EIJES3088

7/29/2019 EIJES3088

1/11

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Volume 2, No 2, 2011

Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing Association

Research article ISSN 0976 4402

Received on September 2011 Published on November 2011 946

Economic activities decrease biodiversity in Hakaluki haor, the largest

inland fresh water ecosystem in BangladeshIslam. M, Saha. N, Rahman. M

Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and MineralSciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet-3114, Bangladesh

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

A study was conducted to investigate the economic activities in Hakaluki haor and their

impact on haor ecosystem. The study revealed that three categories of land are prevalent in

Hakaluki haor including agricultural land, beels (the deepest part of haor) and kandas (the

outer portion of the haor) comprising 21%, 25% and 54% of the total land area of Hakaluki

haor (18386ha) respectively. The socio-economic condition of surrounding people is poor.

The mean annual household income was calculated to be Tk.81375 (Tk.70=1US Dollar)where agriculture is the main occupation of 36% households. Agriculture, grazing, and

fishing are the main economic activities involving 74%, 93% and 65% households

respectively. Average annual income per household from fish capture, fish culture and fish

trading are Tk. 13570, Tk. 8716 and Tk. 30000 respectively and about half of the households

are involved in fish capture. 91% of households think that over exploitation of resources and

existing management system are the main threats for Hakaluki haor. Consequently the natural

resources are being depleted day by day along with a considerable loss in biological diversity.

A number of non-governmental organizations are working to improve the situation. Some of

their initiatives are expected to favour the conservation programme. However, those efforts

are not adequate to conserve haor resources. A review of the current management policy and

development of a comprehensive and sustainable management strategy are urgent need to

protect the natural resources form further degradation.

Keywords: Wetland; Economic activities; Beel; Threats; Degradation, Biodiversity

1. Introduction

Wetlands are of great ecological importance and are probably the most important zone for

inland freshwater fisheries as they support a large invertebrate fauna, act as a feeding ground

for young and growing fish and provide refugia against predators (Denny, 1985; Balirwa,

1998). Wetlands are broadly defined as the interface between terrestrial and aquatic

ecosystems (Mitsch and Gosselink, 2000) where floodplain is a broad term used to refer to

one or more wetland types (Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type, 1971).

The floodplains of Bangladesh are amongst the worlds most important wetlands and are

home to hundreds of species of fish, plants, birds and other wildlife. In Bangladesh about

four million hectares of land are inundated every year in the monsoon (rainy) season, and

over half the country is under water in an exceptional flood year (Ali, 1997). In the dry

season, the wetlands reduce in size to form a system of rivers, beels (depressions and lakes

that hold water permanently or seasonally), and baors (oxbow lakes).

7/29/2019 EIJES3088

2/11

Economic activities decrease biodiversity in Hakaluki haor, the largest inland fresh water ecosystem in

Bangladesh

Islam. M, Saha. N, Rahman. MInternational Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 2 No.2, 2011

947

The wetlands provide the habitat for over 260 fish species (Rahman, 1989) and hundreds of

thousands of migrating birds (Bird Life International 2004), and nutrition for millions of

households in rural Bangladesh, particularly the poor. As many as 80% of rural households

catch fish for food or to sell ( Minkin et al., 1997; Thompson et al., 1999; FAP 16, 1995,)

and about 60% of animal protein consumption comes from fish (BBS, 1999). In addition,

poor and marginal households catch many small fish that are not included in official statistics

or policies, and use aquatic plants and animals for food or as feed for livestock. 200-300plant species in Bangladesh are judged to be wetland species and an estimated 200 wetland

plant species occurs in haor region (Karim, 1993; NERP, 1993a; and BNH, 1997).

