric; abundant
fine roots; pH 6.5. Clear
to -
Bi 10-30 Dark reddish brown (5 YR
3/4 moist) ; sandy clay
loam; moderate, medium
angular blocky; earthy
fabric; cutans common;
very few hard ferruginous
concretions (up to 5 mm
diameter); abundant fine
roots; pH 6.5. Gradual
to -
Horizon Depth (cm)
B21 30-75 Red (2.5 YR 4/6 moist);
sandy clay; moderate,
medium angular to sub-
angular blocky; porous
fabric; cutans common;
trace fine quartz gravel;
few hard ferruginous
concretions (5-15mm
diameter); abundant fine
roots; pH 6.5. Gradual
to -
B22 75-100 Red (2.5 YR 4/6 moist);
sandy light medium clay;
moderate, medium angular
to sub-angular blocky;
porous fabric; trace
fine quartz gravel; few
cutans; few hard
ferromanganiferous
concretions (5-15 mm
diameter) ; few fine
roots; pH 7. Clear to -
B23 100-150 Strong brown (7.5 YR
5/6 moist) ; sandy light
medium clay; weak,
medium to coarse angular
blocky; porous fabric;
trace fine quartz gravel;
few hard ferromanganiferous
concretions (5-15mm
diameter); few fine roots;
pH 7.
-6 7--
Profile Number: 30
LOCATION:
Map Sheet Number: 8529 - 11 & 111
Map Name and Scale: Young 1 :50 000
Map Zone: 55
Australian Map Grid Reference: 6 ii
61 96
Elevation 530 m
LANDFORM ELEMENT: Lower slope (3 per cent)
CLIMATE: Median Annual Rainfall 680 mm
PARENT MATERIAL: Granodiorite
SURFACE CONDITION: Hardsetting
ERODIBILITY: Topsoil - moderate; subsoil - high
PROFILE DRAINAGE: Moderate
LAND USE: Cropping
100 m E
500 m N
NATIVE VEGETATION: Extensively cleared. Originally
wood 1 and
PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Northcote Classification: On 2.22
Horizon
Al
Handbook of Australian Soils: Ye].low
earth
Depth (cm)
0-15 Dark reddish brown (5 YR
3/2 moist) ; light sandy
clay loam; weak, medium
platy; earthy fabric;
trace fine quartz gravel;
abundant fine roots;
pH 5.5. Clear, even to -
15-40 Strong brown (7.5 YR 5/6
moist); sandy clay loam;
weak, medium angular
blocky; earthy fabric;
trace fine quartz gravel;
very few hard
ferromanganiferous
concretions (up to 5 mm
diameter); abundant fine
roots; pH 6. Gradual to -
Horizon Depth (cm)
B21 40-110 Yellowish brown (10 YR
5/6 moist) ; sandy clay;
weak, medium angular
blocky; porous fabric;
cutans common; trace
fine quartz gravel;
hard black manganiferous
concretions (5-15 mm
diameter) common; few
hard ferromanganiferous
concretions (5-15 mm
diameter); many fine
roots; pH 6.5. Gradual
to -
B22 110-150 Brownish yellow (10 YB
6/6 moist) with red and
grey mottles; strong,
medium to coarse angular
to sub-angular blocky;
smooth ped fabric;
ferromanganiferous cu tans
common; trace fine quartz
gravel; pH 7.
TABLE 2. LABORATORY ANALYSES - NATURAL GAS PIPELINE.
Profile Depth Clay Silt Fine Coarse Stones Stones L.L.* P.I. USCS* D.I.* D.P.* L.S.* E.A.T.* No. (cm) Sand Sand 2-6mm > 6mm
0/ /0
0/ /0
0/ /0
0/ /0
0/ /0
0/ /0
0/ /0
1 0- 15 22 16 50 12 0 0 23 12 CL 4.2 33 3 3(2) 15- 30 30 14 44 11 0 0 26 16 CL 8.0 17 7 3(1) 30- 40 31 14 39 14 2 0 27 17 CL 12.0 11 7 3(2) 40- 55 39 12 36 11 1 0 33 18 CL 29.0 5 10 3(2) 80-130 54 8 28 7 1 1 45 21 CL 9.0 13 11 3(2)
2 0- 30 20 16 47 17 0 0 30 10 CL 19.0 8 4 7 30- 65 35 10 37 16 1 0 31 17 CL 27.0 5 7 3(2) 65-1 05 64 8 20 8 0 0 52 30 CH 13.3 9 13 2(1) 105-145 43 14 28 13 2 0 38 21 CL 30.0 4 8 2(1) 145-200 39 17 12 17 14 1 53 25 CH 16.5 8 12 3(2) 200-220 19 14 14 30 22 1 50 21 Sc 11.5 13 10 3(1)
3 0- 30 16 22 48 14 0 0 25 10 CL 6.3 27 4 3(3) ' 30- 60 30 14 40 16 0 0 26 15 CL 24.0 6 6 2(1) 60- 90 42 9 33 11 4 1 36 19 CL 29.0 4 10 2(1)
* L.L. - Liquid Limit; P.I. - Plasticity Index; USCS - Unified Soil Classification System;
D.I. - Dispersal Index; D.P. - Dispersion Percentage; L.S. - Linear Shrinkage;
E.A.T. - Emerson Aggregate Test.
