Table of Contents

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Introduction This interactive module presents the theme of

Egypt and the Mummification Process has been prepared for 6th grade students. Its purpose is for students to learn how the ancient Egyptians balanced continuity and change to maintain their civilization. At the same time it will incite you to understand the mummification process employed by Ancient Egyptians to prepare bodies for the tomb.

It emphasizes on the old kingdom also known as the Age of Pyramids. This will help you connect Egyptian religious beliefs with construction techniques used for tombs.

Justification

It is important to prepare students to become diverse in their knowledge about different cultures around the world. Since Ancient Egypt is one of the topics in the sixth grade World History class, it is necessary for students to learn about how certain traditions and/or religious beliefs have impacted society. At the same time, understanding the mummification process in Ancient Egypt will allow students to identify the steps and become more knowledgeable as to why those practices were important to Ancient Egyptians.

Letter to the Student

Dear Student:It is time to go on a new venture to Ancient Egypt.

During this interactive adventure you will learn facts about the Egyptian culture and its mummification process.

It will be an exciting and enjoyable educational experience where you will have the opportunity to acquire new knowledge or build on to what you already know about Ancient Egypt. In it you will find valuable information that will help you understand the topic. This was prepared with you in mind hoping that you can get pleasure from it.

I hope you enjoy our visit to Egypt.

Mrs. Planas

Teacher GuideThe following information serves as a guide about the lesson on Egypt and the Mummification Process. Students will have an opportunity to do the following:

•Have a pre-test to assess their knowledge about the topic•Read about Egypt and the mummification process•See the geographical location of Egypt •Discuss the vocabulary words•Work on several activities to assess understanding of the material. Activity #1: Write facts about Egypt Activity #2: Explain the mummification process in written form Activity #3: List the ways to preserve dead bodies. Activity #4: Put the steps of the mummification process in order.

• A computer with access to the internet will be the only equipment that will be needed in order to complete this lesson. The lesson may take two to three days. In order to achieve the goal of this interactive module it is required to have a computer in the classroom or this lesson should be worked in the computer lab.

Objectives

Goal: To learn about the Egyptian culture and acquire more understanding about the

mummification process.

Terminal Objectives:Upon completion of this Instructional Module, the student will be able to:1. Explain the Mummification Process in Ancient Egypt;2. Examine the connection of Egyptian religious beliefs and tombs.

Enabling Objectives:Given the opportunity to read about Egypt and the MummificationProcess the student will: 1. Answer 7 out of 10 questions correctly;2. List the steps of the Mummification Process;3. Write facts about the Egyptian culture.

Pre-TestThe following is a pre-test that will

help me assess how much you know about the topic you are going to study about. The exercise consists of multiple choice questions. Select the best answer. Try your best!

Are you ready?

Pre-Test

Instructions: Read each question carefully and select the best answer.

1. Egypt is a Middle Eastern country located in

2. A mummy is a

3. Since which Kingdom, the beliefs about eternity with Osiris continued to control religious beliefs among both the dignity and the masses of Egypt.

a. Northeast Africa

b. southwest Africa

c. Northwest Africa

a. famous person

b. Middle kingdom

c. profession

a. Old Kingdom

b. dead body

c. New Kingdom

Pre-Test cont…4. Mummification was a

5. The ___________often caused natural mummification

6. The process of mummification would last often over

7. The scribes role was to

a. short and Cheap process

b. long and costly process

c. simple process

a. cold climate b. tropical climate c. dry, hot climate

a. two months b. five months c. three months

a.recite poems b. oversee the cutting of the body

c.clean

Pre-Test cont…

8. The process of mummification has

9. It is important to remove the organs during the mummification process because they are the first part of the body to

10. The _________________ was the first person to begin the mummification process

You have just completed your pre-test.

b.five stagesa. one stage c. two stages

c. get sick b. get lost a. decompose

a. scribe b.embalmers c. cutter

Pre-Test Answer Key

1). a2.) b3.) b4.) b5.) c6.) a7.) b8.) c 9.) a10.) b

Lesson

•Egypt Information and History

•Definition of mummy

• Introduction to Egyptian Mummification

•Mummification Process in Ancient Egypt

Egypt is a Middle Eastern country located in northeast Africa. It is at the center of the Arab world. The country is defined by desert and the Nile, the longest river on Earth. The Nile flows north out of central Africa, flowing over the waterfalls through Upper (southern) Egypt and Lower (northern) Egypt to the Mediterranean.

