egypt (2).ppt

Geographical conditionEgypt’s landscape varies from the strip of a fertile land in the valley of the river Nile, then arid region and finally to a vast desertIn the lower northern part it meets the Mediterranean SeaIn the Eastern part it extends up to Red SeaEgypt has spread its trade through these two Seas to the western and eastern countries

Factors influencing Architecture

Egypt

The Nile, longest, mightiest, life giving river is the conduit of ancient culture and essence of Egypt It’s green valley is the cradle of civilizationHence the Egyptian Pharaohs built their city for the living and the dead along the river NileEgypt is the gift of the Nile

Geographic conditions


Geological conditionRich clay was abundant from the Nile deltaSun-dried brick were usedTo strengthen the clay it was mixed with palm leaves and reedsPapyrus- boats and baskets

Geologic conditions


Fine limestone (Mokattam Hills & Tura)- Construction of PyramidsSandstone (Silsila) Temples and Sarcophagus

Red or grey granite (Aswan)- columns and architravesTemples and tombs – stoneHouses and palaces – unbaked bricksFor Egyptians, tombs- eternal abodeHome – temporary place

Geologic conditions


Architrave – is the lintel or beam that rests on the capitals of the column

Types of constructionBatter or inclinationCorbelling –brick vaultsArch – developed by RomansScaffoldingStone masonry

Geologic conditions


Climatic conditions


Climatic conditionTwo seasons

Spring Summer

Climate – warm and brightDue to the bright sunshine, interiors if the buildings, temples got sufficient light through doors and roof slitsProvision of windows were lessMassive walls – protected the interiors from the intense heat of sun

Climatic conditions


‘hieroglyph ’ Greek origin Sacred carvingExcept for the Nile delta, storm and rain were rare- no need for roof drainage Flat roofs were common-religious ceremonies

Religious conditions


Religious conditionThe mysterious tradition and religious rites were reproduced in their architecture in the forms of

TombsTemplesWorshippers of Gods and heavenly bodies- Sun, Moon, Stars, animals- embodiment of God

Many temples were constructed with pillared courthypostyle halls dark chamber and chapel

Religious conditions


Egyptian Gods- associated in TriadGreat Theban Triad1. Amon (the hidden)• Ra(Sun God)• God of war• God of conquest

2. Mut (His consort)- mother of all3. Khons (their son) – moon godMemphis Triad4. Ptah -a creator5. Sekhmet (His consort)- goddess of war6. Nefertem (their son)

Social conditions


Social conditionEgyptian literature has been preserved on papyrus plant and tabletsHistorical events- templesSocial events – tombsThe Pharaohs employed

Prisoners of war and slaves – agriculture and building constructionPharaohs owned and ruled the whole countryStudied astronomyInvented 365 days calendar- to predict Nile’s flooding


Historical conditionKings of ancient Egypt – PharaohsThe pharaohs consist of 30 dynastiesDynasties 1-10- Ancient kingdom (Pharaoh Menes)

First dynasty king united Upper and lower Egypt ; Memphis, capital cityCivilization progressed, development of hieroglyphMastabas – sun dried bricksGreat pyramids were built at Giza, Abusir and SaqqaraSphinx

Historical conditions


Dynasties 11-23- Middle kingdom Pharaohs shifted their capital to ThebesPyramids – crude bricks in the interior and stone masonry at the outer facingAmenemnat founded the Great temple of Amon at KarnakSenusret erected a large Obelisk at HeliopolisMany open fronted tombs were constructed at Beni Hasan



Rameses was the founder of 19th dynastyHe started the construction of great Hypostyle Hall at Karnak

Dynasties 23-30- New kingdom Instead of pyramids and tombs, building were constructed at the capital ThebesAmenophis built the main part of the temple at Luxor


Egypt

Domestic Architecture

One or two storey height housesLiving hall in the centre- to protect from the fierce heat of the sunTo increase stability, the walls were broad at the base Batter – outside; interior walls will be verticalWalls were crowned with gorge cornice or hollow and roll mouldings

Egypt

Egyptian architecture is a columnar and trabeated (trab- beam) styleTombsTemplesPalacesCenotaphsObelisks

Architectural Characters

Egypt

Tombs

Tomb was an eternal home to EgyptiansThe ancient Egyptians has a strong belief that there was a mysterious kingdom of the dead on the western side were the sun setsHence tombs were built on the west bank of NileThey also believed that the dead man survived in the tombs, and if it is not built for them, a second death would take place and his soul would wander in dark realms

Tombs

1. Mastabas2. Royal pyramids3. Rock cut caves

Tombs

Evolution of Pyramids

Pit Graves

Mastabas

Stepped Pyramid

Pyramid at Meidum

Bent Pyramid

Red pyramid at Dashur

Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu) at Giza,

Evolution of Tombs/ Pyramids


Pit graves

Dead bodies of common and poor people were buried in pit gravesPit graves were more or less desert cemeteriesIt was a heap of sand over the grave, which was held in place by a circle of stone.These pit graves started to grow in size.Soon sun dried bricks were used for construction of walls and timber for roof. This marked the beginning of the construction of Mastabas.