0 2(1) 2(1) 2(1)
TABLE 2. (Continued)
Profile Depth Clay Silt Fine Coarse Stones Stones L.L.* P.I. USCS D.I.* D.P.* L.S.* E.A.T.* No. (cm) Sand Sand 2-6 mm > 6mm
0/ /0
0/ /0
0/ /0
0/ /0
0/ /0
0/ /0
0/ /0
4 0- 10 15 17 39 24 2 3 nd nd 8.5 25 4 8 10- 18 10 10 25 27 16 11 26 8 SC 16.0 10 3 8 18- 40 43 11 21 15 10 1 41 27 CL 6.6 20 11 3(1) 40- 75 43 9 22 16 8 3 43 25 CL 16.5 8 9 2(1 75-100 9 17 26 41 3 3 nd nd 7.0 33 4 7
5 0- 15 20 22 44 14 0 0 27 11 CL 18.0 10 4 7 15- 45 34 14 36 16 0 0 31 22 CL 27.1 11 9 3(1) 45- 85 52 8 29 11 0 0 45 24 CL 17.5 8 12 2(1) 85-140 58 6 27 9 0 0 49 30 CL 12.0 11 13 2(1) 140-160 45 12 28 13 3 0 46 26 CL 6.6 20 9 2(1
6 0- 30 16 16 39 29 0 0 30 11 CL 18.0 10 5 30- 45 9 7 33 41 10 0 19 5 SC 4.0 75 1 45-100 38 10 20 32 0 0 40 22 CL 27.0 11 12 100-120 40 10 24 26 1 0 40 21 CL 10.0 14 10
7 0- 12 14 14 45 27 0 0 27 9 CL 8.0 22 3 12- 63 32 10 32 26 0 0 35 21 CL 24.0 6 6 63-100 49 12 24 14 1 0 43 26 CL 34.0 4 10
* L.L. - Liquid Limit; P.I. - Plasticity Index; USCS - Unified Soil Classification System;
D.I. - Dispersal Index; D.P. - Dispersion Percentage; L.S. - Linear Shrinkage;
E.A.T. - Emerson Aggregate Test; nd - Non Determinable.
TABLE 2. (Continued)
Profile Deptb Clay Silt Fine Coarse Stones Stones L.L. P.I. USCS* D.I.* D.P.* L.S.* E.A.T.* No. (cm) Sand Sand 2-6 mm > 6mm
0/ 0/ 9/ 0/ 0/ 0/ 0/ /0 /0 /0 /0 /9 /0 /9
/0 1') 1/0 10 01 1 - -- no no I.0 29 2 7 12- 70 32 5 14 34 0 15 45 23 Sc 14.0 11 9 3(1)
9 0- 12 10 10 43 37 0 0 22 5 SM-SC 13.0 25 2 7 12- 30 14 16 40 30 0 0 28 11 SC 16.0 11 4 8 30- 85 21 8 25 42 4 1 27 15 CL 19.0 8 5 2(1) 85-100 15 9 25 25 23 4 24 13 SC 9.5 17 4 2(1) 100-155 31 3 16 24 12 15 47 24 Sc 3.6 40 9 2(1)
10 0- 45 6 13 35 40 6 0 nd nd 6.0 40 0 3(2) 45- 70 48 6 19 20 7 0 48 25 CL 11.3 11 12 3(2) 70-1 40 32 4 18 35 10 0 42 24 Sc 12.5 11 10 2(1)
11
0- 12
12- 80 80-160
10 8
43 5
5 3
42 37 14 28 11 65
4 0
10 0
16 0
nd 46 nd
nd 23 nd
CL 7.0 33.0 12.0
29 4 33
2 nd 1
8 8 8
12 0- 14 15 10 41 29 5 0 23 5 SM-SC 16.0 11 2 7 14- 25 15 9 46 23 7 0 21 8 Sc 17.0 10 3 3(2) 25- 65 48 7 18 13 14 0 48 26 CL 38.0 3 10 3(1) 65-100 48 7 16 14 14 0 47 24 CL 18.0 7 11 2(1)
* L.L. - Liquid Limit; P.I. - Plasticity Index; USCS - Unified Soil Classification System; D.I. - Dispersal Index; D.P. - Dispersion Percentage; L.S. - Linear Shrinkage;
E.A.T. - Emerson Aggregate Test; nd - Non Determinable.
