EHAP Review Pt. 5 1914 - 1945.
-
Upload
kathlyn-dawson -
Category
Documents
-
view
217 -
download
0
description
Transcript of EHAP Review Pt. 5 1914 - 1945.
1914 - 1945
EHAP Review Pt. 5
World War I (1914-1918)
Immediate Cause: the “Powder Keg” of Balkan Peninsula w/ assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian nationalists
“MAIN” long-term causes:
Militarization (Germany unification)Alliances (Triple Alliance vs. Triple Entente)Imperialism (colonial rivalries)Nationalism (Italy, Ger., Pan-Slavism)
Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, *Italy, & (Turkey)
Triple Entente: Britain, France, & Russia
Crises Leading to War
1905: First Moroccan Crisis: Germany tried to take over Tangiers (Morocco)
1908: Balkan Crisis: both Austria & Serbia wanted to expand in the Balkans
1911: Second Moroccan CrisisBalkan Wars of 1912 & 1913: Greece,
Bulgaria, & Serbia defeat Ottoman TurksJune 28, 1914: in Sarajevo the Archduke killed
by Gavrillo Princip of the Black Hand nationalists
Austrian Ultimatum: Austria blamed Serbian nationalists & demanded the killers…
War
Serbian’s: accepted some of ultimatum, but rejected loss of sovereignty
German Actions: mobilizationRussia?…mobilization July 28, 1914: Ger. invaded Belgium &
Austria declared war on SerbiaEng. & Fr.?…declared war on Ger.Ger. declares war on Russia; Russia declares
war against “Central Powers”
The War
German strategy: Schlieffen Plan (conquer France, then Russia…) failed
brutal trench warfare ensued
Russian losses were enormous: led to the collapse of Czarist Russian in 1917
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1917): Russia out of war
New Methods of Warfare
British naval strength…but Ger. U-boats inflicted great damage in Atlantic
sinking of the Lusitania (entrance of the U.S.)
trench warfaresubsheavy artillery/machine gunspoison gastanks & planes (but ineffective)
War Ends
Allied victory at Battle of Verdun in Fr. turned tide
armistice on Nov. 11, 1918Treaty of Versailles (1919): “Big 4” Lloyd George,
Clemenceau, Orlando, & Wilson controlled conference
League of Nations established Alsace & Lorraine restored to Fr. war reparations paid by Ger. Ger. de-militarization Ger. “war guilt” clause Middle East under “Mandate” control by Eng. & Fr. new countries (ex: Yugoslavia)
New Map of Europe
World War I Casualties
01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000
10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS
1918 Flu Pandemic:
50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died!50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died!
Russian “Communist” Rev.
Czar Nick. II ignored demands from revolution of 1905
WW I dissatisfaction food shortages lack of guns/bullets for soldiersRasputin’s influence on Czarina Alexandra
Revolution of March, 1917
strike in St. Petersburg mutiny by troops dissolved the Duma
Provisional Gov’t takes power (run by Kerensky & Prince Lvov)
Czar Nick. II abdicated (royal family arrested) executed by the Bolshevik party Provisional Gov’t stayed in WW I, despite
demands by Bolsheviks
The Soviets
Soviets: small workers’ councils
most radical Soviet under control of Trotsky
Soviets called for end to war & land reform for peasants & workers
Lenin: active in Marxist party & led the Bolsheviks
Road to Revolution
April 16, 1917: Lenin returns to Russia from exile in a sealed rail car…
Germany did this, believing that he would end Russia’s involvement in WW I
Lenin’s motto: “Peace, Land, & Bread” exactly what peasants wanted to hear…
Civil War: Bolsheviks (Reds) against Provisional Gov’t (Mensheviks; Whites)
The October Revolution
Nov. 6, 1917: Lenin & Trotsky arrested remaining members of Provisional Gov’t
Nov. 7, 1917: Lenin renames Russia the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
1917-1928: enacted Soviet policies (“nationalized” farms &
industries) expected worldwide revolutions power struggle b/ Stalin & Trotsky
Soviets
National Congress
Committees
Politburo
General Secretary of the Communist Party
Leninism
Politburo
The Russian State from 1918 until 1989
Internal Problems
USSR out of WW I, but lost territory to Ger.