Mastabas

Mastaba is an Arabic word meaning benchRich noblemen were buried in the mastabaEgyptians believed that everyone is born with the Ka-the spirit, and after death the Ka lives in the tomb or his eternal homeThe noble’s dead bodies were buries along with their possessions

JewelsFurnitureCrockeryFooddrinks


Mastabas

Inside the mastaba, a deep chamber was dug into the ground and lined with stone or bricksThe exterior building materials was the sun dried bricksEven as more durable materials of stone came into use, the cheaper and easily available mud bricks were used for all but the most important monumental structures


Mastabas

The mastaba was built with a north-south orientationThis above ground structure had space for a small offering chapel equipped with a false door to which priests and family members brought food and other offerings for the soul of the deceasedA second hidden chamber called a "serdab", Arabic word-“cellar,”It houses a statue of the deceased that was hidden within the masonry.walls of the serdab have small openings at the ceiling height

Mastabas

First Dynasty

a broad pit in underground with wooden roof on wooden or brick pillarscovered with mud and rubbleheld in place by sloping retaining wallsIt was flat toppedThe elevation had alternate buttress like projections

Plan

Section

Mastabas

First Dynasty

Mastabas

Second & Third dynasty

Stairway MastabasThese mastabas are much deeper than the mastabas found in the 1st dynasty.The burial chamber is cut into the rock.Stairways starts from the north and descend to connect to the passage way.Stone portcullises – They acted as stoppers. These large stone were lowered from top after completion.The recess on the eastern side was used to place offering

Mastabas

Stairway Mastabas



Mastabas

Mastabas

Fourth Dynasty

Shaft MastabasIn these Mastabas the burial chamber was cut deep in the rockThe Stairway was replaced with the shaft.A small chapel was attached to the mastabasA small recess is on the eastern side had

Mastabas

Fifth & Sixth dynasty

Mastaba of TiOffering rooms had become

more elaborateThe entrance is located just

below ground levelThe entrance is through a

portico with 2 columns, which leads to a courtyard

From the courtyard , a narrow corridor connects to two rooms

To the right is the passage which has a false door to Ti´s wife Neferhetpes

Fifth & Sixth dynasties

Mastaba of Ti

The larger of the two rooms holds the most beautiful relief and was used as an offering room

The south wall of this offering hall, there are three small openings through which serdab statue is seen

In the west wall of the offering room, there are two false doors. In front of one of them stands an offering table in alabaster

The north wall has a beautiful relief of Ti overseeing a hippopotamus hunt

Fifth & Sixth dynasties

Mastaba of Ti

Mastabas

Fifth & Sixth dynasty


Stepped pyramids

Stepped Pyramid at Saqakara

Stepped pyramids

Pyramid at Saqakara

The step-pyramid was the first stone building

The site was chosen by DjoserTwo sets of subterranean

galleries, over 130 meters long, located immediately to the South of Djoser's complex

The galleries were located underneath the Western massifs

Stepped pyramids

Pyramid at Saqakara

Stepped pyramids

Pyramid at Saqakara

The step Pyramid complex of Djoser contains

1. Enclosure walls 2. Entrance 3. South court4. Heb-Sed court5. Temple T6. House of south & House

of north7. Mortuary Temples8. Step pyramid

Pyramid at Saqakara

1. Enclosure wallThe Enclosure wall of Djoser's Pyramid-complex was 10.5 meters high

and 16.45 meters long, covering an area of about 15 hectaresOther than the 14 large bastions, there were smaller bastions

protruding from the wall every 4 meters13 out of 14 of them were carved with the stone imitation of a closed

doorThe 14th bastion, located near the South-East corner of the enclosure

wall, contained the actual and only entrance to the complex

Pyramid at Saqakara

2. EntranceThe complex can be entered

through the small and narrow entrance in the South- east corner of the enclosure wall

The entrance is followed by a long colonnaded corridor containing 40 columns

Pyramid at Saqakara

The ceiling of the corridor was carved with the imitation of wooden logs- indicating that the Djoser Complex is a stone version of wooden buildings

