EI Regulator Station Handbook TDC UK.desbloqueado

7/21/2019 EI Regulator Station Handbook TDC UK.desbloqueado

1/39

REGULATOR STATIONHANDBOOK


2/39


3/39

3

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 4

DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS 5

History 5

Present 5

Maximm a!!o"a#!e $ressre !oss %

RE&U'ATOR STATIONS (

)n*tions (

Essentia! +esi,n $arameters (

Sa-ety an+ en.ironmenta! *o+es an+ re,!ations /

PHYSICS AND THERMODYNAMICS /

OPERATIONA' ASPECTS 03

&as 1a!ity 03A.ai!a#i!ity an+ maintenan*e 03

E!e*tri*a! sa-ety an+ 2aar+os areas 04

Constr*tion 04Noise 04

'AYOUT AND COMPONENTS 05

Station !ayot 05

Pi$e siin, 0%

a!.es 0(

Re,!ators 0(&as -i!ters 3

Monitor re,!ator 5

Sa-ety s2t6o-- .a!.es 5

Sa-ety re!ie- .a!.es %

Heat ex*2an,ers %Set$oints (

RE)ERENCES 37


4/39

4

INTRODUCTION

T2is mana! is one o- a series t2at Instromet 2as $re$are+ -or t2e ,as

in+stry8 It +es*ri#es t2e insta!!ations t2at are se+ to re+*e t2e,as $ressre to t2e o$eratin, $ressre o- t2e +o"nstream

system or a$$!ian*es8

Re,!ator stations are re1ire+ to s$$!y a *ertain 1antity o- a ,as

at t2is s$e*i-i* o$eratin, $ressre8 T2ey s2o!+ meet t2is

re1irement -or in!et $ressres t2at may .ary #et"een a maximm

an+ a minimm .a!e8 T2e minimm in!et $ressre +eterminesto,et2er "it2 t2e re1ire+ *a$a*ity t2e sie o- t2e -ittin,s8

T2ese are t2ere-ore im$ortant $arameters in t2e +esi,n o- a

re,!ator station8 An o.er.ie" o- $ast an+ $resent +istri#tionan+ transmission systems ,i.es some #a*9,ron+ on t2e

minimm in!et $ressre t2at *an norma!!y#e ex$e*te+8

A ,enera! +es*ri$tion o- t2e s$e*i-i*ations o- a re,!ator station is

,i.en: -o!!o"e+ #y a s2ort intro+*tion to t2e $2ysi*a! $ro*ess o-

$ressre re+*tion an+ t2e *oo!in, e--e*t t2at it entai!s8

T2e next *2a$ter is +e.ote+ to t2e main o$erationa! as$e*ts: an+

t2is is -o!!o"e+ #y a +es*ri$tion o- t2e !ayot o- t2e

in+i.i+a! *om$onents an+ o- t2eir -n*tion8

&as re,!ator stations are o-ten a!so se+ -or meterin,8 T2is

2an+#oo9 *on*entrates on t2e re,!ator as$e*ts8 )or t2e meterin,

system t2e ;Systems Han+#oo9< s2o!+ #e *ons!te+8 T2ere1irements -or t2e insta!!ation o- t2e meter .ary "it2 t2e

*onstr*tion o- t2e $arti*!ar ty$e o- meter8 T2e 2an+#oo9 re!atin,to t2e meter ty$e se!e*te+ -or t2e station: $ro.i+es in-ormation on

t2is s#=e*t8


5/39

5

DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS

History

In t2e ear!y +ays o- ,as: its +istri#tion "as *arrie+ ot at .ery !o"

$ressres: tra+itiona!!y a#ot 9Pa or 7 *m "ater *o!mn >(< ?C@

an+ o-ten e.en !ess8 As t2e ,as "as !o*a!!y man-a*tre+ at !o"

$ressre: t2is "as t2e most e*onomi* so!tion8 A++itiona!!y: t2e

te*2no!o,y at t2at time +i+ not $ermit t2e e*onomi* man-a*tre

o-$i$es an+ -ittin,s *a$a#!e o- "it2stan+in, 2i,2er $ressres8

At t2e #e,innin, o- t2e t"entiet2 *entry 2o"e.er: t2e se o-

natra! ,as "as #e*omin, .ery $o$!ar in t2e US: "2i!e in Ero$eman-a*tre+ ,as -rom #!ast6-rna*es #e*ame a.ai!a#!e in !ar,e

1antities8 In #ot2 instan*es t2e mar9et "as +e.e!o$in, more an+

more remote -rom t2e $!a*e o- $ro+*tion: ne*essitatin, t2e

transmission o- ,as o.er some +istan*e8 As t2e +istan*e t2at ,as *an

#e trans$orte+ o.er: is +ire*t!y re!ate+ to t2e $ressre at t2e sor*e

or $ro+*tion $oint: t2ere "as an in*reasin, +eman+ -or

2i,2er$ressres8 T2is "as met #y t2e te*2no!o,i*a! +e.e!o$ment

o- 2i,2$ressre $i$es: -ittin,s an+ *om$ressors8

Present

At $resent: ,as transmission o.er more t2an 077 9m is norma!!y at

$ressres o- 57 to 077 #ar an+ -or +istan*es o.er 7 9m at $ressres

#et"een 7 an+ 57 #ar8 ?2ere t2e ,as is#ein, +istri#te+ t2ro,2

a ,as ,ri+ to a nm#er o- *stomers in an area: t2e $ressres "o!+nor6 ma!!y #e !ess t2an 07 #ar8 In ne"!y +e.e!o$e+ areas t2e minimm

+istri6 #tion $ressre is o-ten a#ot #ar8 S$e*i-i*a!!y in o!+ersystems: t2e minimm $ressre *an #e as !o" as 07 m#ar8

T2e *a$a*ity o- a transmission or +istri#tion system in*reases "it2

t2e o$eratin, $ressre8 T2e o$eratin, $ressre is !imite+ to t2e

maximm sa-e o$eratin, $ressre o- t2e "ea9est *om$onent in t2e

system8

)rom t2e sor*e to t2e ser t2e $ressre is re+*e+ in sta,es: t2e

maximm $ressre in ea*2 sta,e #ein, +etermine+ #y t2e "ea9est*om$onent in t2e system s#=e*te+ to t2e $ressre o- t2at