5 yr. bloody civil waranarchists & peasants revolted in
countryside
New Economic Policy (NEP)
Lenin’s method of both control & relief limited private farms allowed some peasants to
keep food & sell it gov’t control of heavy industry & trade
Kulaks (traditional farmers) made some profits by NEP
Trotsky wanted them killed many Kulaks starved to death under Stalin
Stalin vs. Trotsky
Lenin died in 1924 (in his will he left USSR to Trotsky)
Trotsky: wanted worldwide revolution Stalin: rebuild USSR
Trotsky exiled (assassinated in 1941)
Stalinist Russia
Great Purges (1934-38): executions, arrests, suicides
Five Year Plans: collectivization of agriculture & heavy industrialization
steel mills, electrical power, cement, railroads, & tractors
run by high-ranking communist party members
“Cult of personality”: eliminate anyone not loyal
"There is a person, there is a problem; there is no person, there is no problem."
Four... Three...
Two... One...
Changing History
Soviet Foreign Policy
initially, Stalin favored “Socialism in one State”…
late 1930’s: stop Hitler & Fascism
post-WWII: spread the revolution (China, Korea, Vietnam, Cuba)
Rise of Totalitarianism
Leftist: Communism Stalin: USSR
Right wing: Fascism Italy: Mussolini Germany: Hitler Spain: Franco
Rise of Mussolini
Italy switched to Allied side in WWI… Italy disappointed w/ Treaty of Versailles
Economy in shambles after warKing Victor Emmanuel III no real powerMussolini organized fasci groups
the “Black Shirts”, a para-military group emerged
fascism: political philosophy of state-controlled military/economy (anti-democratic & anti-communist) uses terror & dictatorial practices
Fascist Italy
1921: Fascists elected to the parliamentOct. 1922: March on Rome: Blackshirts &
discontented Italians marched on Rome demanding new gov’t
King Vic. yielded constitutional authority to Mussolini he created a fascist militia gave himself absolute control*allowed private property
Fascist economy: a corporate state called syndicalism (collective will of the people…)
Fascist Policies
The Lateran Accords: Mussolini neutralized the Catholic Church (1929)
granted Vatican independence for no interference
Foreign Policy: sent troops to help Franco in Spanish Civil War occupied invaded Albania & Ethiopia
Germany After WW I
Nov. 1918: Kaiser Wilhelm ousted & Weimar Republic created Weimar Republic blamed for Treaty of Versailles
Weimar Republic: dominated by the Social Democrats elected 1st Pres. (Ebert) Constitution gave universal suffrage*Chancellor could rule by emergency decree
Crisis in the Weimar Rep.
Opposition from both Communists (Sparticists) & Fascists many moderate political leaders killed
Ger. faced horrible inflation & defaulted on war reparation payments (Fr. occupied the Ruhr)Stab-in-the-back theory by Ludendorff:
claimed gov’t surrendered even though they could have won
Munich Beer Hall Putsch (1923): Hitler & Ludendorff led a coup & were imprisoned
while in jail, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf
Rise of Hitler
Great Depression changed the political climate: Nazi party promised to regain German greatness
Hitler formed SA (Stormtroopers) & offered a meal & a shirt to any man who joined Nazi cause
Nazi had lower class & middle support1930 Reichstag Election: Nazi party gained seats
Nazis began to march in large ralliesElection of 1932: Hindenberg won Presidency
Nazi party gained more seats 1933: Hitler appointed Chancellor
Hitler’s Consolidation of Power
Feb. 1933: Hitler arranged for a Dutchman to burn the Reichstag building
fire blamed on communists Hitler invoked emergency clause of the constitution
Hitler’s Policies: ruled through seizure, terror, & dictatorshippurged dissidents (“Night of the Long Knives”)Gestapo (secret police)1934: took title of “Fuehrer” pulled Ger. out of League of Nations Nuremberg Laws (anti-Semitic)
Nazi Bureaucracy
Goebbels: led the Ministry of Propaganda to spread Nazi ideas
Goering: built air force (Luftwaffe)Rosenberg: spread anti-Semitic and
Aryan supremacy theoriesHess: Chief Secretary who carried out
Nazi policies
Nazi GermanyMilitarization
4 year plans: war materials, food, & Autobahn Gov’t funded research in weapons forced labor, abolition of unions Nazi Youth
Church members persecutedAll non-Aryans barred from office
one-party stateCultural: Kulturkampf spread Nazi ideals
art & music (Wagner) glorified the Nazi mother
Hitler’s Foreign Policy
control Europe through Lebensraum “living space” eastward for German Aryans
led to WW II
Spanish Civil War
Spanish Republic (1931-36): very unstable.