TABLE 2. (Continued)
Depth Clay Silt L.S.* E.#.T.* Profile Fine Coarse Stones Stones L..L,* P.I. USCS* D.I.* D.P.* No. (cm) Sand Sand 2-6 mm > 6mm
0/ /0
0/ iC
0/ /0
0/ /0
0/ /0
13 0- 15 10 10 55 24 1 0 23 7 SC 14.3 14 1 8 15- 30 6 14 47 33 0 0 nd nd 4.0 100 0 3(3) 30- 95 50 8 25 17 0 0 42 21 CL 33.0 4 11 5 95-120 44 9 24 11 11 0 46 26 CL 17.0 7 11 2(1)
14 0- 12 10 11 18 15 22 25 35 7 SC 9.0 17 4 7 12- 30 33 18 21 10 12 6 29 13 CL 5.0 25 4 3(2) 30- 60 57 11 7 2 18 4 50 27 CL-CH 15.3 8 10 5 60- 80 39 26 17 5 4 8 38 20 CL 5.5 23 6 2(1)
15 0- 20 14 16 49 19 1 1 25 6 CL-ML 15.0 11 2 7 20- 35 21 18 47 12 2 1 23 10 CL 7.0 21 4 3(1) 35- 75 57 14 19 8 1 1 42 22 CL 12.3 10 10 2(1) 75-130 43 22 20 8 4 2 38 17 CL 11.3 11 9 2(1)
16 0- 10 15 16 39 11 11 8 26 10 CL 6.3 25 3 8 30- 55 44 9 19 4 19 6 53 31 CH 1.7 74 10 1 60-1 20 36 20 16 10 12 6 59 40 CH 4.6 29 15 2(1)
17 0- 7 8 14 47 30 1 1 28 8 SC 11.0 20 1 8 7- 30 7 19 36 23 8 7 nd nd 6.5 33 0 7 30- 45 12 21 36 27 0 3 18 6 CL-ML 4.0 44 0 2(2) 45- 75 32 16 40 12 0 0 30 14 CL 5.0 28 6 2(2) 75-130 30 20 40 10 0 0 32 15 CL 2.0 80 6 2(1)
* L.L. - Liquid Limit; P.I. - Plasticity Index; USCS - Unified Soil Classification System; D.I. - Dispersal Index; D.P. - Dispersion Percentage; L.S. - Linear Shrinkage; E.A.T. - Emerson Aggregate Test;
I I
nd - Non Determinable.