$arti*!ar sta,e8 Re,!ator stations -orm t2e *onne*tion

#et"een t2e s#se1ent sta,es o- t2e system8


6/39


7/39

P#

/P$

%

Maximm a!!o"a#!e $ressre !oss

T2e +esi,n o- transmission !ines or +istri#tion systems is otsi+e t2e

s*o$e o- t2is 2an+#oo98 Ho"e.er: t2ere is a sim$!e r!e -or t2emaximm $ressre +ro$ t2at is norma!!y a**e$ta#!e in any $i$e!ine

system8 As t2is ,o.erns t2e ran,e o- in!et $ressres t2at a station

is s#=e*te+ to: it "i!! #e mentione+ 2ere8

In -irst a$$roximation t2e -o!!o"in, e1ation >0@ is -or a$i$e!ine "it2

in!et $ressre P an+ ot!et $ressre P an+ mass -!o" rate 1 0 m

P 1 m 0 >0@P 1

0 mmax

In t2is e1ation t2e $ressres are a#so!te $ressres an+ 1mmax

is t2e

a#so!te t2eoreti*a! maximm mass -!o" rate8 T2is e1ation: "2en it

is$!otte+: is a 1arter *ir*!e as s2o"n in -i,re 8

$&&

'&

(&

) /) %m m ma*

)i,re

$&&

Re!ation #et"een $ressre ratio an+ *arryin, *a$a*ity

It is easy to see t2at i- t2e -!o" is at (7 o- its t2eoreti*a!

maximm: t2e $ressre at t2e en+ o- t2e $i$e 2as a!rea+y re+*e+

to 7 o- t2e in!et $ressre8 Any -rt2er in*rease in t2e -!o" rate

2as a !ar,e in-!en*e on t2e ot!et $ressre: an+ most o$erators

"o!+#e .ery re!*tant to o$erate #eyon+ t2is !imit8

T2e minimm in!et $ressre o- a re,!ator station "o!+ t2ere-ore

rare!y#e !ess t2an 7 o- t2e o$eratin, $ressre o- its s$$!y system8


8/39

RE&U'ATOR STATIONS

)n*tions

T2e re,!ator station essentia!!y $er-orms a sa-ety -n*tion t2e

!imitation o- t2e $ressre in t2e +o"nstream system to a sa-e

.a!e8 In most instan*es t2is -n*tion is #a*9e+ $ #y a++itiona!

sa-ety +e.i*es or e.en a se*on+: re+n+ant re,!ator8 Re,!atorstations are t2ere-ore extreme!y re!ia#!e8

T2e re,!ators an+ ot2er sa-ety +e.i*es are norma!!y $o"ere+ #y t2e

,as itse!- so t2at t2ese -n*tions +o not 2a.e to re!y on t2e

$resen*e o- externa!$o"er8

In some stations t2e ,as is a!so metere+ an+ t2is -n*tion sa!!y

in-!en*es t2e +esi,n8

Essentia! +esi,n $arameters

T2e -o!!o"in, $arameters are essentia! -or t2e +esi,n o- a re,!ator

station

F Maximm in!et $ressre

F Minimm in!et $ressre

F Maximm ot!et $ressre

F Minimm ot!et $ressre

F Maximm -!o" rate

F Maximm ,as .e!o*ity

I- t2e station a!so ser.es as a meterin, station: t2e -o!!o"in,$arameters s2o!+ a!so #e 9no"n

F Ran,e o- -!o" rates to#e measre+

F Desire+ a**ra*y

Meterin, systems "i!! on!y #rie-!y #e to*2e+ on in t2is 2an+#oo98

)or more +etai!s on meterin,: t2e ;Systems Han+#oo9< s2o!+ #e

*ons!te+8


9/39

In an existin, transmission system t2e maximm in!et $ressre is a

,i.en $arameter8 T2is +etermines t2e ratin, o- t2e re,!ator #o+y

an+ t2e $stream $i$e"or98

T2e maximm ot!et $ressre is ,i.en #y t2e sa-ety o- t2e

a$$!ian*es or s#se1ent +istri#tion system to #e s$$!ie+8 T2e

ratin, an+ sie o- t2e -ittin,s an+ t2ere-ore t2e *ost o- a station is

+etermine+#y t2e maximm in!et $ressre: t2e minimm in!et

$ressre an+ t2e maximm -!o" rate8

)or t2e most e*onomi* +esi,n t2ese t"o !ast .a!es s2o!+ #e 9no"n

a**rate!y8 Ho"e.er: in $ra*ti*e t2e n*ertainty o- t2ese .a!es is2i,2 an+ may *2an,e in time8 Stations "i!! t2ere-ore in ,enera! #e

sie+ some"2at !ar,er t2an re1ire+ to a.oi+ 2a.in, to *2an,et2em too soon8

Sa-ety an+ en.ironmenta! *o+es an+ re,!ations

?it2 mo+ern materia!s an+ $ro.en o$eratin, $rin*i$!es $resent

re,!ators an+ -ittin,s are extreme!y sa-e an+ re!ia#!e8 Ho"e.er:

sa-ety *o+es an+ re,!ations o-ten +eman+ a++itiona! sa-ety+e.i*es8 T2ese *o+es 2a.e !on, tra+itions an+ .ary *onsi+era#!y

#et"een *ontries8 Be-ore a station *an #e +esi,ne+: a!! t2e re!e.ant

*o+es an+ stan+ar+s .a!i+ -or t2e $arti*!ar site 2a.e to#e 9no"n8

T2e 1a!ity *ontro! an+ assran*e -or $ressre .esse!s an+ $i$in, a!so

.ary *onsi+era#!y amon, *ontries8

En.ironmenta! *on*ernsare main!y -or

t2e noise issin, -romt2estation8 T2e .entin, o- ,as to t2e atmos$2ere may a!so #e restri*te+8

PHYSICS AND THERMODYNAMICS

Pressre: tem$eratre an+ .o!me o- a ,as are re!ate+ #y t2e

e1ation o- state8 T2is is a!so 9no"n as t2e !a"s o- Boy!e6&ay 'ssa*

or Boy!e6C2ar!es8


10/39

Usa!!y t2is is -orm!ate+ -or one mo!e o- ,as as

PF4m

GFRFT >@

In t2is e1ation P is t2e a#so!te $ressre: m t2e mo!ar .o!me: G t2e

*om$ressi#i!ity o- t2e ,as: R t2e ni.ersa! ,as *onstant an+ T t2ea#so!te tem$eratre8 T2e *om$ressi#i!ity is +e$en+ent on t2e ,as*om$osition8 Its .a!e is e1a! to 0 at !o" $ressres an+ norma!!y

+ro$s to a !o"er .a!e -or 2i,2er $ressres8 )or some natra! ,ases

it may +ro$ as !o" as 78 or !o"er at $ressres in t2e or+er o- 077

#ar >See ;Systems Han+#oo9< -or more +etai!s on G@8

T2e *a$a*ity o- a station is norma!!y ex$resse+ in stan+ar+ or #ase*#i* metres $er 2or8 T2is is t2e .o!metri* -!o" rate t2at

"o!+ o**r i- t2e $ressre "o!+ #e re+*e+ to stan+ar+ or #ase

$ressre an+ tem$eratre >sa!!y 0703 m#ar an+ 05 or 7 C@8 T2e

a*ta! or

!ine -!o" rate ! -or a station *a$a*ity o- m3J2 is e1a! to

! F P#FGF T

>3@>PFG#FT#@

"it2 P# an+ T# t2e #ase $ressre an+ tem$eratre: P t2e ot!et

$ressre o- t2e station an+ T an+ G t2e a#so!te tem$eratre an+

*om$ressi#i!ity o- t2e ,as !ea.in, t2e station8

)or$ressres $ to a#ot 05 #ar t2is *an #e a$$roximate+ #y

! P >4@

"2ere P is t2e ot!et $ressre in

#ar8

T2ermo+ynami*a!!y: $ressre re+*tion is an isent2a!$i* $ro*ess8 T2e

ent2a!$y H o- t2e ,as #e-ore an+ a-ter t2rott!in, is t2e same8

T2ere are many e1ations an+ ta#!es ,i.in, t2e ent2a!$y -or

+i--erent ,ases in a "i+e -ie!+ o- $ressres an+ tem$eratres K0:L8

As a r!e o- t2m# one *an assme t2at -or natra! ,as t2e

tem$eratre +ro$s#y 785 C -or e.ery #ar o- $ressre re+*tion8


11/39

)or !ar,e $ressre +ro$s t2e tem$eratre *an t2ere-ore +ro$ to "e!!