The entrance corridor opens into a small hypostyle hall wider than the corridor

Entrance

Pyramid at Saqakara

Four pairs of columns, decorate this court-showing the traces of red paint to bring the color of wood

Entrance

Pyramid at Saqakara

3. South courtis a large, almost rectangular open

area located to the South of the Step Pyramid

The ritual which was

celebrated to rejuvenate the king

Between these two constructions, the king was supposed to perform a ritual run, to show his ability and physical vigor

Almost centered in this court are two stone constructions shaped like our letter B, at some distance from each other and with their rear side facing each other

Pyramid at Saqakara

4. Heb- Sed courtis a long, rectangular and

relatively narrow open court, located between the Entrance Corridor and the House of the South

It can be entered either through a narrow passage that leads north from the entrance

To the West and East, this vast court is flanked by several chapels

There are different types of chapels, each of them preceded by a small court

Pyramid at Saqakara

5. Temple ‘T’At the East side of the South

court, at 60 meters to the North of the Entrance hall, near the passage leading to the Heb-Sed court, there is a small structure called

Temple 'T‘This 'temple' was a

rectangular building with three delicately carved fluted columns connected by supporting walls

Pyramid at Saqakara

6. Houses of the South and Northlocated to the East of the

Step Pyramid, North of the Heb-Sed Court

Each house has it's own courtyard

House of the south has the largest court among the two

Northern house symbolizes Lower-Egypt

Southern house symbolizes Upper-Egypt

Mortuary Temple

7. Mortuary Templehad rooms and chambers

insidenorthern location of the

temple is notable, as in most other, more recent cases a temple or offering chamber was located to the East of the tomb

Mortuary Temple

The Stepped Pyramid

8. PyramidStanding 60 meters high, Djoser's Step Pyramid, the oldest pyramid-like monument built in Egypt, was the centerpiece not only of the Djoser complex but of the entire Saqqara area

Evolution

The Stepped Pyramid

Stage M1Initially, both the shape and the size of Djoser's funerary

monument were a lot more modest: a uniquely square Mastaba

Consisting of a core of local stone encased in an outer layer of limestone

Stage M2When the first stage was completed, the Mastaba was

extended by about 4 meters on each side and a second encasing of fine limestone was added (stage).

This extension, however, was slightly more than half a meter lower than the original Mastaba, M1,

the resulting in a stepped Mastaba (M2)

The Stepped Pyramid

Stage M3This stepped mastaba was enlarged

towards the East only by some 8.5 meters. M3 was a rectangular, stepped mastaba,

with two steps on the East side and one step on the three others.

The Mastaba of stage M3 was extended by some 3 meters on all sides and was converted into a regular, rectangular mastaba, without any steps.

This mastaba became the first step in evolution of “Step-pyramid”

Evolution

The Stepped Pyramid

Evolution

Stage P1 Initially three Mastaba-like

structures were stacked on each other and on the lowest Mastaba, resulting in a 4-stepped pyramid of some 40 meters in height

Stage P2 This structure was largely

extended towards the North and the West, and then towards the South and the East

Two additional steps were then added resulting in the final6-stepped pyramid

The pyramid was completed when it was encased entirely in limestone

The Stepped Pyramid

Evolution

Pyramid at Meidum

The entry to the pyramid is on the north-south axis in about fifteen meters above ground level

It was built by Pharaoh Sneferu ;started by his father Huni, the last king of the 3rd dynasty

The Pyramid at Meidum represents a transition from the Third to the Fourth dynasties and in architecture and from built of large limestone blocks

Pyramid at Meidum

composed of five accretion layers, inclined at an angle of 75° and standing on a square base about 38m on a side, whose outer surfaces were built of carefully dressed limestone blocks

The ramp had a gradient of ten degrees and made it possible to construct the lower half of the pyramid, which composes 88.5 percent the total volume of the pyramid. The gradient on the upper half of the ramp will be higher

Pyramid at Meidum

Bent Pyramid

Bent Pyramid

The Bent Pyramid owes its modern-day name to the fact that the upper half of this pyramid was built with a smaller angle than the lower part, giving it a very characteristic bend

The actual name ‘ The Southern Shining One’ - it was built at the Southern edge of Dashur, was built by Snofru

pyramid has a base length of 188 meters and is 105 meters high

Bent Pyramid

it was begun with a slope of 60 degree

Structural problems, caused mainly by the unstable sandy underground forced the builders to build with a slope of 54°27'44"

Fearing that the pyramid would collapse under its own weight, its slope was lowered to 43°22' somewhere halfway up the building

The internal structure of the Bent Pyramid- two internal structures; with entrances in the North and West sides