Haors are floodplain lake and swamp systems, usually described as bowl-shaped depression

between the natural levees of a river, that are flooded every year by monsoon floods from

April/May until October (Nishat et al.,1993). Haors remain inundated for several month of

the year and draining after the monsoon. Some permanent water bodies, or beels, remain in

the deepest parts

Hakaluki haor is the country's largest inland freshwater wetland ecosystem, located in the

Fenchuganj and Golapganj upazila, sub-district) of Sylhet district, and also Baralekha, Juri

and Kulaura upazila in the Moulvibazar district. The Haor is located in the north-east ofBangladesh between 24.35nN and 24.45N latitude and 92.00'E and 92.08E longitude with an

area of 18,386 ha (CNRS, 2002).

There are more than 238 small, medium and large interconnecting beels, some of which are

perennial and others seasonal. During the dry season, an area of approximately 4,400 ha is

covered by beels. However, with the onset of the rains in the summer, the entire area floods

to about four-and-a-half times of this size (18,386 ha) and remains under water for up to five

months. During this period, all the beels are united as one large lake, or haor, making

Hakaluki haor the largest freshwater wetland in Bangladesh.

Hakaluki haor once supported plentiful wildlife and aquatic resources and was covered with

swamp forest. However, in the recent times this has become a fast-degraded landscape andfacing increased pressures and threats from different sources including over use of its

resurces by local people (Choudhury, 2005). About 200,000 people live around the haor and

all of them, more or less, are dependent on the resources of the haor for their livelihoods. On

the basis of such threats and rapid degradation of the resources and in recognition of the

urgent need to protect the unique ecology and biodiversity of the haor, the Government of

Bangladesh declared Hakaluki haor as an "Ecologically Critical Area" (ECA) in 1999 under

the provisions of the Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act 1995 (BECA) (CNRS,

2002).

Though a number of projects have been being implemented by the government in

collaboration with several non governmental organization (NGOs) in Hakaluki haor, the

present studies indicate that their conservation efforts have not been appeared to be effectiveas overexploitation of resources has been occurred regularly in the haor by the local people.

This study investigates the nature of livelihood dependence and its impacts on natural

resources and biodiversity.

2. Materials and Method

An exploratory survey was carried out on Hakaluki haor to investigate the linkage between

local peoples livelihoods and the resources of Hakaluki haor and their impacts on ecological

7/29/2019 EIJES3088

3/11


Bangladesh


948

functioning of the haor system. There are a number of haor in Bangladesh. The major two

haors in Bangladesh named Tanguar haor and Hakaluki haor situated in the greater Sylhet

division, the northeastern border of Bangladesh. Hakaluki haor was selected purposively

because it is highly degraded. Hakaluki haor is administrated under five Upazilas. Golapgonj

and Fenchugong under Sylhet district and Juri, Kulaura and Borolekha under Moulovibazar

district. Fenchugonj upazila (From Sylhet district) and Bhorlekhea upazila (from

Moulovibazar district) were selected randomly as survey sites. Two villages from each ofthese two upazila were then selected randomly. Then simple random sampling was followed

to select the individual respondents from each village with a minimum sampling intensity of

10% (80 households, 20 from each villages).

An orientation visit to the selected area was made before starting the fieldwork. At this stage,

the researchers held informal discussions with the leading persons of the village and formal

discussion with the administrative authority of the upazilla was made. Face-to-face interviews

with selected families were used to gather primary data using a pre-prepared, semi-structured

questionnaire. Targeted farmers were interviewed in their households and occasionally in the

haor. To supplement these data, information was also collected from different secondary

sources viz. books, journal articles, brochures, thesis papers, research paper, websites. After

collecting required data, they were compiled and processed by using calculator, MS word andMS Excel computer program.

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Present management system of haor resources

Hakaluki haor provides rich natural resources. Property rights to this land are subject to claim

from different levels of both government and private individuals. As a result the present

management system is very complex in Hakaluki haor. The land of Hakaluki haor can be

classified into three distinct categories: (1) agricultural land; (2) beel: and (3) kanda. Land

management is also diverse. The area of agricultural land is 3,869 ha comprising 21% of the

total area of Hakaluki haor where as the area of the beels in Hakaluki haor is 4,635 hacomprising 25% of the total area. The remaining 54% of Hakaluki haor designated as kanda

covering an area of 9882 ha. Agricultural land is privately owned property and operated by

the landowner. About 31% of households have their own cropland in Hakaluki haor.