#e!o" -reein, $oint "2en t2e ,as 2as not #een $re2eate+ #e-ore

re+*tion8

I- t2e ,as is not s--i*ient!y +ry: "ater an+ J or !i1i+ 2y+ro*ar#ons

>*on+ensate@ may -orm at !o" tem$eratres8 S$e*i-i*a!!y t2e

$resen*e o- !i1i+s is a ris9: as it may !ea+ to t2e -ormation o-

2y+rates8

Hy+rates are i*e6!i9e s#stan*es *onsistin, o- "ater an+ met2ane

"2i*2 may *ase #!o*9a,e o- t2e insta!!ation8 It 2as to #e #orne inmin+ t2at "et ,as may res!t -rom ina+e1ate treatment #t a!so

-rom 2y+rostati* testin, o- ne"!y *ommissione+ $i$es8

)or s--i*ient!y !o" ot!et tem$eratres: *on+ensation "i!! a!so o**r

on t2e exterior o- t2e insta!!ation: an+ -or .ery !ar,e $ressre

re+*tion: $arts o- t2e insta!!ation "i!! e.en #e *o.ere+ "it2 i*e8 To

$re.ent t2is: t2e ,as *an #e 2eate+ #e-ore $ressre re+*tion8

Ho"e.er: a *onsi+era#!e amont o- ener,y may #e nee+e+8 T2e

ener,y nee+e+ -or t2e 2eatin, o- t2e ,as *an #e ro,2!ya$$roximate+ #y

? 785 F 4n F T >5@

In t2is e1ation ? is t2e re1ire+ ener,y in 9*a!: 4n t2e ,as 1antity

in #ase or stan+ar+ m3 an+ T t2e tem$eratre +i--eren*e8 Simi!ar!y

t2e *a$a*ity o- t2e 2eater *an #e estimate+ #y

H 785 F F T >@* n max

"2ere H* is t2e re1ire+ 2eatin, *a$a*ity in 9*a!J2: n is t2e

maximm -!o" rate in #ase or stan+ar+ m3J2 an+ Tmax t2e

maximm

re1ire+ tem$eratre rise8

A$art -rom t2e 2eatin, *osts: t2e in.estment in 2eaters an+ 2eat

ex*2an,ers an+ t2eir maintenan*e *ontri#te to t2e *ost o-

o"ners2i$8 T2e a+.anta,es: 2o"e.er: are

F A!"ays a**ess -or maintenan*e >no i*e@


12/39

F More to!erant -or ,as "it2 2i,2er "ater an+ J or 2y+ro*ar#on

+e" $oint


13/39

It is $er-e*t!y $ossi#!e to o$erate stations "it2 s#6ero ot!et

tem$eratres an+ sa.e t2e ener,y ot2er"ise re1ire+ -or 2eatin,8

T2is 2as a nm#er o- +ra"#a*9s as !iste+ #e!o"

F Di--i*!t a**ess -or maintenan*eF &as 2as to 2a.e !o" "ater +e" $oint an+ !o" 2y+ro*ar#on

+e" $oint

F In*rease+ ris9 o- *orrosion

F Ris9 o- #!o*9a,e o- .ents an+ #reat2in, 2o!es#y i*eF Mo.in, $arts in instrments may #e !o*9e+ >manometers:

meter re,isters@

F )reein, o- t2e ,ron+ srron+in, t2e ot,oin, $i$e"or9

A+.anta,es are

F Sa.in,s in ener,y *ost

F Sim$!er +esi,n an+ t2ere-ore $otentia!!y more re!ia#!e

F No in.estment in 2eaters an+ 2eat ex*2an,ersF No maintenan*e o- 2eaters: 2eat ex*2an,ers an+

an*i!!ary e1i$ment

By +esi,nin, a s$e*ia! meter s$e*i-i*a!!y -or tem$eratres #e!o" 7 C

t2at o$erates re!ia#!y an+ *an #e rea+ e.en "2en t2i*9!y

*o.ere+ "it2 i*e: Instromet 2as e!iminate+ one o- t2e most *riti*a!

#arriers to a*2ie.in, t2ese sa.in,s8

T2e -o!!o"in, exam$!e i!!strates t2e

a#o.e

In!et $ressre max8 47 #ar >,a,e@ min8 37 #ar >,a,e@

Ot!et $ressre 07 #ar >,a,e@

Ca$a*ity 07:777 m3J2

)or t2e $arti*!ar ,as it is -on+ -rom K3L t2at t2e .a!es -or G

are

P >#ar a#s8@ 40 30 00 00 08703

T >C@ 07 07 07 65 05G 78/0/4 78/3(4 78/%%( 78/%30 78//(0

Assme t2at t2e ,as is 2eate+ so t2at a-ter re+*tion t2e


14/39

tem$eratre is 07 C8


15/39

! FP# FGF T 07:777 F

08703 F 78/%%( F (3

>PFG#FT#@ 008703 F 78//(0 F ((

((5 m3J2 >%@

T2e a$$roximate -orm!a ,i.es07:777

00 /7/ m3J28 >(@

T2e 2eatin, *a$a*ity re1ire+ is e1a! to

H 785 F * n F Tmax

785 F 07:777 F 05 %5:777 9*a!J28

>/@

I- no 2eatin, is a$$!ie+: t2e tem$eratre +ro$ at an in!et $ressre

o-

47 #ar "i!! #e >47 6 07@ F 785 05 C8 T2e !ine -!o" rate is t2en e1a!to

(5 m3J2 "2en *a!*!ate+ "it2 t2e -!! -orm!a8

OPERATIONA' ASPECTS

&as 1a!ity

Most ,ases t2at are +istri#te+ are non6*orrosi.e8 antities o- +st

or san+ !e-t -rom t2e *onstr*tion $2ase may 2o"e.er #e $resent8

T2o,2 most ,ases are treate+ to 2a.e a .ery !o" 2y+ro*ar#on +e"

