Eire- Irlande- IrelandEire- Irlande- Ireland

The Rising of 1641The Rising of 1641

Cromwell’s CampaignsCromwell’s Campaigns

The Penal LawsThe Penal Laws

The Reformation and the new The Reformation and the new administrationadministration

In town and country the old elites had been In town and country the old elites had been ousted from political and economic power by ousted from political and economic power by the Reformation.the Reformation.

The Elizabethan administration was the The Elizabethan administration was the principal agency of the anglicisation of the principal agency of the anglicisation of the new kingdom of Ireland.new kingdom of Ireland.

Resentment of the ‘old’ English in Leinster.Resentment of the ‘old’ English in Leinster.

Reformation

Orange-

royal control

Dissolution of religious houses

The Reformation and the new The Reformation and the new administrationadministration

Former Gaelic territories became shires, leading to English-style social and landholding structures.

Revolts by displaced Irish swordsmen in Munster.

New plantations began in 1550s

The Reformation and the new The Reformation and the new administrationadministration

By the time of a major rebellion in 1598 and during the Nine Years War, the number of settlersw was only about a third of that anticipated.

Avenging warbands and armies of Gaelic and “Old” English former landholders.

English and ScottishPlantations in Ireland

16-17th cent.

Plantations in Ireland c1550-

Jacobean plantations after 1608

The O’Neill Rising 1595-1601

Hugh O’ Neill (Aodh O Neill) led the Ulster confederacy in 1595.

His choice: work with the English and head an English-style administration in Ulster and lose the support of the Gaelic leaders, or throw in his lot with the younger provincial leaders against the infiltration of their territories by English officials.

The O’Neill Rising 1595-1601

He had a professionally-trained and well-equiped army. Many victories culminating in the Battle of the Yellow Ford in 1598.

Moved to other provinces and sought international military help.

Demanded liberty of conscience. By 1600, the increased English involvement

led to a decline in O’Neill’s victories.

The O’Neill Rising 1595-1601

A Spanish fleet containing 3,500 troops arrived at Kinsale in 1601.

Battle on Christmas Eve 1601; Spanish remained in their base, and the Irish were defeated.

Retreat to Ulster, and signed a peace-treaty. In time, in 1605, he left with his family and retainers

and other Gaelic lords for the Continent.

Jacobean Plantations in Ulster

The plan became public in 1608. The town of Derry was granted to the

corporations of the City of London in 1613 as part of the Jacobean plantations.

It became in the process, Londonderry. The native Ulstermen of Gaelic stock.

The Rising of 1641The Rising of 1641

A rising by Ulstermen led by Sir Phelim O’Neill A rising by Ulstermen led by Sir Phelim O’Neill seized Charlemont Castle.seized Charlemont Castle.

They described themselves as Irish royalists, and They described themselves as Irish royalists, and pushed south as far as Drogheda.pushed south as far as Drogheda.

A contingent from Europe of Irish ex-pats arrived.A contingent from Europe of Irish ex-pats arrived. The war dragged on until 1643.The war dragged on until 1643. The Irish civil war became part of the English civil The Irish civil war became part of the English civil

war.war.

Oliver Cromwell

Oliver Cromwell

The execution of Charles I (1649). United the The execution of Charles I (1649). United the Irish royalists. Irish royalists.

Cromwell’s confiscation of land (1652-57)Cromwell’s confiscation of land (1652-57) Drogheda and Waterford.Drogheda and Waterford. 1650s creation of Trinity College, Iriah 1650s creation of Trinity College, Iriah

parliament abolished with poor Irish parliament abolished with poor Irish representation in Westminster (London).representation in Westminster (London).

The Williamite RevolutionThe Williamite Revolution

James II 1685-88James II 1685-88 Military triumph of William of OrangeAnti-Military triumph of William of OrangeAnti-

Catholic laws. (73% of Ireland was catholic in Catholic laws. (73% of Ireland was catholic in 1731).1731).

Jacobitism.Jacobitism. The Battle of the Boyne 1690 July 1stThe Battle of the Boyne 1690 July 1st

Penal Laws 1697-1703Penal Laws 1697-1703

Anti-Catholic legislation served to secure Anti-Catholic legislation served to secure political, economic and social ascendancy of political, economic and social ascendancy of Protestants in Ireland.Protestants in Ireland.

Depriving Catholics of ecclesiastical Depriving Catholics of ecclesiastical leadership, and limiting the number of clergy leadership, and limiting the number of clergy in the country.in the country.

Penal Laws 1697-1703Penal Laws 1697-1703

Restriction of education for CatholicsRestriction of education for Catholics Carry armsCarry arms Enter the major professionsEnter the major professions To own, lease and inherit land.To own, lease and inherit land. Excluded from the political process until Excluded from the political process until

1790s.1790s.

Percentage of households

Catholic 1732

Leinster 79%

Ulster 38%

Munster 89%

Connacht

Nationally

91%

73%

Eire- Irlande- IrelandEire- Irlande- Ireland

The 1798 RebellionThe 1798 RebellionCatholic EmancipationCatholic EmancipationThe Great FamineThe Great FamineDecline of the Irish languageDecline of the Irish language

The Government of Ireland, 1692-1785

A new Irish parliament in early 1690s. Two chambers. An exclusively Protestant assembly. (oath of

adjuration) Sat for approx six months every two years

between 1692 and 1784. Irish executive at Dublin Castle was not

responsible to parliament. Lord Lieutenant.

