EGEE 102 – Energy Conservation And Environmental Protection

EGEE 102 – Energy Conservation And Environmental Protection

Non-Renewable FuelsEnvironmental Impact

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US Energy Consumption by Source (1999)

Nuclear8%

Natural Gas23%

Petroleum38%

Coal23%

15

44

49

1

WindHydroelectricBiomassGeothermalSolar

Renewables , 8%

All Energy Sources 96.7 QUADSRenewables 7.2 QUADS

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Non Renewable Fuels

• Coal• Petroleum• Natural Gas• Nuclear Fission

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World Coal Consumption

• World coal consumption is projected to increase from 5.3 billion tons in 1997 to 7.6 billion tons in 2020.

• US annual coal consumption is approximately 1 billion tons

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Coal Reserves (M metric tons)

Africa, 67.7

Far East

and

Oceania,

322.2

C & S.

America,

23.7

North

America,

286.6

W. Europe,

99.6E. Europe

& FSU,

288.3Middle

East, 0.2

Source: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/iea/table82.html

US – 275.5World -1088.6

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Coal Analyses

• Proximate Analysis• Ultimate Analysis• Calorific Value

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Proximate Analysis

• Moisture• Volatile Matter• Ash• Fixed Carbon (obtained by

difference)

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Ultimate Analysis(elemental composition)Carbon 60 -

96%

Hydrogen 2 - 6%

Nitrogen 1-2%

Sulfur 0.5 - 5%

Oxygen 1 - 30%

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Calorific Value (Heating Value)

• Heating or Calorific Value is the amount of heat released when a unit mass of fuel is burned (Btu/lb. or cal/g)

• Calorific value has implications for pollution measurements such as SO2 whose emissions are calculated on a lb per million Btu basis


Coal Ranks

• There are 4 general ranks for coals:• Lignite low rank• Subbituminous• Bituminous• Anthracite High rank


Reserves to Production Ratio (R/P Ratio) World 1173 G Tons / 4.33 G Tons/y

= 271 YearsUSA 277 G Tons/0.99 G Tons/y

= 280 Years

Lifetime (of a resource) = Reserves Annual Use

Note: Reserves are likely to increase as well as decrease, usage is also expected to change

Coal’s Future


Petroleum

• Naturally occurring liquid containing a complex mixture of hydrocarbons (molecules made of C and H atoms)

• Also contains few compounds containing N, S, and O atoms


Petroleum Composition

Element Range (wt%)

Carbon 85-90%

Hydrogen 9-15%

Nitrogen 0-0.1%

Sulfur ppm- 4%

Oxygen ppm


Crude Oil Reserves (B bbls)

Middle East, 675.6

Africa, 74.9

Far East and Oceania, 44

W. Europe, 18.8

S. and Central

America, 89.5

North America, 55.1

E Europe & FSU, 58.9

Source: www.bp.com

US – 21.8World – 1,016


Production and Consumption (mn bbls/day)BP Amoco Statistical Review of World Energy 2000 (http://www.bp.com)

• World• Production – 73

• United States• Production – 9.2• Consumption – 18.9


One Barrel of Oil (42 US gallons) produces …

• Gasoline (19.5 Gallons) • Distillate Fuel Oil (9.2) • Kerosene (4.1) • Residual Fuel Oil (2.3)• Lubricating Oil, Asphalt, Wax (2) • Petrochemicals for plastics and

polymers (2) • Total Yield: 44.4 gallons


How long can we depend on Petroleum?

• World = 1016,000 million barrels/73 million bbls/day = 13,967 days= 38.1 years

US = 21,800 million bbls/18.9 million bbls/day = 1,153 days or 3.16 years

if we keep importing at the current rate = 21,800 million bbls/9.3 million bbls/day = 2,344 days or 6.4 years


Natural GasWHAT IS IT?• Principally methane, CH4, with some

ethane (C2H6) and propane (C3H8), and impurities such as CO2, H2S, and N2.