$oint: it +oes 2a$$en t2at !i1i+ 2y+ro*ar#ons -in+ t2eir "ay into

t2e system8 Means -or +rainin, -i!ters s2o!+ t2ere-ore #e$ro.i+e+8 &ases s2o!+ 2a.e a !o" "ater +e" $oint to $re.ent2y+rate -ormation8 ?ater a!so in*reases t2e ris9 o- *orrosion8

A.ai!a#i!ity an+ maintenan*e

)o!!o"in, sa-ety: *ontinity o- s$$!y is in most instan*es o- tmostim$ortan*e8 A$art -rom #ein, re!ia#!e: a station s2o!+ t2ere-ore #e

+esi,ne+ -or maintenan*e "it2ot t2e nee+ to interr$t t2e ,as

s$$!y to t2e *stomer8 A $ra*ti*a! so!tion is to #i!+ t2estation sin, i+enti*a! nits o- "2i*2 one *an #e ma+e stan+6#y -or

maintenan*e8


16/39

In some instan*es a++itiona! $i$in, is insta!!e+ to ma9e it $ossi#!e totem$orari!y *onne*t meters in series -or *2e*9in, $r$oses8


17/39

E!e*tri*a! sa-ety an+ 2aar+osareas8

In a "e!! +esi,ne+ an+ *onstr*te+ ,as re,!ator station t2ere s2o!+#e no !ea9a,e8 I- any re!ie- .a!.es are $resent: t2eir ot!et s2a!! #e

"e!! a#o.e t2e insta!!ation or #i!+in,8 T2e on!y times "2en t2e

o**rren*e o- an ex$!osi.e mixtre *an #e ex$e*te+ is t2ere-ore+rin, maintenan*e: an+ t2en on!y -or s2ort $erio+s "2en a $art o-

t2e insta!!ation is +e$ressrise+ an+ ta9en a$art8 T2is "o!+

in+i*ate t2at i- a station is one+ at a!!: it s2o!+ #e rate+ as a .ery

!o" 2aar+ >one -or t2e Ero$ean CEN 57704 stan+ar+@8 Sti!!: in

$ra*ti*e stations are o-ten one+ more 2aar+os >e8,8 CEN 57704

one 0@8

T2e onin, o- t2e station "i!! 2a.e to #e 9no"n #e-ore a $ro$er

+esi,n *an #e ma+e8

Constr*tion

Most insta!!ations are $resent!y +esi,ne+ to #e s9i+6monte+8 T2e

*om$!ete system is assem#!e+ in t2e -a*tory an+ teste+8Constr*tion "or9 in t2e -ie!+ is !imite+ as m*2 as $ossi#!e8

Noise

Most o- t2e noise in a re,!ator station is ,enerate+#y t2e ,as tra.e!!in,

at 2i,2 .e!o*ity t2ro,2 t2e re,!ator $orts8 T2e son+ is trans-erre+

to t2e $i$in, "2i*2 in trn ra+iates it into t2e en.ironment8 T2e

noise in a station t2ere-ore not on!y emanates -rom t2e re,!ator

#t a!so -rom t2e $i$in,: in $arti*!ar +o"nstream8

T2ere are se.era! "ays to re+*e t2e

noise8

Some re,!ators 2a.e s$e*ia! *a,es to #rea9 +o"n t2e .e!o*ity more

,ra+a!!y8 Some 2a.e +i--erent .a!.e *onstr*tions "it2 t2e same

o#=e*ti.e8 A!! ;si!ent< re,!ators are #i,,er an+ more ex$ensi.e8

Hea.ier $i$e "a!!s an+ !ar,er +iameters ,enera!!y 2e!$ to re+*e t2e

noise as +oes externa! ins!ation: s$e*i-i*a!!y o- t2e +o"nstream

$i$e"or98


18/39

+al

+e

ou

tlet

relie, +al+eStation

capacity

utlet

monitor-null

relie, Metertio

Small "egulatorShut0o,,1

in

lla

sta

de+iceg

tin

Sa,etye*changer

raep

Heat

+al

+e

inle

t

ilter

Stationnoit

+al+eal

Bryin, t2e insta!!ation is a .ery e--e*ti.e "ay o- ins!atin, it -rom

t2e en.ironment8 I- t2e re,!ator is 2ose+ in a #i!+in,: son+6

ins!atin, t2e #i!+in, *an #e .ery e--e*ti.e8 Parti*!ar attention

2as to #e $ai+ to t2e .enti!ation a$ertres8

Pi$e si!en*ers *an #e e--e*ti.e8 Ho"e.er: in many *ases t2e intense

.i#ration t2at t2e son+ a#sor#in, materia! is s#=e*te+ to: +estroys

it me*2ani*a!!y an+ t2e !oose materia!s may +ama,e t2e +o"nstream

meter8

'AYOUT AND COMPONENTS

Station !ayot

In -i,re 3 a ,enera! !ayot o- a station an+ its *om$onents is ,i.en8

T2ere are an in-inite nm#er o- $ossi#!e .ariations o- "2i*2 t2e most

*ommon are ,i.en#e!o"8

A .a!.e is sa!!y insta!!e+ in t2e s$$!y $i$e!ine to t2e station

ma9in, it $ossi#!e to insta!! t2e station "it2ot +e$ressrisin,t2e s$$!y net"or98 I- t2e station is se+ to s$$!y a +istri#tionnet"or9: a simi!ar .a!.e "i!! #e insta!!e+ in t2e ot!et !ine8 T2e in!et

an+ ot!et o- t2e station $ro$er are *onne*te+ to t2ese .a!.es #y

2ea+ers an+ risers8

T2e station *on-i,ration may .ary +e$en+in, on t2e

*ir*mstan*es: t2e a$$!i*ation: an+ t2e *o+es an+ re,!ations t2at

a$$!y8 In a!! *ases t2ere "i!! #e an in!et .a!.e an+ a re,!ator: an+ in

most *ases a!so a re!ie- .a!.e an+ a sa-ety s2t6o-- .a!.e8 T2ere,!ator .a!.e is e1i$$e+ "it2 a so-t seat to ,i.e a *om$!ete

s2t6o-- "2en t2ere is no ,as #ein, se+8 As e.en a s!i,2t "ee$in,

o- t2e re,!ator *o!+ in*rease t2e $ressre to +an,eros !e.e!s: a

re!ie- .a!.e 2as to #e$resent8 T2is re!ie- .a!.e *an #e sma!! as it

on!y 2as to #!o" o-- t2e$ossi#!e !ea9a,e t2ro,2 t2e re,!ator8

Some re,!ators *an #e e1i$$e+ "it2 a sma!! #i!t6in re!ie- .a!.e

-or t2at $r$ose8 T2e re!ie- .a!.e *an on!y #e +is$ense+ "it2 "2en it

is a#so!te!y *ertain t2at a no6*onsm$tion sitation "i!! ne.er

o**r8

I- t2e ,as s$$!y 2as to #e maintaine+ at a!! times: a se*on+

insta!!ation is monte+ in $ara!!e!8 In t2at *ase #ot2 insta!!ations 2a.e


19/39

to #e e1i$$e+ "it2 ot!et .a!.es as "e!!8


20/39

Station outlet +

Meter)i,re

3

Ty$i*a!station

!ayot

0A

ull capacity relie,

Small relie,utlet +al+e

al+e

"egulator

Sa,ety de+ice Shut0o,,1 monitor-

Heat e*changer

Inlet +al+e

ilter

Station inlet +al+e


21/39

0%

De$en+in, on t2e *on+ition o- t2e s$$!yin, net"or9 an+ on t2e

re!ia#i!ity re1ire+: a -i!ter may #e insta!!e+8 T2e -i!terin, *an #e .ery

sim$!e: on!y nee+e+ to $re.ent +e#ris +ama,in, t2e re,!ator8

Ho"e.er: es$e*ia!!y i- t2e station is se+ -or meterin,: so$2isti*ate++st -i!ters t2at e!iminate $arti*!es as sma!! as 365 mi*rons are se+8