Landowners do not cultivate always their agricultural land themselves; the land instead is

frequently leased to landless people. Only 33% land owners cultivate their land themselves

and the remaining 67% land owner leased their land to the land less farmers with a definite

sharing agreement where the land owner and the farmer get 50:50 share of the crops provided

that all the cost of production have to be incurred by the lease holder. The land less farmers

depends to a great extent on these lands for their livelihood.

The beels (the deepest part of haor) are classified as khas land. The beels are managed by

following the traditional leasing system, leased to the fishermen group for three years withprovision for renewals. For this period of lease the lease holders manage the beel as their own

property while government only regulates operations through its district administration.

Though only the fishermen have the right to get leased the beels, due to lack of leasing

money the elite person take these opportunity by the name of fishermen. It is revealed from

the study that almost cent percent (96%) of the fishermen have no ability to access the present

leasing system due to lack of leasing money. The fishermen work in these leased beel as a

day laborer only.

7/29/2019 EIJES3088

4/11


Bangladesh


949

Each beelhas a surrounding land area known as kanda (the outer portion of the haor adjacent

to the surrounding villages). This landis government land with no private claims on it. These

lands are the rural commons where grazing activities, collection of reeds, duck rearing

activities take place. The kandas of Hakaluki haor contained a dense swamp forests in the

past. But deforestation and the lack of conservation practices have virtually destroyed this

unique forest in the last two decades. Two small patches of swamp forest still remain in the

Hakaluki haor covering an area of 1000 ha.

3.2. Socio-economic profile of the people around Hakaluki haor

The average family size of the households around Hakaluki haor is 6.75. The highest

percentages of households (45%) consist of family member 5-6. The larger family size in the

study area may due to availability of more combined families as well as lack of awareness of

the people about family planning. Age class 10 constituted the highest number of people

(32 % of the total population of the area) indicating the rapid rise of young people due to high

birth rate in the study area. The sex ratio (male to female) is 1.17, which is slightly different

from national male to female ratio of 1.05 (BBS, 2008).

It is a matter of great regret that 57% people around Hakaluki haor are illiterate. Among theremaining 43 % literate people 37% people received primary education followed by

secondary education received by only 3% people. This rate of literacy is very lower than the

national literacy rate (65.5%) and the literacy rate of sylhet division (55%) (BANBEIS,

2008).Approximately half of the people earn up to Tk. 6000 per month and only about 8%

households earn more than Tk.10000 per month. The mean annual household income of the

study area was calculated to be Tk. 81375. Agriculture is found to be very prevalent source of

income where it is the main source of income of 36 % households. 27 % households around

Hakaluki haor depend on fishing for their primary source of income followed by remittance

(12%). Only 2% households depend on service for their main source of income.

According to the land holding classification given by BBS (2001) , 66% of the land owners

of the study area fall in the category of small land owner (0.004-1.011 ha). 26% and 8% ofthe land owners were found to be medium (1.012-3.034 ha) and large land owners (3.035

ha) respectively. No land less farmers were observed in the study area.

Quality of life is an important element of decision making in conservation efforts. Sanitation

facilities, source of electricity, source of drinking water and source of fuel are considered

good proxy variables for quality of life. In terms of sanitation only 26% of the households

have adequate sanitation facilities using sanitary latrines. 74% households have no sanitary

latrines and they use open latrine constructed near the homestead either on a pond or ditch

side. Pure drinking water is a very important indicator of quality of life. The people around

Hakaluki haor enjoy the facility to drink pure water of tube well. About 91% household have

tube well while the remaining people depend on tap, pond and river for drinking water.

Kerosene is still the mail source of light in Hakaluki haor area. About 67% households usekerosene as a source of light. Only 33 % households have electricity facility.