I I
TABLE 2. (Continued)
Profile Depth Clay Silt Fine Coarse Stones Stones L.L.* P.I.* USCS D.I,* D.P.* L.S.* E.A.T.* No. (cm) Sand Sand 2-6 mm > 6mm
01 0/ 0/ 0/ 0/ 0/ 0/
/0 /0 0 /0 /0 /0 /0
18 0- 5
5- 35
35- 75 75-120
6 25 75 29
13 4 6 6
57 10 15 13
20 21 3 8
3 14 1
15
2 26 0
29
43 21 66 -
11 3
37 -
SC SM OH
90 29.0 3.3 5.8
0 5
35 21
3 0 10 -
7 7 2(2) 8
19 0- 12 18 20 45 16 1 1 32 10 CL 6.0 25 5 8 12- 40 44 12 33 11 0 0 40 21 CL 4.4 29 8 2(1) 40- 85 49 22 18 10 2 0 70 45 OH 3.8 32 12 5 85-150 58 12 21 6 0 3 75 54 CH 9.8 13 10 2(1)
20 0- 12 16 22 51 11 0 0 nd nd 18.0 9 2 8 12- 35 32 14 46 8 0 0 34 26 CL 12.5 11 9 3(1) 35-. 55 50 12 32 6 0 0 40 25 CL 16.0 8 11 3(1) 55- 75 54 12 28 6 0 0 48 26 CL 17.5 7 10 3(1) 75-130 50 12 29 9 0 0 46 25 CL 11.1 11 14 3(1)
21 0- 10 12 24 59 5 0 0 26 6 CL 4.0 44 2 8
10- 50 20 24 54 2 0 0 23 8 CL 4.0 39 4 3(1)
50- 80 48 14 37 1 0 0 43 24 CL 8.5 15 10 -
* L.L. - Liquid Limit; P.I. - Plasticity Index; USCS - Unified Soil Classification System;
D.I. - Dispersal Index; D.P. - Dispersion Percentage; L.S. - Linear Shrinkage;
E.A.T. - Emerson Aggregate Test; nd - Non Determinable.
TABLE 2. (Continued)
Profile Depth Clay Silt Fine Coarse Stones Stones L.L.* P.I.* USCS* D.I.* D.P.* L.S.* E.A.T.* No. (cm) Sand Sand 2-6 mm > 6mm
0/ Ic
01 /0
0/ /0
0/ /0
0/ /0
oI /0
0/ /9
22 0- 10 30 18 47 5 0 0 33 6 CL 24.0 6 5 3(2) 10- 30 40 14 40 6 0 0 42 21 CL 14.5 9 12 3(2) 30- 60 53 8 29 9 0 1 51 31 CH 17.5 7 14 5 60- 95 61 6 29 3 1 0 65 50 CH 19.5 6 14 5 95-110 57 8 30 3 1 1 54 36 CH 37.0 3 14 5 110-130 57 8 29 4 1 1 55 35 CH 18.5 7 16 5
23 0- 15 22 16 57 5 0 0 28 8 CL 9.5 15 4 7 15- 50 36 10 50 4 0 0 34 21 CL 13.0 10 9 3(2) 50-1 10 56 8 32 4 0 0 45 23 CL 18.0 7 10 3(1)
24 0- 14 10 16 70 4 0 0 25 6 CL 14.0 14 1 8 14- 40 18 20 59 3 0 0 21 8 CL 9.0 18 2 3(1) 40- 65 32 12 52 3 0 1 33 18 CL 24.0 6 9 3(1) 65-1 10 32 16 50 2 0 0 35 20 CL 23.0 6 8 3(1) 110-120 45 10 35 8 2 0 47 32 CL 7.5 17 10 3(3)
25 0- 12 16 14 65 5 0 0 30 8 CL 16.0 11 4 8 12- 30 28 10 58 4 0 0 29 14 CL 21.0 7 7 3(2) 30- 65 40 10 47 3 0 0 39 20 CL 27.0 5 13 3(2) 65-1 00 44 8 44 4 0 0 39 21 CL 15.0 8 10 3(1) 100-120 27 14 38 19 2 1 34 17 CL 7.3 21 7 7
* L.L. - Liquid Limit; P.I. - Plasticity Index; USCS - Unified Soil Classification System;
D.I. - Dispersal Index; D.P. - Dispersion Percentage; L.S. - Linear Shrinkage;
E.A.T. - Emerson Aggregate Test.