)or !ar,er stations a se$arate sa-ety +e.i*e "i!! sa!!y#e insta!!e+8 In

some *ontries anot2er: in+e$en+ent sa-ety +e.i*e is a!so re1ire+

-or stations -rom a *ertain sie $"ar+ as #a*96$ -or t2e -irst8 T2is

se*on+ sa-ety +e.i*e may e.en 2a.e to o$erate on a +i--erent$rin*i$!e8 T2e sa-ety +e.i*e "i!! 2a.e to #e a#!e to $re.ent t2e

ot!et $ressre -rom ex*ee+in, sa-e .a!es in t2e *ase o-*om$!ete -ai!re o- t2e re,!ator to t2e o$en $osition8 It *an #e

F a monitor re,!ator: ta9in, o.er t2e -n*tion o- t2e$rimary: norma!!y a*ti.e re,!ator:

F a s!am s2t .a!.e: #!o*9in, t2e *om$!ete ,as -!o":

F a -!! *a$a*ity re!ie- .a!.e +esi,ne+ to re!ease a!! ,as $assin,

t2ro,2 t2e -ai!e+ re,!ator at maximm in!et $ressre:

F an a*tator o$eratin, on t2e in!et .a!.e8

As 2as #een +es*ri#e+ ear!ier: it may #e +esira#!e to 2eat t2e ,as

#e-ore re+*tion to $re.ent *on+ensation o- eit2er 2y+ro*ar#on

*on+ensates or "ater -rom t2e ,as or "ater .a$or on t2e otsi+e o-

t2e station8 In t2at *ase a 2eat ex*2an,er an+ #oi!er 2a.e to #e

insta!!e+8

T2e meter an+ its a++itiona! $ressre an+ tem$eratre sensors are

sa!!y insta!!e+ +o"nstream o- t2e re,!ator8 &i+e!ines -or t2e

insta!!ation o- t2e meter are ,i.en in t2e 2an+#oo9s -or t2eres$e*ti.e meter ty$es >Tr#ine &asmeter Han+#oo9: Rotary Piston&asmeter Han+#oo9 an+ U!trasoni* &asmeter Han+#oo9@8 )or

-rt2er +etai!s on t2e instrmentation an+ t2e meterin, system:

$!ease see t2e ;Systems Han+#oo9 5 m#ar,@: t2e ,as .e!o*ities are !imite+ to

07 mJs in or+er to a.oi+ too 2i,2 a $ressre !oss8


22/39

0(

a!.es

Mo+ern re,!ator stations are most!y e1i$$e+ "it2 #a!! .a!.es8

Im$ro.e+ $ro+*tion te*2ni1es 2a.e ma+e t2ese .a!.es *2ea$er an+more *ost6e--e*ti.e t2an t2e ear!ier se+ $!, .a!.es8

Ba!! .a!.es are norma!!y o- t2e same sie as t2e $i$in,: #t a #a!!

"it2 re+*e+ #ore may #e se+8 T2e a++itiona! noise ,enerate+ #y

t2is restri*tion is sma!! *om$are+ "it2 t2e noise o- t2e re,!ator:

an+ is sa!!y ot"ei,2e+ #y t2e *ost sa.in,.

Re,!ators

&as re,!ators +i--er -rom *ontro! .a!.es s*2 as se+ in t2e $ro*ess

in+stry#y t2e -a*t t2at t2ey +o not se any externa! ener,y sor*e8

Instea+ t2ey se eit2er a s$rin, or t2e ,as itse!- to ,enerate t2e

-or*e to o$erate t2e .a!.e8 As a res!t t2ey are -aster an+ more

re!ia#!e8

T2e ot2er ma=or +i--eren*e is t2at ,as re,!ators are a!"ays

e1i$$e+ "it2 a so-t seat ma9in, it $ossi#!e to -!!y sea! t2e in!et-rom t2e ot!et "2en no ,as is se+8

Present re,!ators *an main!y #e +i.i+e+ into t"o main ,ro$s

s$rin,6!oa+e+ >+ire*t a*tin,@ an+ $i!ot6o$erate+8

)i,re 4 s2o"s a sim$!i-ie+ +ra"in, o- a ty$i*a! s$rin,6!oa+e+ >+ire*ta*tin,@ re,!ator8 T2e s$a*e n+er t2e +ia$2ra,m is *onne*te+ to a

sita#!e sensin, $oint +o"nstream: "2ere t2e $ressre is

re$resentati.e -or t2e ot!et $ressre8 T2e -or*e exerte+ on t2e

+ia$2ra,m is *om$ensate+ #y t2e s$rin,8 T2e !e.er *ases t2e

.a!.e to *!ose "2en t2e $ressre n+er t2e +ia$2ra,m in*reases8 In

most *ases t2e $ressre +o"nstream o- t2e .a!.e is interna!!y

*onne*te+ to t2e s$a*e n+er t2e +ia$2ra,m8 T2is is *a!!e+

interna! *ontro!8 Externa! *ontro! is "2en t2e s$a*e n+er t2e

+ia$2ra,m is *onne*te+ to a sita#!e ta$$in, +o"nstream8 Interna!

*ontro! is ,enera!!y more sensiti.e: #t !ess -!exi#!e t2an externa!

