Egmont – Royal Institute For International Relations,

EGMONT – Royal EGMONT – Royal Institute for Institute for International International

Relations, BelgiumRelations, BelgiumCentral Africa ProgramCentral Africa Program

Koen Vlassenroot, Steven Van Koen Vlassenroot, Steven Van BockstaelBockstael

EGMONT - Steven Van BockstaelEGMONT - Steven Van Bockstael

Conflict Diamonds: the Kimberley Process Conflict Diamonds: the Kimberley Process as an international, multistakeholder as an international, multistakeholder response.response.

Weak internal controls in artisanal Weak internal controls in artisanal diamond producing countries (eg. Ghana) diamond producing countries (eg. Ghana) threaten integrity and effectivity of the threaten integrity and effectivity of the KPCSKPCS

Moscow Declaration 2005, creation of Moscow Declaration 2005, creation of WGAAPWGAAP

Belgian FPS FA commissioned EGMONT to Belgian FPS FA commissioned EGMONT to study these dynamicsstudy these dynamics


Two objectives:Two objectives:– Strengthen KPCS integrity by improving control Strengthen KPCS integrity by improving control

over informal extraction and tradeover informal extraction and trade– Improve social and economic situation of Improve social and economic situation of

artisanal diamond diggers, miners; encourage artisanal diamond diggers, miners; encourage positive role of ASM in driving rural positive role of ASM in driving rural developmentdevelopment

Cooperation with WGAAP, CASMCooperation with WGAAP, CASM Strenght in combination:two desired Strenght in combination:two desired

outcomes, one set of measuresoutcomes, one set of measures


Research projectResearch project– Existing literatureExisting literature– Newly commissioned field researchNewly commissioned field research

Three phasesThree phases– General researchGeneral research– Critical review of past diamond Critical review of past diamond

development programsdevelopment programs– Validation, conclusionsValidation, conclusions


Current statusCurrent status– Research completedResearch completed– Validation workshop held in Pretoria, 15-Validation workshop held in Pretoria, 15-

16 Sept 0816 Sept 08– Drafting publicationDrafting publication

Official presentation at KP Plenary, Official presentation at KP Plenary, New Delhi (3 november 08), by New Delhi (3 november 08), by Belgian FA ministerBelgian FA minister


Research includes:Research includes:– Geological analysis of Geological analysis of

transborder mining, transborder mining, case study Berbérati-case study Berbérati-Yokadouma-Enyele Yokadouma-Enyele (CAR, RCongo, (CAR, RCongo, Cameroun)Cameroun)

– Anthropological study Anthropological study on how this affects on how this affects communities. The communities. The bana bana Lunda: Lunda: Congolese Congolese artisans in Angola artisans in Angola during civil warduring civil war


State capacity in Africa: key governance State capacity in Africa: key governance issues, challenges, approaches:issues, challenges, approaches:– Monitoring mining and tradingMonitoring mining and trading– Formalising the sectorFormalising the sector– Establishing internal controls (KP)Establishing internal controls (KP)

Study on cooperatives in Brazil, Study on cooperatives in Brazil, Venezuela, GuyanaVenezuela, Guyana– Key factors driving coop development, Key factors driving coop development,

organization and structure, servicesorganization and structure, services– Lessons for African cooperative development?Lessons for African cooperative development?


Significant wage differences between Significant wage differences between African/Latin-American diggersAfrican/Latin-American diggers– Why? Examination of value-chain, price mark-ups as Why? Examination of value-chain, price mark-ups as

diamonds travel their pathsdiamonds travel their paths Diamonds in Mbuji-Mayi (DRC), attention for Diamonds in Mbuji-Mayi (DRC), attention for

grass-roots initiativesgrass-roots initiatives Ghanaian diamond industry: GCD cooperation Ghanaian diamond industry: GCD cooperation

with with galamseygalamsey, smuggling of Ivorian conflict , smuggling of Ivorian conflict diamonds. diamonds.

Interventions in the artisanal diamond secorInterventions in the artisanal diamond secor– PDA/IDMP, Sierra LeonePDA/IDMP, Sierra Leone– D4D, LiberiaD4D, Liberia


KP Moscow Declaration, 2005 KP Moscow Declaration, 2005 RecommendationsRecommendations– Ensuring traceability of production from Ensuring traceability of production from

mine to exportmine to export– Regulating artisanal miningRegulating artisanal mining– Regulating the trade in artisanal miningRegulating the trade in artisanal mining– Tackling illicit cross-border tradeTackling illicit cross-border trade– Encouraging artisans to move into the Encouraging artisans to move into the

formal economy formal economy


Contribution of Egmont to the KPCS and Contribution of Egmont to the KPCS and artisanal diamond miningartisanal diamond mining– Support to the WGAAP in implementing Support to the WGAAP in implementing

Moscow RecommendationsMoscow Recommendations Case studies of different strategiesCase studies of different strategies Evaluation of past interventionsEvaluation of past interventions Lessons learned, reflecting in improved and more Lessons learned, reflecting in improved and more

balanced recommendationsbalanced recommendations– Positive effect of KP requirements on ASM Positive effect of KP requirements on ASM

communitiescommunities Formalization can lead to retaining more money Formalization can lead to retaining more money

inside the country, stimulating developmentinside the country, stimulating development Improves social/eco capital of mining communities, Improves social/eco capital of mining communities,

reducing vulnerability to exploitationreducing vulnerability to exploitation


Contact:Contact:

Steven Van BockstaelSteven Van [email protected]@egmontinstitute.be

mailto:[email protected]

Egmont – Royal Institute For International Relations,

Business

Transcript of Egmont – Royal Institute For International Relations,