TABLE 2. (Continued)
Profile Depth Clay Silt Fine Coarse Stones Stones L.L.* P.I. USCS* D.I.* D.P.* L.S.* E.A,T.*
No. (cm) Sand Sand 2-6 mm > 6mm 0/
0 0/ /0
01 /0
0/ /0
0/ /0
0/ /0
0/
26 0- 15 14 28 55 3 0 0 nd nd 8.5 18 2 8
15- 65 11 25 50 5 7 2 nd nd 2.4 64 1 2(1)
65- 80 48 14 30 8 0 0 41 22 CL 5.3 23 9 3(2)
80-120 32 18 41 9 1 0 30 13 CL 8.3 16 7 3(3)
120-200 52 10 25 10 3 0 56 34 CH 5.8 21 10 3(2)
27 0- 10 16 18 44 22 0 0 30 9 CL 9.0 18 4 8
10- 25 28 14 39 19 1 0 31 16 CL 11.5 13 6 3(1)
25- 80 40 10 27 23 0 0 38 24 CL 27.0 5 9 2(1)
80-140 47 10 25 17 1 0 46 25 CL 17.0 8 10 6
28 0- 13 12 18 47 23 0 0 30 11 CL 8.0 29 3 8
13- 30 20 18 44 18 0 0 28 11 CL 8.3 19 4 3(1)
30- 75 28 12 44 16 0 0 31 19 CL 23.0 6 6 2(1)
75-105 36 13 32 13 5 1 37 22 CL 13.5 10 9 2(1)
105-130 27 12 32 18 10 0 33 14 CL 11.5 13 8 2(1)
29 0- 10 16 16 43 25 0 0 29 10 CL 16.0 9 4 7
10- 30 30 8 43 19 1 0 30 17 CL 23.0 6 8 5
30- 75 36 10 33 21 1 0 36 21 CL 27.0 6 10 5
75-1 00 46 12 27 15 1 0 40 22 CL 31.0 4 9 2(1)
100-150 43 12 26 17 1 2 43 22 CL 16.0 9 12 2(1)
30 0- 15 14 14 47 25 1 0 26 8 CL 16.0 10 3 7
15- 40 26 12 40 21 1 0 30 16 CL 22.0 6 8 3(1)
40-1 10 30 12 25 21 11 0 38 23 CL 11.5 17 9 2(1)
1 10-1 50 59 10 26 11 2 0 46 28 CL 17.0 7 12 2(1)
* L.L. - Liquid Limit; P.I. - Plasticity Index; USCS - Unified Soil Classification System;
D.I. - Dispersal Index; D.P. - Dispersion Percentage; L.S. - Linear Shrinkage;
E.A.T. - Emerson Aggregate Test; nd - Non Determinable.
-76-
REFERENCES.
ANON (1973) Climate of the Wagga Wagga District. In'Wagga Wagga District Technical Manual! Soil Conservation Service of N.S.W.
AUSTRALIAN STANDARD 1289 (1977) Methods of Testing Soils for Engineering Purposes. Standards Ass, of Aust. North Sydney.
BEATTIE, J.A. (1972) Groundsurfaces of the Wagga Wagga Region, New South Wales. C.S.I.R.O. Aust. Soil Publ. No. 28,
CASAGRANDE, A. (1947) Classification and Identification of Soils. Proc. Am. Soc. Civ. Engrs. 73, 783-810.
CHARMAN, P.E.V. (Ed.) (1975) Soils of New South Wales. Their Characterisation, Classification and Conservation. Soil Conservation Service of N.S.W. Technical Handbook No, 1
CROUCH, N.J. (1 A1 ) Soils of the Cootamundra Di sfri rt. In 'Cootamundra District Technical Manual', Soil Conservation Service of N.S.W.
CROUCH, R.J. (1981b) Soils of the Young District. In 'Young District Technical Manual' Soil Conservation Service of N.S.W.
DAY, P.R. (1965) Particle Fractionation and Particle- Size Analysis. In 'Methods of Soil Analysis, Part I'. (Ed. C.A. Black). pp 545-567. (Am. Soc. Agron.: Madison, Wisc.)
EDWARDS, K. (1979) Rainfall in New South Wales. Soil Conservation Service of N.S.W. Technical Handbook No. 3.
EMERSON, W.W. (1967) A Classification of Soil Aggregates based on their Coherence in Water. Aust. J. Soil Res. j, -tl - JI
JOHNSTON, W.H. (1981a) Climate of the Cootamundra District In ' Cootamundra District Technical Manual' . Soil Conservation Service of N.S.W.
-77-
JOHNSTON, W. H. (1981b) Climate of the Young District. In 'Young District Technical Manual'. Soil Conservation Service of N.S.W.
MORSE, R.J., ATKINSON, G. and CRAZE, B. (1982) Soil Data Card Handbook. Soil Conservation Service of N.S.W. Technical Handbook No. 4.
- NORTHCOTE, K.H., HUBBLE, G.D., ISBELL, R.F., THOMPSON, G.H and BETTENAY, B. (1975) A Description of Australian
Soils. C.S.I.R.O.
NORTHCOTE, K.H. (1979) A Factual Key for the Recognition of Australian Soils. Rellim Technical Publications, Glenside, South Australia.