*ontro!8


23/39

0/

T2e s$a*e a#o.e t2e +ia$2ra,m 2as to #e o$en to t2e atmos$2ere8

T2e a$ertre s2o!+ #e sma!! eno,2 to $re.ent in,ress o- -orei,n

matter8 A sma!! #reat2in, a$ertre "o!+ !imit t2e *!osin, s$ee+ o-

t2e re,!ator8 T2e Instromet 43 re,!ator $i*tre+ in -i,re 4 ise1i$$e+ "it2 a #reat2er .a!.e t2at o$ens -or 1i*9 *!osre o- t2emain .a!.e8

2reather +al+e

Sealing bushing only mounted,or e*ternal control and monitor use

Co+er ,or aperture

to mount options

Connection ,or e*ternal control

and monitor use

)i,re 4

Instromet 43 s$rin,6!oa+e+ re,!ator

T2e ot!et $ressre is some"2at +e$en+ent on -!o" rate an+ in!et

$ressre8 Ty$i*a! *r.es are ,i.en in -i,re 58 T2ese *r.es are -or ones$rin, an+ one .a!.e ori-i*e8 Ot2er s$rin,s an+ ori-i*es "o!+ ,i.e

+i--erent sets o- *r.es8 )or ero -!o" rate t2e $ressre to $s2 t2e.a!.e s--i*ient!y stron,!y onto t2e so-t seat to o#tain *om$!ete

*!osre is *a!!e+ ;!o*96$ $ressre


24/39

#.(

$.3 bar

.$4 bar .54 bar .3 bar $ bar

utletpressurembar

7

#&

bar

$4

$&& #&& 5&&

lo6 rate m5

base-/h

)i,re 5

T2e ot!et $ressre o- a re,!ator as a -n*tion o- -!o"

rate -or +i--erent in!et$ressres

An o$tiona!: sma!!: interna! re!ie- .a!.e is o-ten in*or$orate+ as

in+i*ate+ in -i,re 8 T2is re!ie- .a!.e is on!y meant to re!ie.e ,as

res!tin, -rom a s!i,2t "ee$in, o- t2e main re,!ator: -or exam$!e

as a res!t o- a s!i,2t!y +ama,e+ sea!8 It is set to a $ressre s!i,2t!ya#o.e t2e !o*96$ $ressre8

)i,re

Interna! re!ie- .a!.e


25/39

0

In a $i!ot6o$erate+ re,!ator: a sma!!: s$rin,6!oa+e+ re,!ator >t2e

$i!ot@ $ro.i+es t2e ,as $ressre to *ontro! t2e main re,!ator8

T2ere are se.era! +esi,ns o- $i!ot6o$erate+ re,!ators: an+ a $i*tre

o- an axia!!y symmetri* +esi,n is ,i.en as an exam$!e in -i,re %8In t2is +esi,n a s!ee.e .a!.e is *onne*te+ to a s$rin,6!oa+e++ia$2ra,m8 ?2en t2e $i!ot +oes not +e!i.er any $ressre: t2e

s$rin, $s2es t2e s!ee.e a,ainst its seat8 Drin, norma! o$eration

t2e $ressre n+er t2e +ia$2ra,m is 2i,2er t2an t2e ot!et $ressre

to #a!an*e t2e -or*e o- t2e *!osin, s$rin,8 ?2en t2e ot!et

$ressre +ro$s: t2e $i!ot o$erator in*reases t2e $ressre #e!o"

t2e +ia$2ra,m8 T2e ot!et $ressre set$oint is +etermine+ #y

t2e s$rin, o- t2e $i!ot8 T2e +e.iation o- t2e a*ta! ot!et

$ressre -rom t2e set$oint is am$!i-ie+#y t2e $i!ot to $ro.i+e t2e

-or*e to o$en an+ *!ose t2e main .a!.e a,ainst t2e s$rin,8 T2e

s$$!y to t2e $i!ot re,!ator is sta#i!ise+ #y a s$e*ia! sma!! re,!atorto a $ressre t2at is a -ixe+ amont a#o.e t2e ot!et $ressre8

)i,re %

Pi!ot6o$erate+ re,!ator


26/39

Pi!ot6o$erate+ re,!ators are se+ -or !ar,e *a$a*ities8 T2ey are -ast:

an+ t2eir ot!et $ressre is: *ontrary to s$rin,6o$erate+ re,!ators:

$ra*ti*a!!y in+e$en+ent o- -!o" rate an+ in!et $ressre8

Most re,!ators are o- a mo+!ar *onstr*tion8 One re,!ator #o+y

*an #e e1i$$e+ "it2 a .ariety o- .a!.e sies: s$rin,s: +ia$2ra,m siesan+ a++itiona! o$tions8 T2ese o$tions are main!y sa-ety6re!ate+ s*2

as s2t6o-- .a!.es an+ #i!t6in re!ie- .a!.es8 Some re,!ators *an #e

s$$!ie+ "it2 a s$e*ia! !o" noise *a,e +o"nstream o- t2e .a!.e: or"it2 s$e*ia! !o" noise .a!.es8

T2e *a$a*ity o- re,!ators is -n+amenta!!y +etermine+ #y t2e sie o-t2e .a!.e ori-i*e: minimm in!et $ressre an+ minimm $ressre

+i--erentia!8 'o" noise -eatres re+*e t2e *a$a*ity o- a re,!ator8

T2e *a$a*ity o- a ,as re,!ator is +e$en+ent on its mo+e o-o$eration8 I- t2e a#so!te ot!et $ressre o- t2e re,!ator is >-or

natra! ,as@ !ess t2an 2a!- t2e a#so!te in!et $ressre: t2e re,!ator

re,ime is ;*2o9e+07@# *

"2ere P is t2e a#so!te $stream $ressre an+ * a *onstant8

)or !esser $ressre +i--eren*es: t2e -!o" rate *an #e ex$resse+ as

1 >P# . 0

6 P @ >00@

"2ere P0 an+ P

are t2e $stream an+ +o"nstream $ressres

res$e*ti.e!y an+ .

a *onstant8

In $ra*ti*e man-a*trers $ro.i+e ta#!es t2at ena#!e t2e ser to

sie t2e meter "it2ot t2e se o- any -orm!a8 An exam$!e is

,i.en in ta#!e 0 -or t2e < Instromet 4360 re,!ator e1i$$e+ "it2

a s$rin,: sita#!e -or an ot!et $ressre o- %7 m#ar8


27/39

e,

!ator543605:

interna!*ontro!S$rin,

ran

,e

B%76047m#arSet$ointB

%7m#ar In!et

$ressre

Ori-i*e sie J .a!.e an,!e

0


28/39

t2e amont o- +st an+ +e#ris ex*ee+s t2e *a$a*ity o- t2e -i!ter:

t2e e!ement "i!! #e #!o*9e+ an+ *o!!a$ses8


29/39

dP

Drain

)i,re (

)i!ter

Minimisin, t2e amont o- +st an+ +e#ris is t2ere-ore t2e #est

a$$roa*2 an+ t2is *an #e a*2ie.e+ #y o#ser.in, t2e -o!!o"in,

F Prote*t store+ $i$e -rom *orrosion8 Interna! *oatin, $re.ents

or minimises interna! *orrosion +rin, stora,e an+ o$eration:an+ in*reases *arryin, *a$a*ity8

F Pro.i+e a+e1ate ,as treatment to $re.ent *orrosi.e

*on+itions8 Car#on +ioxi+e an+ 2y+ro,en s!$2i+e are t2e

most *ommon $otentia!!y *orrosi.e *onstitents o- natra!