Egyptians take pride in their rich heritage and in their descent from what is considered the first great civilization. Some 4,500 years ago Old Kingdom Egypt possessed enough peace and wealth to cultivate a culture.

Egypt Information and History

Egypt Information and History cont..

Definition

A mummy is a dead body whose skin and flesh have been preserved by either intentional or incidental exposure to chemicals, extreme cold, very low humidity, or lack of air when bodies are submerged in bogs.

Vocabulary

dead body skin flesh

chemicals incidental humidity

bogs.

cadaverremains hide tissue bayou swamp

substance compound minor secondary moisture dampness

Introduction to Egyptian Mummification

Egyptians believed that the body was the connection to a spiritual existence in the afterlife. The body was mummified so the spirit could get the basic needs in the afterlife. In case the body was destroyed or damaged, supernatural spells were placed on a sculpture of the deceased so the soul could continue to have their needs met.

Since the Middle Kingdom, the beliefs about eternity with Osiris continued to control religious beliefs among both the dignity and the masses of Egypt. There were changes in the beliefs about the after life and also a change in the burial practices. During the Old Kingdom period, pyramids were often used to keep the pharaoh's body and possessions

Introduction to Egyptian Mummification cont…

Mummification was a long and costly process. A person would need to have a tomb built, collect necessary objects to place in the tomb, and their son or a priest would have to be chosen to bring offering for the sick on a daily basis. In the Old Kingdom, it was a process reserved mainly for the Pharaoh and his top advisors. In the Middle and New Kingdoms, the Egyptians came to believe that the afterlife expanded to the general population. The cost still restricted full procedure to those who were financially well off in the society. For the poor, a low grave near the desert was common. The dry, hot climate often caused natural mummification.

Mummification Process in Ancient Egypt

This procedure was considered unclean, which limited the cutters position in society. The embalmer was a class of priest which would then remove the internal organs and prepare the body. The mummification would take place in a workshop often near the site of the tomb. The process of mummification would last often over two months, approximately 70 days.

Mummification Process in Ancient Egypt cont…

It was reserved for the richest and most powerful in Egyptian. There were three main people who took part in this process; the scribe, the cutter, and the embalmer. The scribes role was to oversee the cutting of the body. The incision was made by the cutter.

Mummification Process in Ancient Egypt cont…

The process of mummification has two stages. First, the embalming of the body. Then, the wrapping and burial of the body.  

Embalming the bodyFirst, his body is taken to the tent known as 'ibu' or the 'place of purification'. There the embalmers wash his body with good-smelling palm wine and rinse it with water from the Nile.

One of the embalmer's men makes a cut in the left side of the body and removes many of the internal organs. It is important to remove these because they are the first part of the body to decompose.

A long hook is used to smash the brain and pull it out through the nose.

The liver, lungs, stomach and intestines are washed and packed in natron which will dry them out. The heart is not taken out of the body because it is the centre of intelligence and feeling and the man will need it in the afterlife

The body is now covered and stuffed with natron which will dry it out. All of the fluids, and rags from the embalming process will be saved and buried along with the body.

After forty days the body is washed again with water from the Nile. Then it is covered with oils to help the skin stay elastic.

The dehydrated internal organs are wrapped in linen and returned to the body. The body is stuffed with dry materials such as sawdust, leaves and linen so that it looks lifelike. Finally the body is covered again with good-smelling oils. It is now ready to be wrapped in linen.

In the past, when the internal organs were removed from a body they were placed in hollow canopic jars. Over many years the embalming practices changed and embalmers began returning internal organs to bodies after the organs had been dried in natron. However, solid wood or stone canopic jars were still buried with the mummy to symbolically protect the internal organs.

The body has been cleaned, dried and rubbed with good-smelling oils. Now it is ready to be wrapped in linen.

Wrapping the mummy First the head and neck are wrapped with strips of fine linen. Then the fingers and the toes are individually wrapped.

The arms and legs are wrapped separately. Between the layers of wrapping, the embalmers place amulets to protect the body in its journey through the underworld.

A priest reads spells out loud while the mummy is being wrapped. These spells will help ward off evil spirits and help the deceased make the journey to the afterlife.

The arms and legs are tied together. A papyrus scroll with spells from the Book of the Dead is placed between the wrapped hands.