CALORIFIC VALUE• Approximately 1,000 Btu/cu.ft (22,500

Btu/lb)


Natural Gas Types

• WET- contains HCS other than Methane and ethane

• SOUR- contains H 2S,which is highly undesirable due to corrosion, and SO2 formation upon combustion.


Reserves (Trillion Cu. Ft)

Far East and Oceania, 375.4

Africa, 409.7

C. & S. America, 227.9

North America, 261.3

W. Europe, 159.5

E. Europe and FSU, 1947.6

Middle East, 1836.2

US - 167 T Cu. ftWorld - 5210 T cu. ft


• US = 166 T. Cu. Ft / 21.7 T. Cu. Ft per year

(1999) = 7.6 years • World = 5240 T cu. Ft/84.2 T. Cu.ft per year

=62 years

How long can we depend on Natural Gas?


Utilization-CombustionPremium Fuel

• Highest calorific value of any fossil fuel (1,000 Btu/cu. ft. or 24,000 Btu/lb)

• No ash in the fuel - no mess• Easy transportation and no storage

space required• Better combustion efficiency• Less CO2 emissions compared to oil

and coal for the same heat release


Composition Heating ValueCoal CH 0.8 13,000 Btu/lbOil CH2 20,000 Btu/lbNatural Gas CH4 22,000 Btu/lbAll also contain oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen etc.1 gal of Petroleum = 10 lb of Coal = 150 cu.ft Gas

Comparison of Fossil Fuels


Cost of Energy/MMBtu for oil

• Price of oil is usually given in $ / barrel

• If the price is $22/barrel• One Barrel of oil has 5,800,000 Btu

MMBtu

Barrelx

BarrelMMBtuperCost

8.5

1

1

22$


Cost of Energy per MMBtu- Natural gas• Usually price is given as $/1,000

Cu. Ft• Say $7.44/1000Cu. Ft (PA)• Energy Content 1,000 Btu/Cu. Ft

MMBtu

Btux

Btu

ftCuonex

FtCuMMBtuperCost

610

000,1

.

.1000

44.7$


Cost of Energy- $/Million Btu

• Price is given in $/ton. Approximate average price is $33.26/ton in PA

• Calorific value = 13,000 Btu/lb or 20.77 million BTUs/ton


US Energy use and Environmental Consequences

Fossil Fuels

Combustion

CarbonHydrogenNitrogenSulfurOxygen

CO2

CO

SO2

NOx

Emissions

Particulate MatterPM10

PM2.5

NH3


US Air Emissions, Mtons (1999)

Gas Emissions

Carbon Dioxide 1,520

Carbon Monoxide 97.4

Lead 4.1

NOx 25.4

SO2 18.8

Particulate Matter 23.7


Greenhouse Gas Emissions


Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

• Nitrogen oxides, like hydrocarbons, are precursors to the formation of ground level ozone and thereby to photochemical smog

• Precursors to the formation of acid rain

• Long-term exposures to NO2 may lead to increased susceptibility to respiratory infection and may cause permanent alterations in the lung.


Carbon Monoxide

• Product of incomplete combustion • Reduces the flow of oxygen in the

bloodstream • Particularly dangerous to persons

with heart disease.


Sulfur Dioxide

• High concentrations of SO2 can result in temporary breathing impairment for asthmatic children and adults• in conjunction with high levels of PM, include

respiratory illness, alterations in the lungs’ defenses, and aggravation of existing cardiovascular disease.

• Together, SO2 and NOx are the major precursors to acidic deposition (acid rain)

• major precursor to PM2.5, which is a significant health concern


Particulate Matter

• Health effects • Visibility impairment • Atmospheric deposition • Aesthetic damage


Additional Resources

• http://www.epa.gov/air/aqtrnd00/• http://www.eia.doe.gov• http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/aci

drain/• http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming

/• http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/goo

duphigh/• http://www.epa.gov

/air/concerns/#smog

EGEE 102 – Energy Conservation And Environmental Protection

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