,as: s$e*i-i*a!!y i- "ater is$resent too8

F Exer*ise *are +rin, *onstr*tion to $re.ent t2e in,ress o-

san+ or +st8

F B!o" an+ $i, transmission an+ +istri#tion -ee+er !ines a-ter

*onstr*tion "2ene.er $ossi#!e8

F Do not re.erse t2e +ire*tion o- t2e ,as -!o" i- not

a#so!te!y ne*essary8

F Maintain t2e !o"est $ossi#!e ,as .e!o*ity8


30/39

Monitor re,!ator

T2e monitor re,!ator is a se*on+ re,!ator: norma!!y $stream o-

t2e $rimary re,!ator t2at ta9es o.er t2e -n*tion o- t2e $rimary:a*ti.e re,!ator in *ase t2e !atter -ai!s to o$en8 Its sensin, $oint is at

t2e same !o*ation as t2at o- t2e a*ti.e re,!ator an+ its set$oint is

a #it 2i,2er t2an t2e set$oint o- t2e a*ti.e re,!ator8 Drin,

norma! o$eration t2e monitor "i!! t2ere-ore #e -!!y o$en8

Ho"e.er: i- t2e $ressre #e*omes e1a! to t2e set$oint o- t2e

monitor: t2e monitor "i!! *!ose to *onstrain t2e $ressre8

T2e +i--eren*es #et"een a re,!ator an+ a monitor re,!ator are

sma!!8 Sensin, "i!! 2a.e to #e externa! an+ as t2e $ressre n+er

t2e +ia$2ra,m is norma!!y *onsi+era#!y !ess t2an t2e ot!et $ressre:

any !ea9a,e -rom t2e ot!et into t2e s$a*e n+er t2e +ia$2ra,m

s2o!+#e $re.ente+8 In t2e re,!ator o- -i,re 4 t2e !in9a,e

#et"een .a!.e an+ +ia$2ra,m is t2ere-ore !e+ t2ro,2 a !ea96ti,2t

#s2in, "2en it is se+ as a monitor8

Sa-ety s2t6o-- .a!.es

Sa-ety s2t6o-- .a!.es *!ose t2e s$$!y "2en a .aria#!e ex*ee+s

a $re+etermine+ !imit8 In most *ases t2is "i!! #e "2en t2e

ot!et $ressre ex*ee+s a maximm .a!e8 Ho"e.er: it is a!so$ossi#!e t2at too !o" a $ressre is +eeme+ to *reate anna**e$ta#!e ris98 T2is *o!+ #e t2e *ase "2en a nm#er o-

a$$!ian*es "it2ot -!ame -ai!re$rote*tion is s$$!ie+8 T2e sitation

*o!+ t2en arise "2ere t2e -!ame extin,is2es an+ ,as 9ee$s

-!o"in,8

Anot2er $ossi#i!ity is to ma9e t2e +e.i*e o$erate "2en its

tem$eratre #e*omes too 2i,2: in+i*atin, a -ire8

Sa-ety s2t6o-- .a!.es *an eit2er #e se$arate nits as in -i,re / or

in*or$orate+ in a re,!ator #o+y as in -i,re 07 t2at $i*tres a sa-ety

s2t6o-- .a!.e t2at *an #e atta*2e+ to t2e Instromet 43 re,!ator

-rom -i,re 48 Anot2er $ossi#i!ity is to mont a .a!.e o$erator on t2ein!et .a!.e8

A sa-ety s2t6o-- .a!.e *an on!y #e mana!!y reset on site8 A #y6$ass

2as to #e $ro.i+e+ to e1a!ise t2e $ressre #e-ore t2e .a!.e *an #e

reset8 A sma!!: norma!!y *!ose+ $s26#tton .a!.e is a ,oo+ so!tion8


31/39

)i,re /

Sa-ety s2t6o-- .a!.e

)i,re 07

Sa-ety s2t6o-- o$tion insta!!e+ on an Instromet 543

re,!ator as -rom )i,re 4


32/39

Sa-ety re!ie- .a!.es

In t2e $re*e+in, $ara,ra$2s "e 2a.e a!rea+y s$o9en a#ot re!ie-

.a!.es to re!ease t2e sma!! 1antities "ee$in, t2ro,2 an im$er-e*t!y*!ose+ re,!ator8 As e.en t2e s!i,2test !ea9 *o!+ $ressrise t2e

+o"nstream insta!!ation to t2e -!! in!et $ressre: ,i.en eno,2

time: it is im$erati.e to 2a.e a sma!! re!ie- .a!.e insta!!e+8 T2ese sma!!

sa-ety re!ie- .a!.es *an eit2er #e in*or$orate+ in t2e re,!ator or

insta!!e+ as a se$arate nit8

'ar,e re!ie- .a!.es are se+ to ta9e t2e -!! *a$a*ity o- t2e

station8 T2ey s2o!+ #e +esi,ne+ -or "orst *ase *on+itions

maximm in!et $ressre an+ -!!y o$en re,!ator an+ monitor8

T2e ot!et o- a re!ie- .a!.e s2o!+ #e in a sa-e $!a*e8 Norma!!y t2is

"o!+ #e at a *ertain 2ei,2t a#o.e t2e insta!!ation or: in en*!ose+

insta!!ations: at a *ertain 2ei,2t a#o.e t2e roo-8 Re!ie- .a!.es are

.ery simi!ar to re,!ators in *onstr*tion8 T2ey *an #e s$rin,6

!oa+e+ or $i!ot6o$erate+8

T2e sensin, $oint -or t2e $ressre o- a re!ie- .a!.e: 2o"e.er: is

$stream o- t2e .a!.e rat2er t2an +o"nstream8 T2e .a!.e o$ens

"2en t2e sensin, $ressre is 2i,2er t2an its set$oint8

Heat ex*2an,ers

T2e 2eat is norma!!y s$$!ie+ #y 2ot "ater -rom *on.entiona!

se$arate #oi!ers !o*ate+ in a sa-e area8 T2e "ater *ir*it is *!ose+ so

t2at t2ere is no ris9 o- *orrosion8 T2e "ater tem$eratre +i--eren*e

is sa!!y *2osen to #e /7 C in!et J %7 C ot!et8 T2e 2eat ex*2an,er2as to #e *a$a#!e to s$$!y t2e ener,y ne*essary to 2eat $ t2e ,as to

t2e minimm +esire+ tem$eratre "it2ot *asin, a too 2i,2

$ressre +ro$ in t2e ,as $art8

ery -e" instan*es are 9no"n o- t2e 2eat ex*2an,er t#in,

-ai!in,: t2s $ressrisin, t2e "ater *ir*it8 Ne.ert2e!ess: as a sa-ety

measre a sa-ety +e.i*e to $re.ent t2e #oi!er -rom #ein,

$ressrise+ *an #e monte+ in t2e "ater *ir*it8 T2e sim$!est "ay is

to se a r$tre +is* in t2e "ater *ir*it8 A!ternati.e!y anor+inary re!ie- .a!.e *an #e *onne*te+ to t2e "ater *ir*it8 In