1798 Rebellion1798 Rebellion

Preceded by decades of sectarian hostility.Preceded by decades of sectarian hostility. United Irishmen led by Wolfe Tone in a campaign to United Irishmen led by Wolfe Tone in a campaign to

bring all in Ireland together and to break the bring all in Ireland together and to break the connection with England.connection with England.

Most of the activity was in Ulster and Leinster.Most of the activity was in Ulster and Leinster. Attempts were made to bring the French into the Attempts were made to bring the French into the

military campaign.military campaign. The rebellion was mainly in Ulster, the French The rebellion was mainly in Ulster, the French

arrived but rather late and the Crown forces won.arrived but rather late and the Crown forces won.

The United Irishmen

Reforming the representative system. Catholics did have the franchise in 1793.

(Catholic freeholders) Revolutionary separatists Alliance with the Catholic Defenders Bantry Bay 1796. Rebellion 1798- sought to declare a republic.

Catholic EmancipationCatholic Emancipation

Repeal between 1778-1792 of most of the Repeal between 1778-1792 of most of the penal laws.penal laws.

Still the prohibition of sitting in parliament.Still the prohibition of sitting in parliament. Act of Union 1800Act of Union 1800. Allowed the Protestant . Allowed the Protestant

Ascendancy to remain in the majority.Ascendancy to remain in the majority. Royal opposition.Royal opposition.

Daniel O’ Connellearly 1820s ‘the liberator’

O’ ConnellO’ Connell

O’Connell emerged as a leader of Catholics, O’Connell emerged as a leader of Catholics, popular politicization.popular politicization.

After his success in a parliamentary election, After his success in a parliamentary election, eventually Catholics were given eventually Catholics were given the right to the right to sit in Parliamentsit in Parliament. 1828. 1828

Campaign to repeal the Act of Union.Campaign to repeal the Act of Union. Monster meetings 1843Monster meetings 1843 Catholic clergy grew after 1860s.Catholic clergy grew after 1860s.

Catholic clergy

3001 or more people per priest

19th century Catholic Church décor

Famine and emigrationFamine and emigration

Between 1800-1845 there were 16 food Between 1800-1845 there were 16 food crises.crises.

Population was declining after the peak in Population was declining after the peak in the 1700s. Emigration was grwoing by the the 1700s. Emigration was grwoing by the 1840s.1840s.

The fungal disease (Phytophthera infestans) The fungal disease (Phytophthera infestans) arrived in 1845. arrived in 1845.

faminefamine

The blight spread rapidly, and 40% of the crop The blight spread rapidly, and 40% of the crop was destroyed.was destroyed.

The blight returned during the three The blight returned during the three subsequent years.subsequent years.

In all, one million died (40% from Connacht, In all, one million died (40% from Connacht, 30% from Munster, 21 % from Ulster, 9% from 30% from Munster, 21 % from Ulster, 9% from Leinster).Leinster).

Famine 1845-48

The blight spread rapidly because of the wet harvest season, and 40% of the crop was destroyed.

Malnutrition and epidemic disease.

Deserted village after the famine

POST-FAMINE EMIGRATIONGROWTH OF IRISH NATIONALISMSEPARATION 1916-1923 (EASTER RISING)

Eire- Irlande- Ireland

Growth of Irish nationalism

Young Ireland Movement of 1840sCharles Stewart ParnellThe Irish PartyIrish Republican Brotherhood

(Fenians)

Growth of Irish Nationalism

Gaelic Athletic Association 1884 Conradh na Gaeilge (The Gaelic League)

1893 Irish literary renaissance 1905- Sinn Fein- towards politcal

independence

Land Reform (‘Land war’ 1879-82)

Transfering land from landowner to tenant. 1881 Judicial power to fix rents (evictions),

conversion of ordinary tenancies to fixed tenancies. 1885 Land commission to lend to tenants to buy their

holdings. (farms) Home-rule bill 1885 1903-Wyndham’s Act-created the 20th century

pattern of independent family farms. (buy-out landowner’s interests).

The Easter Rising 1916

40% of the male adult population served in the British Army during WWI. (1914-1918).

Many joined because they thought it would lead to Home Rule in Ireland. The Ulster Volunteer Force thought otherwise.

Radical nationalist opinion.

The Easter Rising 1916

Lasted less than a week. Concentrated on the centre of Dublin.

Unconditional surrender by the leaders of the Rising on 29 April.

Padraig Pearse, James Connolly, Eamon De Valera.

Execution of the leaders

Eamon De ValeraAt the time

Of the Easter Rising

James Connolly

Michael Collins

Patrick Pearse

Patrick Pearse(Padraig

Mac Pearais)

Main Post Office, Dublin

Post Office burning during the Rising in Dublin 1916

1916

First meeting of Dáil Eireann 1919

After the Easter Rising

The Volunteer movement became the Irish Republican Army, and in the political sphere Sinn Fein. Their success in the election of 1918.

Foundation of Dail Eireann in 1919.Guerrilla war over the next two years (by

IRA). (“Anglo-Irish War”) against British forces.

1921 Arthur Griffiths and Michael Collins go to London and sign the ‘Treaty’.

After the Easter Rising

This was unacceptable to many Republicans in Ireland (De Valera) De Valera ran the underground republican Government during the War of Independence.

Civil War in 1922. 12 months unrest. Assassination of Michael Collins.

The Irish Free State (Saorstat na hEireann).1926 De Valera and his new party Fianna

Fail return to the Dail.

After the Civil War

De Valera comes to power in 1932.The ‘Economic War” with Britain.A new Constitution 1937.1949 Declaration of the Irish Republic. Inter-

party government.

President De ValeraIn the 1960s