More linen strips are wrapped around the body. At every layer, the bandages are painted with liquid resin that helps to glue the bandages together.

A cloth is wrapped around the body and a picture of the god Osiris is painted on its surface.

Finally, a large cloth is wrapped around the entire mummy. It is attached with strips of linen that run from the top to the bottom of the mummy, and around its middle. A board of painted wood is placed on top of the mummy before the mummy is lowered into its coffin. The first coffin is then put inside a second coffin

The funeral is held for the deceased and his family mourns

his death.

There were three basic ways to preserve dead bodies:

(1)Remove all the body organs except the heart;

(2)Rub the body with special oils;

(3) Wrap the body in linen cloth

Mummification of bodies was originally a natural process in Egypt and elsewhere, where the dryness of the sand in which the body was buried, the heat or coldness of the climate, or the absence of air in the burial helped to produce unintentional or "natural" mummies. These processes have produced mummies not only in Egypt, but in South America, Mexico, the Alps, Central Asia, the Canary Islands, the Aleutian Islands and Alaska.

An Overview of Mummification in Ancient Egypt

Learning Activities

Learning Activity #1

Learning Activity #2

Learning Activity #3

Learning Activity #4

Learning Activity #1

Based on the information you have read and the class discussion write five

facts associated with Egypt

Fact #1:

Fact #2:

Fact #3:

Fact #4:

Fact #5:

Learning Activity #2

Write one paragraph explaining the Mummification Process.

Learning Activity #3

List the three basic ways to preserve dead bodies

1.

2.

3.

Learning Activity #4

Learning Activities Answer Key

LA #1 Answers vary. A fact can’t be an opinion. It has to be stated on the what you already know or what you read on this lesson. One example is Egypt is at the center of the Arab world.

LA #3: Answers vary

LA #2: (1) Remove all the body organs except the heart; (2) Rub the body with special oils; (3) Wrap the body in linen cloth

Answer Key

Natron was harvested directly as a salt mixture from dry lake beds in ancient Egypt and has been used for thousands of years as a cleaning product for both the home and body

Canopic jars were used by ancient Egyptians, and were commonly made of limestone, pottery, wood, or bronze. These jars were used by ancient Egyptians from the period of the Old Kingdom onwards to store various internal organs removed during the process of mummification.

Post-Test

The following is a post-test that will allow you to demonstrate how much you have learned about the topic. It consists of multiple choice questions. Select the best answer. Try your best!

Are you ready?

Instructions: Read each question carefully and select the best answer.

Post-Test

a. Northeast Africa b. southwest Africa c. Northwest Africa

a. famous person b. dead body c. profession

a. Old Kingdom b. Middle kingdom c. New Kingdom

b. long and costly process a. short and Cheap process

Post-Test cont…

4. Mummification was a

5. The ___________often caused natural mummification

6. The process of mummification would last often over

7. The scribes role was to

a. cold climate b. tropical climate

a. two months b. five months c. three months

a.recite poems b. oversee the cutting of the body

c.clean

c. dry, hot climate

c. simple process

Post-Test cont…

8. The process of mummification has

9. It is important to remove the organs during the mummification process because they are the first part of the body to

10. The _________________ was the first person to begin the mummification process.

You have just completed your post-test.

a. one stage c. two stages b.five stages

a. decompose b. get lost

c. cutter

c. get sick

a. scribe b.embalmers

Post-Test Answer Key

1). a2.) b3.) b4.) b5.) c6.) a7.) b8.) c 9.) a10.) b

Module Evaluation

Our journey through Egypt has ended. Now it’s time for

you to say how much you enjoyed it.

Instructions: The following is an evaluation tool to evaluate the Instructional Module. Read each question and provide an honest response based on your experience with the module. Your opinion and suggestions will help in the modification and improvement of this tool. This is an anonymous evaluation. Therefore, feel free to submit it to your teacher. Thanks for your participation.

Module Evaluation

What do you think about the instructional Module?

What did you enjoy most about the module?

What was the most significant thing you learned from this module?

What would you recommend to make this module a better one?

¡Correct Answer!

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REFERENCES

.

http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/mummification.htm

http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/places/countries/country_egypt.html

http://historylink101.net/egypt_1/religion_mummification_process.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummyhttp://scoop.demarque.com/res/scenarios/1842/images/02-%

Harcourt Brace (2002). USA, Harcourt, Inc

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