1936: General Franco of the fascist Falange party led a military coup
aided by Hitler & Mussolini
Inter-war England
Eng. a “joyless victor” of WW I: economic crises (Great Depression, inflation, &
unemployment) political instability (Ireland & colonial problems) Conservative Party & Labor Party disagreements rise of fascism
“Problem of Ireland”: hatred between Ulster in N. Ireland (Protestant & pro-British) & the rest of Ireland (Catholic & pro-independence)
Sinn Fein pushed for Irish independence (terrorism) Ireland broke away in 1930’s (except for Ulster)
British Mandates & Dominions
Middle East: Egypt: independence from Britain in 1922
British still dominated Suez Canal Iraq: independence from Britain in 1921
British dominated oil fields until 1950’s “Palestine”: promised to both Arabs & Jews by Brits
Canada, Australia, New Zealand, & S. Africa: Statute of Westminster (1931): gave dominions
“Commonwealth” free status
Interwar France
Fr. lost most property, wealth, & pop. in WW I Germans stopped paying war payments 1923: Fr. Invaded the Ruhr (industrial area) 1932: Hoover Moratorium permanently end
payments
Foreign policy: Pres. Poincare made secret pacts to avoid German attack
Maginot Line on border (did not include border w/ Belgium…)
President Briand signed Locarno Pacts (secured borders) & the Kellogg-Briand Pact which outlawed war (1928)
French Political Problems
Unstable government (“Political Turnstile”) political scandals (Stravinsky affair 1933) radical parties appease Hitler or join Popular Front w/USSR?
Leon Blum: Fr. socialist who promoted a popular front gov’t
wanted to intervene in the Spanish civil war & nationalize some industries
“Better Hitler than Blum”: gov’t fell to Daladier’s gov’t
THE ROAD TO WW II
Inter-war yrs. led to WW II: economic: great depression & protective tariffs
failure of the League of Nations: NO power to enforce decisions U.S. did not join 1935: German rearmament
resentment of Versailles by Ger.: war guilt clause war reparations lost land
Appeasement of Hitler
1935: Ger. leaves League of N.1936: Ger. occupation of the Rhineland1938: Anschluss (Ger.-Austrian
unification)1936-39: Ger. & Italian aid to FrancoMarch 1938, Munich Conference: Hitler
given Sudetenland for promise not annex rest of Czechoslovakia
Sept. 1938: Hitler took rest Czech.
War
August 1939: Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (secretly split Poland; Baltic states to USSR)
Sept. 1, 1939: Hitler invaded Poland Allies declared war
June 1940: Fr. fell to Nazis Vichy France created under Marshall Petain
Winter War (1940): USSR vs. FinlandBy early 1942: major victories for Germans &
Japs. U.S. entry & 47 Allied nations joined war effort
Operation Barbarossa
The Russian Front
June 1941: Ger. invaded USSR winter conditions & Russian scorched earth
policy slowed Ger.
June 1942: Battle of Stalingrad turning point in Eastern front Russians now on the offensive
The Teheran Conference: Dec. 1943 “The Big Three” (FDR, Churchill, & Stalin) met to coordinate war plans
90% of Stalingrad destroyed
Mediterranean Front
German Afrika Korps led by General Rommel (the “Desert Fox”)
British defeated Rommel at Battle of El Alamein
General Montgomery (Br.) & Eisenhower (U.S.) took N. Africa in May, 1943
Italy: Allied invasion of Sicily & Italy Italy surrendered & Mussolini
executed
D-Day
June 6, 1944: D-Day Allied invasion of beaches of Normandy, Fr.
Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945): “Big Three” met Final war decisions allowed USSR to liberate Berlin agreed to divide Ger. after war agreed to hold Nuremberg trials
Spring 1945: Allies & entered the RhinelandMay 8, 1945: Victory Europe Day
Russians entered Berlin Ger. surrendered after Hitler committed suicide
The The ““Big ThreeBig Three””Joseph Stalin, F.D.R., & Winston Churchill
The Potsdam Conference
July-August 1945
Big Threecarry out Yalta provisionsde-Nazify & demilitarize Ger.war reparations for Ger.
U.N. flag (HQ in N.Y.C.)