Fuel wood is the mail source of fuel energy in the study area. 65 % households use fuel wood

as energy source along with other sources followed by nol khagra used by 51% households.

Cow dung, straw are other source of fuel energy used by 55 % and 31% households

respectively.

7/29/2019 EIJES3088

5/11


Bangladesh


950

3.3. Economic activities of local people in the haor

The important economic activities of local people in the haor include agriculture, fishing,

grazing, duck rearing, poaching, fuel wood collection and so on. The current study revealed

that 74% of the households involved in agriculture in Hakaluki haor where as 65%

households involved fishing in the haor. It is true that 93% households use the kandas in the

haor during winter for grazing their cattle. Duck rearing is another important economicactivity in the haor followed by 69% households. Only 14% households collect fuel wood

from the haor (Figure-1). This reduced collection rate of fuel wood from the haor is due to

over exploitation and reduction of swamp forest vegetation in the haor area. Poaching of

birds is another important economic activity in the haor. About 15% households involved in

hunting migratory and other birds illegally.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Agriculture

Fishing

Fuel

woo

dcolle

ction

Poaching

Cattle

grazing

Duckrearing

Sandextra

ction

Snail/zinukcolle

ction

Economic activities

%

ofhouseholdsinvolved

Figure 1: Economic activities of local people in Hakaluki haor

3.4. Hakaluki haor as a source of fuel wood collection

Fuel wood is mainly collected from haor, village market, homestead and hill/tilla. About

47 % households collect fuel wood from haor followed by local market from where 41%

households collect fuel wood. 29 % households collect fuel from the hill or tilla adjacent to

their residence. Homestead trees and shrubs are another source of fuel wood in the study area

for 23 % households (Figure-2)

46.5

22.5

41.25

28.75

11.25

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Perce ntage (%)

of households

Haor Homest ead Local

market

Hi ll /T il la O th er s

Source of fuel collection

Figure 2: Different sources of fuel wood collection in the study area.

7/29/2019 EIJES3088

6/11


Bangladesh


951

3.5. Annual income of households from different economic activities related to haor

A wide range of economic activities are based on haor resources. Household annual income

from those activities also varies widely. Agriculture in the haor is a prominent income

generating activities. Average annual income from per hectare of agricultural land is about

Tk16500. Economic activities related to fish capture and fish culture generate a considerable

portion of income of households. Average annual income per household form fish captureand fish culture and fish trading are Tk. 13570 and Tk. 8716 and Tk. 30000 respectively and

about half of the households are involved in fish capture.

In fish culture and fish trade 15% households are involved (Table-1)

Table 1: Income from economic activities related to agriculture, fishing and animal

husbandry.

Activities No. ofhouseholds

Percentageof

households

involved

Average annualincome (Tk)

Agriculture/rice production

59 73.75 16500/hectare

Full time fishing 6 7.5 34000

Part time fishing 12 15 23000

Fishing for self

consumption

15 18.75 2000

Fish drying 2 2.5 500

Fishing equipmentmaking

3 3.75 600

Fish catch

Others 2 2.5 15000

13570

Fry releasing/ fry

carrying

1 1.25 2500

Fish food supply 1 1.25 5050

Marketing 3 3.75 14500

Fish culture

Others 1 1.25 1250

8716

Fish trading 6 7.5 30000 30000

Animalhusbandry

75 93.75 10000 10000

About 19% households are involved in collecting food other than fish and the average annual

income per household from this collection is Tk.1155. The average annual income per

household from collection of other goods from Hakaluki haor comprises Tk. 15005 and 75%

people engaged in those activities. The type of goods collected and the average annual

income per household are shown in Table-2.

