E.g. an IceCube Surfave Veto Array TAXI. Transportable Array for eXtremely large area...
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Transcript of E.g. an IceCube Surfave Veto Array TAXI. Transportable Array for eXtremely large area...
e.g. an IceCube
Surfave Veto Array
TAXI.Transportable Array for eXtremely large area Instrumentation studies
Timo Karg, Rolf NahnhauerDESY
IceCube Collaboration Meeting3 March 2014 in Banff
T. Karg, R. Nahnhauer | TAXI | 3 March 2014 | Page 2
see also our presentation at the Munich meeting:https://events.icecube.wisc.edu/getFile.py/access?contribId=88&sessionId=33&resId=0&materialId=slides&confId=51
TAXI Concept
T. Karg, R. Nahnhauer | TAXI | 3 March 2014 | Page 3
R&Dstation
Sensors Communication
Power SourceReference Detector
T. Karg, R. Nahnhauer | TAXI | 3 March 2014 | Page 4
Idea: Use a simple reference air shower detector for trigger and coarse reconstruction
Si: reference air shower detectors (plastic scintillator)
10
m
First Step: Single Station
sensor
power
DAQ
S2S1
S3
SensorR&D
T. Karg, R. Nahnhauer | TAXI | 3 March 2014 | Page 5
10
0 m
Second Step: Cluster (4 Stations)
power
DAQ
ArrayR&D
T. Karg, R. Nahnhauer | TAXI | 3 March 2014 | Page 6
Requirements
>Highly modular system that allows easy interchange of components R&D environment for different system components with well defined interfaces
> Easy transport and setup: site studies for future projects long term background measurement and monitoring
signal propagation studies (signal speed, attenuation, refraction, …)
>Operation at isolated sites low power, self-sustained power supply
environmental range from Antarctica to hot climate
> Scalability
T. Karg, R. Nahnhauer | TAXI | 3 March 2014 | Page 7
Status: Station 1 Operational
test sensor, here:SALLA antenna(courtesy of Tunka-Rex)
DESY Zeuthen,Mechanical Workshop
reference detectors:1 m2 plastic scintillator,
segmented
Power: cabledComms.: cabled (Ethernet)
In Preparation:Replace off-the-shelf DAQwith low-power,single-board design
T. Karg, R. Nahnhauer | TAXI | 3 March 2014 | Page 8
In Preparation: Reference Detector Readout v2
AERA-trigger
optional, switchablering sampler(waveforms for calibration, debugging)
goal: power consumption < 10 W (w/o ADC)
rel. timing, time-over-thresholdin FPGA (0.5 ns accuracy)
abs. time: GPS(15 ns accuracy; best case)
T. Karg, R. Nahnhauer | TAXI | 3 March 2014 | Page 9
Test-Sensor Readout
> Developed at KIT (IPE, IKP) for the Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA)
> Four digitizers (180 MHz, 12 bit; can be interlaced to 2 × 360 MHz)
> Deep ring buffer (7 seconds for 2 channels @ 180 MHz)
> Powerful FPGA for real-time signal processing
> External trigger from scintillation detector
> Power: < 10 W (including LNAs for radio antenna)
Blo
ck d
iagr
am:
A. S
chm
idt,
PhD
The
sis,
KIT
(20
12)
T. Karg, R. Nahnhauer | TAXI | 3 March 2014 | Page 10
TAXI &IceCube Surface Veto Array
T. Karg, R. Nahnhauer | TAXI | 3 March 2014 | Page 11
Scenario 1: (In-Situ) Characterization of Detection Units
>Use new Detection Units (IceBag, …) as test sensor(would replace radio antenna; minor modifications to analog front-end required)
>Detailed study of the air-shower response of Detection Units In the North and in-situ!
>Reference detectors allow triggering and reconstructionof air showers
Estimate of particle densityand arrival time atDetection Unit
Full Detection Unit response(waveforms) availablevia AERA board
T. Karg, R. Nahnhauer | TAXI | 3 March 2014 | Page 12
Scenario 2: TAXI Electronics As Basis for Veto
> TAXI is modular!
> AERA Board (test-sensor readout) can be removed
> Veto Detection Units replace reference detectors
>Read out leading edge time and time-over-threshold optionally full waveforms via DRS4 at the expense of higher power requirements
> TAXI interface allows usto use different
power supplies
communication modules
synchronization protocols(not yet)
T. Karg, R. Nahnhauer | TAXI | 3 March 2014 | Page 13
Some Thoughts About the Surface Veto
> For “conventional” array: ½ to ⅔ of the cost are cables(M. DuVernois, Munich Coll. Mtg.)
Can we reduce / simplify the cabling?
> Power Tricky at South Pole, some experience from ARA with wind turbines
> Communications Assume ~kHz trigger rates for each Detection Unit; only transmit timestamps
Transmit few kByte / second from each Detection Unit
Receive and buffer few MByte / second at ICL
Wireless comms. seems possible
> Synchronization Assume veto window of 1 µs
GPS receiver at each station (few 10 ns accuracy) feasible
> In case fibers are run:White Rabbit + Gbit Ethernet is an option
Jan, ICRC 2013
T. Karg, R. Nahnhauer | TAXI | 3 March 2014 | Page 14
Summary and Outlook
> TAXI is a modular cluster for research & development on different aspects of arrays, e.g. an IceCube Surface Veto Array
Single station with external air shower trigger:test, characterization, and calibration of sensors / detector units
Four station cluster:development and test of clock synchronization, trigger, communication,and power distribution
easily transportable: in-situ tests and exploration of prospective sites
>One prototype station constructed and successfully taking data
> Timeline Mid 2014: low-power, single-board readout available
End 2014: complete four station array at Zeuthen site
T. Karg, R. Nahnhauer | TAXI | 3 March 2014 | Page 15
Backup Slides
T. Karg, R. Nahnhauer | TAXI | 3 March 2014 | Page 16
Station 1 DAQ
Power supply
VME readout: Raspberry Pi
AERA board
Cable delay for QDC
VME DAQ for Scintillators(QDC + TDC)
Power control via EthernetTemperature + humidity mon.
Trigger board
T. Karg, R. Nahnhauer | TAXI | 3 March 2014 | Page 17
Scintillation Detector
> Input: ± 12 V
>Output: differential,analog PMT signal (8 channels)
combined to 4 segmentsof 50 × 50 cm for readout
optical fiberseach tile read out by 2 sets of fibers
Hamamatsu R 5900-3-M42 × 2 multi-anode PMT
1 m2 tiled plastic scintillator16 tiles, 25 × 25 cm each
T. Karg, R. Nahnhauer | TAXI | 3 March 2014 | Page 18
Reconstructed Directions
Azimuth Elevation
vert
ica
l
ho
rizo
nta
l
Mor
e ho
rizon
tal
even
ts m
issing
Direction of air shower reconstructed from arrival time differences
Sha
dow
ing
effe
ct
by e
xper
imen
tal h
all
(35 days of data)
T. Karg, R. Nahnhauer | TAXI | 3 March 2014 | Page 19
View in the Direction of 270°