SOWERS, G.F. (1965) Consistency. In 'Methods of Soil Analysis, Part I'. (Ed. C.A. Black). pp 391-399. (Am. Soc. Agron.: Madison, Wisc.
STACE, H.C.T., HUBBLE, G.D., BREWER, B., NORTHCOTE, K.H., SLEEMAN, J.R., MULCAHY, M.J. , and HALLSWORTH, E.G. (1968)
A Handbook of Australian Soils. Rellim Technical Publications, Glenside, South Australia.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Atterberg Limits
The Atterberg limits are based on the concept that a fine grained soil can exist in any of three states depending on its water content. Thus, on the addition of water, a soil may proceed from the solid state through to the plastic and finally liquid states. The water contents at the boundaries between adjacent states are termed the plastic limit and the liquid limit. Water content is expressed as a percentage of the oven dry weight of soil (see Sowers, G.E., 1965).
Plastic Limit (P.L.
The plastic limit of a soil is the moisture content at which the soil passes from the solid to the plastic state.
Liquid Limit (L.L.)
The liquid limit is the moisture content at which the soil passes from the plastic to the liquid state.
Plasticity Index (P.1.)
The plasticity index of a soil is the numerical difference between the plastic and the liquid limits.
Dispersal Index (D.I.)
The Dispersal Index of a soil is the ratio between the total amount of very fine particles of approximately clay size, determined by chemical and mechanical dispersion and the amount of very fine particles obtained by mechanical dispersion only. Highly dispersible soils have low dispersal indices because their very fine particles are already in a dispersed state, and the ratio approaches one. Slightly dispersible soils have high dispersal indices.
The test has been shown to reflect field behaviour of soils in that dispersible soils are often highly erodibie arid subject to tunnelling, both in situ and when used in earthworks.
A full description of the Dispersal Index test and the background to it is given in 'Soils of New South Wales' (Ed. P.E.V. Charman, 1978).
-79-
Dispersion Percentage (D.P.)
The dispersion percentage represents the proportion of approximately clay size particles in a soil which are dispersible. it is determined in the laboratory in a similar manner to the Dispersal Index, but the results are expressed as a percentage instead of a ratio.
Highly dispersible soils have a high dispersion percentage
Emerson Aggregate Test (E.A.)
The Emerson Aggregate Test classifies soil aggregates based on their coherence in water. Small dry aggregates are placed in dishes of distilled water and their behaviour observed. The conditions under which they slake, swell and disperse allows the different aggregates to be separated into eight classes. The test is particularly valuable in a soil conservation context as it grades soil aggregates according to their stability in water.
A description of the test is given by Emerson (1967). In this report a modification of the test described in 'Soils of New South Wales' (Ed. P.E.V. Charman, 1978) is used to subdivide classes 2 and 3.
Linear Shrinkage
Linear shrinkage is the decrease in one dimension of a soil sample when over dried (at 105 C for 2 hours) from the moisture content at its liquid limit, expressed as a percentage of the original dimension.
The linear shrinkage test is fully described in Australian Standard 1289, Testing Soils for Engineering Purposes (1 977 )
Categories used are:
Low 0 - 12%
Medium 12 - 17%
High 17 - 22%
Very High 22%
Linear shrinkage is used as a measure of the shrink/swell potential of a soil.
BOW
Northcote Code
The Northcote Code represents the characterisation of a soil profile according to a system for the recognition of soils in the field described by Northcote (1979).
Particle Size Analysis
Particle size analysis is the laboratory determination of the amounts of the different separates in a soil sample such as clay, silt, fine sand, coarse sand and gravel. The amounts are expressed as percentages by weight of dry soil. The hydrometer method (Day, 1965) was used for this report.
Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
The USCS is a classification system based on the identification of soil materials according to their particle size, grading, plasticity index and liquid limit.
A full description of the system is given by Casagrande (1947).
The system is used to determine the suitability of soil materials for use in earthworks, optimal conditions for their construction, special precautions which may be needed and final batter grades to be used to ensure stability.
Descriptions used in Table 2 are:
CL Inorganic clays of low to medium plasticity, gravelly clays, sandy clays, silty clays, lean clays.
CH Inorganic clays of high plasticity, fat clays.
MH Inorganic silts, micaceous or diatomaceous fine, sandy or silty soils, plastic silts.
ML Inorganic silts and very fine sands, rock flour, silty or clayey fine sands with slight plasticity.
SC Clayey sands, poorly graded sand- clay mixtures.