Table 2: Annual income from different economic activities related to collection of plants(trees, herbs, shrubs, grasses), animals and others

Activities No. of

households

Percentage of

households

involved

Average annual

income

Vegetable, 8 1.25 450

Paniphol, 20 8.75 850

Collection of

food otherthan fish Bird, 10 3.75 1800 1155

7/29/2019 EIJES3088

7/11


Bangladesh


952

Crab, 4 2.5 2050

Turtle 5 2.5 1500

Collection of Fodder 21 26.25 3500

Collection Roofing materials

(Nal khagra)

4 5 1050

Collection o fencing

materials

3 3.75 950

Collection of Fuel wood

( Hijal/ karanch)

11 13.75 3280

Collection of Medicinal

plants

5 6.25 2850

Collection of cow dung 8 10 525

Collection of sand 5 6.25 2100

Collection of peat soil 3 3.75 750

3.6. Threats for haor ecosystem as a result of various economic activities

Around 190,000 people live in the area surrounding Hakaluki haor. Two main sources of

livelihood for these people are fisheries and agriculture in Hakaluki haor. Due to the

increasing dependency of local people the haor is facing threats of various degrees for itsdifferent component. The decline in wetlands has resulted in more than 40% of freshwater

fish species being classed as threatened with national extinction (IUCN Bangladesh 2000).

91% of the households think that over exploitation of resources is occurring due to increased

population and their dependency on haor resources. They considered over exploitation as a

threat for Hakaluki haor ecologically critical area. Loss of biodiversity and destruction of

swamp forest are two threats for Hakaluki haor. About 95% and 87% households considered

these two respectively as the threats for the area and dependency of local people on haor

resources and lack of alternate source of income causing this threats to Hakaluki haor. in the

kandas of Hakaluki haor dense reeds and swamp forests used to exist in the past. Over time,

human pressure, encroachment and also land allocations by the government to the landless

has drastically reduced the reed and the swamp forest area leaving only small patches of

vegetation causing the loss of biodiversity. Reduction of swamp forest area in the haor

caused the loss of wild life habitat and ultimately the species diversity of wild life has been

reduced over time. About 80% households opined that destruction of wild life habitat is the

impact of over dependency of local people on haor resources (Table-3). Agricultural

expansion is another threat for Hakaluki haor affecting adversely the wetland ecosystem and

reducing the productivity of aquatic resources. Human activity related to farming in the haor

hinders wild life habitation.

Over exploitation of fish and other aquatic resources, use of banned gear and other fishing

equipment like current net (mono philament nylon gill net),use of agrochemicals in the

agricultural field adjacent to the beel has reduced the fish and other aquatic resources in

Hakaluki haor. About 89% households think that the aquatic resources are decreasingdrastically causing threats for Hakaluki haor resource management.

Table 3: Threats for Hakaluki haor as a result of livelihood dependence

Threats No. of households % of households

Overexploitation of resources 73 91.25

Loss of biodiversity 76 95

Deforestation/ destruction of swamp forest 70 87.5

Destruction of wild life habitat 64 80

7/29/2019 EIJES3088

8/11


Bangladesh


953

Agricultural expansion 55 68.75

Decrease in fish and other aquatic resources 71 88.75

Pollution of water bodies fromagrochemicals

51 63.75

Increase in human habitation and

settlement

46 57.5

Construction or development 31 38.75

3.7. Depleting scenario of natural recourses

The resources in hakaluki haor are depleting day by day as a result of various driving forces

that act as threats for this important wetland in Bangladesh. The following table gives a

comprehensive picture of change in resource status of hakaluki haor.

Table 4: Trend in changes of resources in hakaluki haor

Types of

resources

Pre-1971 15 years ago present Future risk

Fish 000000 00000 000 Medium

Hizol, koroch tree 000000 0000 0 HighWildlife 000000 0000 000 High

Cane 000000 000 0 Medium

Herbs and shrubs 00000 000 0 Medium

Medicinal plants 00000 000 0 High

Turtles andtortoises

000000 000 0 High

Natural vegetables 00000 000 00 Medium

Fodder 00000 0000 0 Medium

Aquatic weed 00000 0000 00 Medium

Crab 0000 00 0 High

Fuelwood 0000 000 0 Medium

Wetland cover 00000 0000 000 High

Source: IPAC, 2009

3.8 Impact on biodiversity

A survey conducted on 1993 counted 107 fish species and 125 birds species where as the

number decreased to 75 and 41 in 2009 (IPAC, 2009). Other species of pants and animals are

also reduced drastically due to mainly over extraction.