Bent Pyramid

From the north, a passage descends down to an antechamber

In order to deal with the downward pressure of the pyramid on this chamber, its roof was made of different courses, with each course projecting more inwards than the course below. This technique is known as corbelling

The burial chamber, also with a corbelled roof, is located above the antechamber

Bent Pyramid

The second entrance, in the West face of the pyramid, leads down via a descending passage to a horizontal corridor which was intended to be blocked by some portcullis slabs

The second burial chamber, behind these portcullises, also has a corbelled roof

It is at a higher level than the first burial chamber

Scaffoldings of cedar beams were intended to give the room some additional support

After they were completed, the two burial chambers were connected by a passage that was cut out through the existing masonry

Red Pyramid

The several structural problems encountered while building the Bent Pyramid at Dashur South, led Sneferu to build another pyramid, at a small distance to the North

Stripped from its limestone casing, this new pyramid has a reddish color, hence its modern-day name, the Red Pyramid

The Red Pyramid was built with a slope of only 43°22‘ Its base length is 220 meters, 32 meters more than the Bent PyramidIts height is the same as the Bent Pyramid in its final state: 105

metersAn inscription found at the base of this pyramid has shown that work

had started somewhere between Sneferu 15th and 30th year

Red Pyramid

1. Entrance

2. Antechamber

3. Antechamber

4. Burial chamber

Red Pyramid

The broader base and lower slope were intended to better spread the mass of this pyramid and thus avoid the structural problems that had temporarily halted works on the Bent Pyramid

The entrance is located high up in the Northern face of the pyramidA descending passage leads down for 62.63 meters to a short

horizontal corridorThis is followed by two almost identical antechambers with corbelled

roofsBoth antechambers measure 3.65 by 8.36 meters and are 12.31

meters highThe burial chamber can only be reached via a short passage which

opens high up in the wall of the second antechamberThe burial chamber measures 4.18 by 8.55 meters. Its corbelled roof

goes up to a height of 14.67 meters. It is located well above ground level, in the core of the pyramid

Red Pyramid

Pyramid of Giza

It is also known as the pyramid of Khufu , the second king of 4th dynasty

It was constructed between 2589B.C 2566B.CIt was constructed in 13 acres of landThis pyramid is built near Cairo for the Cheops Khufu, the second

king 4th dynastyThe pyramidical base measures 230.5m x230.5m and a height of

146.4m. The four faces form roughly equilateral triangles and their sides make

an angle 51 52’From the top to the bottom of the pyramid and till the apex the

stone was coated with gold

Pyramid of Giza

Ground level of the campusThe pyramid is built with limestone and plastered with lime mortar in joints. From the north end entrance is provided at a height of 17m from the

ground through which a small corridor is builtOne corridor descends while the other ascends 21 m above the ground. The

Queens chamber is located hereThe corridor descends at an angle of 26 below the ground was a

subterranean chamber is provided on the central axisAn ascending corridor is constructed nearly at the ground level at an angle

of 30 about 18m long for a height of 21m above the ground which connects to the Queens chamber

It is left incomplete and also closedFrom here the ascending corridor becomes wider into a large passage

known as the Grand gallery

Ground level

Pyramid of Giza

Pyramid of Giza

The Grand gallery contains a passage of 2.1m wide and 2.3m height covered by a corbelled vault in seven courses up to a height of 8.5m

At the end of the grand gallery is the Kings chamber were granite sarcophagus is placed

The Kings chamber is 10.5m long 5.2m wide and 5.8m high

Grand gallery

Pyramid of Giza

The Queens chamber has two air shafts Two narrow shafts, averaging about 20x20cms, that begin in the

north and south walls of the chamber and climb steeply upwardsThese shafts are not entirely straightThe north shaft in the Queens chamber bends after about 17m

Queen’s chamber

Pyramid of Giza

King’s chamber (or) Upper chamberWithin the short passageway between the upper end of the Great

Gallery and the Queens chamber, there is the last plugging block preventing access to the pharaoh’s burial chamber.

It consists of three pink granite monoliths that were originally held vertical by means of ropes and a pulley and then lowered to form a barrier beyond it, in the King’s chamber in the 50th course of masonry

This chamber, which measures 10.54m long, 5.20m wide and 5.80m high, is truly a masterpiece of ancient Egyptian architecture, made entirely of pink granite

It had to be built to resist an enormous amount of pressure

King’s chamber

Pyramid of Giza

Its flat ceiling is composed of nine huge blocks with a combined weight of over 400 tons.

Above it are no less than five, carefully designed relief chambers which were to create an intrusive passageway

King’s chamber

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