EGG TYPE, CLEAVAGE SHAPE TYPE, AND DEVELOPMENT OF ZYGOT
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EGG TYPE, CLEAVAGE SHAPE TYPE, AND
DEVELOPMENT OF ZYGOT
Drh. Herlina Pratiwi
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FERTILISASIPeristiwa bersatunya sel spermatozoa dgn sel
telur (badan kutub 1 hilang) pada mamalia terjadi pada caudal ampulla
tuba fallopii Spermatozoa menembus :
a. Kumulus oophorus (enzim hyaluronidase)b. Zona Pellusida (Zonalisin) reaksi zonac. Vitellin blokade vitellin
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FERTILISASI
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FERTILISASI• Kepala spermatozoa yang masuk ke dalam inti
sel telur pronukleus jantan dan aktivasi sel telur melebur menjadi 1 kelompok memulai pembelahan mitosis 1 sampai menjadi fetus (Embriogenesis-Organogenesis)
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FERTILISASI
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EMBRIOGENESIS• PEMBELAHAN = rangkaian mitosis yang
menghasilkan MORULA (dgn sel anak yg disebut blastomer)
• BLASTULASI = proses pembentukan blastula (blastosol)
• GASTRULASI = proses pembentukan ketiga daun kecambah (ento,ekso,mesoderm)
• NEURULASI = pembentukan susunan saraf
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TIPE SEL TELUR• Kecepatan pembelahan berbanding terbalik
dengan jumlah yolk • Berdasarkan banyaknya Yolk, maka SEL TELUR
dibagi menjadi beberapa tipe :1. POLYLECITHAL yolk banyak & tertimbun
pada salah satu area (unggas dan reptil) perkembangan zigot di dlm sel telur & lepas dari induk
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TIPE SEL TELUR2. MESOLECITHAL yolk cukup banyak dan
tersebar pada daerah vegetal (amfibi & pisces) sel2 telur keluar dri tubuh induk blm terfertilisasi
3. OLIGOLECITHAL sedikit / tidak ada yolk (mamalia & manusia) perkembangan embrio tergantung pada induk
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TIPE SEL TELUR• Berdasarkan penyebaran yolk dlm sel telur :
1. ISOLECITHAL Yolk tersebar merata (mamalia)2. CENTROLECITHAL yolk terkonsentrasi pada
bagian tengah sel telur (arthropoda)3. TELOLECITHAL yolk berkumpul di salah satu
kutub (unggas)
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TIPE PEMBELAHAN• Berdasarkan tipe sel telur di atas, maka pembelahan
dapat dibedakan atas :a. HOLOBLASTIK seluruh sel telur membelah
1. SEMPURNA (EQUAL) 2 BLASTOMER sama besar (mamalia)
2. TDK SEMPURNA (UNEQUAL) lebih byk pda salah satu kutub, ada makromer n mikromer (katak)
b. MEROBLASTIK mitosis tdk disertai pembagian yolk (kutub animal)
1. DISCOIDAL (aves, reptil)2. SUPERFICIAL (arthropoda)
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BLASTULASI• Terbentuk rongga blastocoel• Berdasar ada tidak rongga, dibedakan atas :– Suloblastula (blastula berongga) katak n
amphioxus– Stercoblastula (tidak berongga) ikan n amfibi
• 2 macam sel pada blastula bertropoblas :a. Sel utama membentuk sel tubuh embriob. Sel tropoblas jembatan penghubung induk-
embrio
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BLASTULASI
• Totipoten kesanggupan blastomer untuk berdiferensiasi secara luas
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GASTRULASI• Proses pembentukan ektoderm, mesoderm,
dan endoderm• Dua macam pergerakan sel :– Epiboli pergerakan sepanjang sumbu anter-
posterior dan meluas ke tepi– Emboli gerakan melekuk ke dalam (involusi-
invaginasi-evaginasi-devergensi-delaminasi,dll)
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NEURULASI• Akhir gastrulasi nerve chord n notochord• PEMBENTUKAN sistem saraf pusat
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PERKEMBANGAN EMBRIO
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UNGGASPEMBELAHAN II (4 SEL)• 2
0 menit post pembelahan I
• Tegak lurus dg bidang pembelahan I
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UNGGASPEMBELAHAN V• A
RAH MELINGKAR
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BLASTULASI
GASTRULASI
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-Terbentuk Somit-Neural Fold-Headfold Dan Tail Fold Terangkat
NEURAL TUBE BERKEMBANG KE ANTERIOR
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• PERKEMBANGAN OTAK (proencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon) mlai 48 jam
• Terbentuk jantung mlai 40 jam
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KATAK• Pembelahan tipe holoblastik, namun lebih
cepat terjadi pada kutub animal daripada vegetal
• Kecepatan perkembangan tergantung suhu lingkungan
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KATAKPEMBELAHAN I
• 2,5 jam post fertilisasi
• Vertikal dri animal-vegetal
PEMBELAHAN II
• 3,5 jam post fertilisasi
• Vertikal,tegak lurus pembelahan I
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KATAKPembelahan IV vertikal
Terus terjadi sampai 16 jam post fertilisasi blastula yg mengandung blastocoel (cairan)
blastula gastrula neurulasi
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ORGANOGENESIS
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AMPHIOXUS• Kutub vegetatif invaginasimenghilangkan
rongga blastula dan bertemu dengan lapisan blastomer yang berada di kutub anima.
• Mitosis berjalan terus diikuti dengan terjadinya pelentikan sel-sel dari luar ke dalam melalui tepi blastoporus involusi ectoderm dan endoderm(Ektoderem membungkus embrio melalui proses epiboli)
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AMPHIOXUSNeural plate berinvaginasi ectoderm epidermis
mulai melipat dan bergerak melingkupi di dorso mediannya yang mulai berlangsung sejak dari bibir dorsal blastophore
Pelingkupan ectoderm sehingga menutupi bumbung neural di dorsal, berlangsung terus dari posterior ke anterior. Sehingga hanya ada satu neurophore terbentuk pada amphioxus, yakni yang anterior
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TERIMA KASIH