some *ontries t2e re,!ations *a!! -or s$e*ia! se*rity sa-ety .a!.es

to iso!ate t2e #oi!er tota!!y -rom t2e 2eat ex*2an,er in *ase o- a


33/39

!ea98


34/39

Set$oints

In ,enera! t2e set$oints o- t2e +i--erent re,!ators an+ sa-ety

+e.i*es are #ase+ on t2e -o!!o"in, $2i!oso$2y

Norma!!y t2e re,!ator is o$eratin,8 T2e set$oint o- t2e monitor

re,!ator >i- insta!!e+@ is *2osen some"2at 2i,2er so t2at "2en t2e

re,!ator -ai!s o$en: t2e monitor restri*ts t2e $ressre8 I- t2ere is no

*onsm$tion: #ot2 t2e re,!ator an+ monitor *!ose8 I- t2e

system#e2in+ it is $er-e*t!y ti,2t: e.en t2e s!i,2test !ea9 "o!+ in

t2e !on, term $ressrise t2e +o"nstream system8 A re!ie- .a!.e is

t2ere-ore insta!!e+ to o$erate at a $ressre some"2at a#o.e

t2e !o*96$$ressre o- t2e monitor8 T2is "i!! #e a sma!! *a$a*ityre!ie- .a!.e8 Sa-ety s2t6o-- +e.i*es are norma!!y set 2i,2est to a.oi+*!osin, +o"n t2e *stomers s$$!y n!ess a#so!te!y ne*essary8

I- t"o insta!!ations are monte+ in $ara!!e!: t2e re,!ator o- t2e

se*on+: stan+6#y insta!!ation is set at a !o"er $ressre t2an t2e

norma!!y o$eratin, one8 T2e sa-ety +e.i*es: 2o"e.er: 2a.e to #e

set at t2e same .a!e as or at a 2i,2er .a!e t2an in t2e

norma!!y o$eratin, insta!!ation8

In -i,re 00 an exam$!e is ,i.en -or a !ar,e station e1i$$e+ "it2

monitors an+ re,!ators8

Sa,ety shut0o,, by0pass install. $(.7 bar

Sa,ety shut0o,, operating install.

"elie, +al+e small-

"egulator operating installation

"egulator by0pass installation

$3.7 bar

$3 bar

$' bar

$4.4 bar

8loc90up pressure

allo6 ,or : #.4%

uncertainty

)i,re 00

Exam$!e o- settin,s o- re,!ator an+ sa-ety +e.i*es


35/39

T2e 2i,2est $ressre in t2e +o"nstream system is ,o.erne+ #y t2e

settin, o- t2e !ast sa-ety +e.i*e t2at "i!! start o$eratin,8 T2e settin,

o- t2is !ast +e.i*e s2o!+ t2ere-ore #e 2i,2er t2an t2e "ea9est $art

in t2e +o"nstream insta!!ation8 T2e a*ta! o$eratin, $ressre "i!!#e a *onsi+era#!e amont !o"er: +e$en+in, on t2e mar,ins

#et"een t2e settin,s8 T2ese mar,ins are in trn +etermine+ #y

t2e to!eran*e: n*ertainty an+ +ri-t in t2e re,!ators an+ sa-ety

+e.i*es: or may #e +etermine+#y t2e !o*a! *o+es o- $ra*ti*e8


36/39

RE)ERENCES

08 SI Engineering Data Book, &as Pro*essors S$$!iers Asso*iation:

0/(78

8 Gas engineers handbook, In+stria! Press In*8: Ne" Yor9: )irst

e+ition: 0/58

38 A&A Re$ort No8 (: Compressibility Factors of Natural Gas and

ther !elated "ydrocarbon Gases, Ameri*an &as Asso*iation:

Se*on+ e+ition: No.em#er 0//8


37/39


38/39

Sa!es O--i*es Pro+*ts Ser.i*esIn Ar,entinaINSTROMET S8A8

U!trasoni* ,as meters

In Astra!iaINSTROMET SYSTEMS AUSTRA'IA PTY8'TD8

Tr#ine,as meters

In Astria Rotary ,as metersINSTROMET B848 &ES8M8B8H8

In Be!,imINSTROMET INTERNATIONA'N88

In Brai!INSTROMET MEDIQO E CONTRO'E 'TDA8

In CroatiaINSTROMET CROATIA

In )ran*eINSTROMET S8A8R8'8

In &ermanyINSTROMET &8M8B8H8

In Hn,aryINSTROMET HUN&ARY SER4E HUN&ARY )T8

In In+iaSIDDHA &AS INSTROMET INDIA P4T8'TD8

In Ita!yINSTROMET ITA'IA S8R8'8

In oreaINSTROMET OREA 'TD8

Insertion ,as meters

E!e*troni* .o!me *orre*tors

)!o" *om$ter systems

Ca!orimeters

&as *2romato,ra$2s

S$er.isory Systems

&as -i!ters

&as $ressre re,!ators

Sa-ety s2t6o-- .a!.es

Te!emeterin,systems

In Ma!aysiaINSTROMET INTERNATIONA'RE&IONA' O))ICE: SOUTH EAST ASIA

E!e*troni* meterin, an+ *ontro!systems

In t2eNet2er!an+s

INSTROMET B88

Ca!i#ration an+ test insta!!ations

InNi,eriaINSTROMET ?EST A)RICA B88

Com$!ete ,as measrement an+ *ontro!stations

In Po!an+ Commissionin,: ser.i*in,: trainin, an+ *ons!tin,

INSTROMET PO'SA

In Port,a!INSTROMET PORTU&A' 'DA8

In S$ainINSTROMET ACUSTER S8'8

In S"iter!an+INSTROMET A&8

In t2e UINSTROMET U

In t2e U9raineINSTROMET URAINE 'TD8

In t2e USAINSTROMET INC8

INSTROMET 2as a,ents an+ re$resentati.es "or!+"i+e8

YOUR SA'ES O))ICE OR REPRESENTATI4EB

For your nearest sales officeor representatiepleasecontact! INSTRO"ETINTERNATIONALRi#$%a$erlaan & ' B'(&)* ESSEN ' BELGIU"

Tel! +,( , -.** .** ' Fa/ ! +,( , --.-&0*E'%ail!sales1inst ro%et23e4e3'pa5e!6ttp!7788 82inst ro%et2co%

INSTROMET 2as a *ontinin, $ro,ram o- $ro+*t resear*2 an+ +e.e!o$ment8 Te*2ni*a! s$e*i-i*ations an+ *onstr*tion may *2an,e +e to
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.instromet.com/http://www.instromet.com/http://www.instromet.com/http://www.instromet.com/http://www.instromet.com/mailto:[email protected]


39/39

im$ro.ements8 T2is$#!i*ation ser.es as ,enera! in-ormation on!y: an+ a!!s$e*i-i*ations are s#=e*t to *on-irmation#y INSTROMET8

&as measrement an+ *ontro! e1i$ment

EI Regulator Station Handbook TDC UK.desbloqueado

Documents

Transcript of EI Regulator Station Handbook TDC UK.desbloqueado