20 species of trees, 28 species of shrubs, 120 species of herbs and 10 climber species were

identified by CWBMP, 2005. The present study found only 11 species of trees, 15 species of

shrubs, 38 species of herbs and 5 climber species in Hakaluki haor. In case of birds, the

number of birds may increase even though the number of their species decreases (Table 5).

The main source of any ecosystem services is its biodiversity and current scenario ofbiodiversity loss in Hakaluki haor definitely will further degrade the haor ecosystem.

Table 5: Status of birds in Hakaluki haor

Time of survey No of bird species

1993 125

2006 49

2008 45

7/29/2019 EIJES3088

9/11


Bangladesh


954

2009 41

Source: CWBMP, 2005; IPAC, 2009; FAP, 1995

4. Conclusion

Bangladesh is endowed with enormous inland fishery resources and vast inland waters thatare vital to millions of poor people, but production and species diversity are believed to be

declining. (Hughes et al. 1994). Hakaluki haor in Bangladesh has been designated as an

Ecologically Critical Area signifies its importance as a reservoir of disappearing natural

resources. This study underscores the reality that Hakaluki also constitutes an important

source of natural capital, which yields high economic and livelihood values to surrounding

populations and the country as a whole.

The current study shows that more than 90% of local households depend on wetland

resources of Hakaluki haor, and that the bulk of income-earning and livelihood opportunities

in the area are wetland-based. The wetland also generates a series of economically important

ecosystem services, which function to underpin, support and safeguard essential production

and consumption processes. In total, it has been estimated that Hakaluki haor is worth at leastBDT 585 million, or an average of BDT 48,000/hectare (IUCN, 2006).

Hakaluki haor is now subjected to severe degradation due to a) sand deposits from upstream

rivers and canals, b) over exploitation of aquatic resources and using complete dewatering

technique for fishing activities and c) absence of aquatic plants to provide feed and shelter for

parent fish d) pollution of wetland by agrochemicals from agricultural field and uphill tea

estate e) improper leasing system of the beels. It is claimed that under the current practice of

land leasing, Hakaluki haor is in danger of losing nearly 32 fish species out of 107 because of

over fishing by the lessee. This is a serious threat to fish stocks in the haor. The increasing

dependency of local people on Hakaluki haor is causing threats for biodiversity of the area.

Besides these deforestation of swamp forest, destruction of wildlife habitat, agricultural

expansion, increase in human settlement and habitation are the major threats for theproductivity and ecological function of Hakaluki haor resulting in serious degradation of this

rich unique ecosystem of the country. A comprehensive and sustainable management strategy

should be developed by involving all the stakeholders to protect the natural resources form

further degradation.

Acknowledgement

We sincerely acknowledge the assistance of Centre for Natural Resource Study (CNRS)

personnel to help collect primary information as well as for provision of necessary secondary

information regarding the study. We are especially grateful to Mr. Basir, the Community

Development Officer of CNRS for his cordial assistance to conduct field survey. Mr Moloy

Sarker, Mr Sakib, Mr Samad, Mr. Swaran Kumar and Mr.Sohel of CNRS are also cordiallyacknowledged.

5. References

1. Ali, M.Y. 1997. Fish, Water and People. University Press Ltd., Dhaka.2. BANBEIS, 2008.Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information and Statics, 2008

7/29/2019 EIJES3088

10/11


Bangladesh


955

3. BBS (2008), statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics,Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka.

4. BBS (2001), statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics,Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka.

5. BBS (1999), statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics,Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka.6. BNH (1997), survey of Flora conducted by Bangladesh National Herbarium (BNH).7. BirdLife International (2004), important Bird Areas in Asia: key sites for

conservation.BirdLife International, Cambridge UK.

8. Balirwa, J.S (1998), lake Victoria wetlands and the ecology of the Nile TilapiaOreochromis niloticus Linn. A.A. Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,

247 pp

9. CNRS (2002), bio-physical characteristics of Hakaluki haor. Centre for NaturalResource Study. pp 7-20

10.Choudhury, J.K. and Faisal, A.M (2005), plant Resources of Haors and Floodplains;An Overview. IUCN-The World Conservation Union. Bangladesh Country office,

Dhaka.

11.CWBMP (Coastal and Wetland Biodiversity Management Project), (2005), strategicAspects of Plant Biodiversity Management in Hakaluki Haor, Department of

Environment. Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh.

12.Denny, P. (ed) (1985), the ecology and management of African wetland vegetation.Geobotany 6. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 344 pp

13.FAP (1995), potential impacts of flood control on the biological diversity andnutritional vale of subsistence fisheries in Bangladesh. Flood Action Plan 16

Environmental Study, Flood Plan Coordination Organisation, Ministry of Water 25

Resources, Dhaka. (Report prepared by Irrigation Support Project for Asia and the

Near East).

14.Hughes, R., Adnan, S. and Dalal-Clayton, B (1994), floodplains or Flood Plans?International Institute for Environment and Development and Research and Advisory

Services, London.

15.IPAC (2009), Integrated Protected Area Co-management, RRA/PRA findings ofHakaluki haor, Bangladesh. 2009

16.IUCN (2006), Inception Report: Economic Evaluation of Hakaluki haor17.IUCN (2000), Red Book of Threatened Fishes of Bangladesh. IUCN The World

Conservation Union, Dhaka

18.Karim, A (1993), plant diversity and their conservation in freshwater wetlands. InNishat, A.; Hussain, Z.; Roy, M.K. and Karim, A. 1993. Freshwater Wetlands in

7/29/2019 EIJES3088

11/11


Bangladesh


956

Bangladesh: Issues and Approaches for Management. IUCN-The World Conservation

Union, Gland, Switzerland

19.Minkin, S.F., Rahman, M.M., Halder, S (1997), fish biodiversity, human nutrition andenvironmental restoration in Bangladesh. In: Tsai, C., Ali, M.Y. (Eds.), Openwater

Fisheries of Bangladesh, The University Press Limited, Dhaka, pp 183198.

20.Mitsch, W.J. and Gosselink, J.G (2000), Wetlands, 3rd edn. Wiley, New YorkMatthews E (2004) Traditional management revisited: Contemporary challenges of

community-based marine resource management in Palau. Proceedings of the Coastal

Zone Asia Pacific Conference, Brisbane, 59 September, 2004

21.NERP (1993a), Wetland Resources Specialist Studies. Northeast Regional WaterManagement Project/Flood Action Plan-6. Canadian International Development

Agency, Dhaka

22.Nishat, A. Hussain, Z. Roy, M.K. and Karim, A (1993), freshwater Wetlands inBangladesh: Issues and Approaches for Management. IUCN-The World Conservation

Union, Gland, Switzerland

23.Rahman, A.K.A (1989), freshwater Fish of Bangladesh. Dhaka University, Dhaka.Ryan PA (1991) The success of the gobidae in tropical Pacific insular streams. NZ J

Zool 18:2530

24.Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type (1971), reprinted from the StrategicFramework and guidelines for the future development of the List of Wetlands of

International Importance

25.Thompson, P.M., Sultana, P., Islam, M.N., Kabir, M.M., Hossain, M.M. and Kabir,M.S (1999 2328 August), an assessment of co-management arrangements developed

by the Community Based Fisheries Management Project in Bangladesh, PaperPresented at the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management, Penang,

Malaysia

EIJES3088

Documents

Transcript of EIJES3088