EFFULENT TREATMENT PLANT
Transcript of EFFULENT TREATMENT PLANT
International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development-– Volume 4 Issue 4, July- Aug 2021
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ISSN : 2581-7175 ©IJSRED: All Rights are Reserved Page 449
EFFULENT TREATMENT PLANT
ABHISHEK SINGH*, GAURABH PRATIM SARMA**,PRABHATKUMAR PATRO***,
*(Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Email:
**(Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Email:
***(Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Email:
Abstract:Wastewater treatment is a manner used to put off contaminants from wastewater or sewage and
convert it into an effluent that can be again to the water cycle with perfect have an impact on the
environment, or reused for a number function. The cure system takes area in a wastewater therapy plant,
additionally referred to as a Water Resource Recovery Facility or a Sewage Treatment Plant in the case of
home wastewater. Pollutants in wastewater are removed, transformed or damaged down at some point of the
therapy process. The goal of wastewater therapy is to decrease the pollution to much less than maximum
permissible limits to stop the danger to the surroundings and human health. To gain this, wastewater is
accrued and handled in massive plant life earlier than it is authorized to be launched returned into the
environment.
To enforce tariffs and rules on sanitation and wastewater treatment, as nicely as for disposal or reuse of
handled effluents, it is fundamental to understand the cure technologies, which one would be quality tailored
to the current situations of any site, and finally, if the handled wastewater can be disposed of, legally or
reused complying the policies and regulations, in a protected way.
Key Words– Sewage, Treatment Plant,wastewater therapy,policies,enforce tariffs, COD, BOD
Introduction:
Wastewaters are waterborne solids and liquids
delivered into sewers that tackle the misfortunes of
neighbourhood. Wastewater joins deteriorated and
suspended attribute solids, which are "putrescible"
or naturally decomposable. [1] Two everyday
lessons of wastewaters, no longer through and thru
separable, are seen: nearby and mechanical.
Wastewater therapy is a cycle where the solids in
wastewater are most of the way dispensed with and
now not entirely changed by way of rot from
outstandingly many-sided, putrescible, frequent
solids to mineral or decently steady everyday solids.
The integral and helper treatment disposes of the
increased phase of BOD and suspended solids
located in wastewaters. Regardless, in an extending
number of cases, this stage of therapy has wound up
being inadequate to get the tolerant waters or to give
reusable water to current day or perchance nearby
reusing. Thusly, extra cure steps have been delivered
to wastewater treatment flora to oblige further
normal and solids removals or to oblige clearing of
enhancements or maybe risky materials. There have
been a couple of new headways in the water cure
field in the present-day years. Alternatives have
themselves for historical fashion and conventional
water cure structures. [2] Advanced wastewater
medications have end up a district of
overall centre of attention as individuals,
organizations, endeavours, and international
locations adopt a wound at techniques to keep
primary resources available and sensible for use.
Advanced wastewater treatment development,
joined with wastewater decline and water reusing
exercises, offer any longing for transferring back
and possibly finishing, the inevitable loss of usable
water. Film progressions are becoming to the
reusing and reuse of wastewater. [3] Layers can
explicitly disconnect parts over a vast extent of
particle sizes and nuclear burdens. Film
development has end up a decent parcel
advancement over the past decennia. The crucial
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development
pressure of movie improvement is the way that it
works without the extension of synthetic materials,
with for the most section low power use and basic
and especially coordinated affiliation conduction.
This paper covers all giant degree methodologies for
wastewater prescriptions and reuse.
(i)
During the latest 30 years, natural issues about the
compound and natural pollutions of water have
become a critical concern for society, public trained
professionals, and the business. By and large local
and present-day practices produce wastewaters
containing undesirable harmful poisons. In this
particular situation, a steady effort ought to be made
to guarantee water resources. Energy wastewater
treatment techniques incorporate a mix of physical,
engineered, and natural cycles, and assignments to
take out insoluble particles and dissolvable poisons
from effluents. This article gives a framework of
strategies for wastewater treatment and depicts the
focal points and obstructions of available
progressions.
WHAT IS WASTE WATER
• WATER IS THE MOST USED AND
ABUSED PRODUCT.
• BEING A UNIVERSAL SOLVENT, IT
ABSORBS ALL SORTS OF IMPURITIES
– ORGANIC AND INORGANIC
IMPURITIES MAKING IT UNFIT FOR
REUSE, HUMAN OR ANIMAL
CONSUMPTION OR EVEN FOR
AGRICULTURAL USE.
International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development-– Volume 4 Issue
Available at www.ijsred.com
pressure of movie improvement is the way that it
works without the extension of synthetic materials,
with for the most section low power use and basic
nd especially coordinated affiliation conduction.
This paper covers all giant degree methodologies for
During the latest 30 years, natural issues about the
compound and natural pollutions of water have
tical concern for society, public trained
professionals, and the business. By and large local
day practices produce wastewaters
containing undesirable harmful poisons. In this
particular situation, a steady effort ought to be made
water resources. Energy wastewater
treatment techniques incorporate a mix of physical,
engineered, and natural cycles, and assignments to
take out insoluble particles and dissolvable poisons
from effluents. This article gives a framework of
wastewater treatment and depicts the
focal points and obstructions of available
WATER IS THE MOST USED AND
BEING A UNIVERSAL SOLVENT, IT
ABSORBS ALL SORTS OF IMPURITIES
ORGANIC AND INORGANIC
MAKING IT UNFIT FOR
REUSE, HUMAN OR ANIMAL
CONSUMPTION OR EVEN FOR
(ii)
• Wastewater remedy has been evolving at
unique paces alongside with history, in
accordance to the growing attention of
humans in cities and cities. With the
increasing pressures on water resources,
issues on how to locate new assets successful
to assist to attain equilibrium inside demand
and provide arise. [4] In this context, one of
the foremost chances to cope with water
shortage is wastewater reclamation a
reuse.
WHY WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT
IS REQUIRED?
Water is the most precious for survival of humans
and nature.Nature takes long time to degrade/treat
industrial water, often by anaerobic bacteria,
releasing h2s gas and stink. Scientifically
and operated plant is required to remove the
contaminants and make water suitable for
recycling/reuse for horticulture etc.
CONCEPTS OF EFFLUENT TREATMENT
PLANT
1. Lot of water is used in coca cola projects for
manufacturing of the product.
2. Waste water is generated from raw water
purification plant –either chemical sludge from
flocculation process or rejects from ro
3.Main organic load is from cip discharge of
washing of vessels, equipment’s, recycled glass
bottles etc.
4.Rejects from psf, acf, dm plants, cooling tower
blowdown etc.
MAIN CONTAMINANTS AND CONTROL
LIMITS
Volume 4 Issue 4, July- Aug 2021
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Wastewater remedy has been evolving at
unique paces alongside with history, in
accordance to the growing attention of
humans in cities and cities. With the
increasing pressures on water resources,
issues on how to locate new assets successful
to assist to attain equilibrium inside demand
In this context, one of
the foremost chances to cope with water
shortage is wastewater reclamation and
WHY WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT
Water is the most precious for survival of humans
and nature.Nature takes long time to degrade/treat
industrial water, often by anaerobic bacteria,
stink. Scientifically designed
and operated plant is required to remove the
contaminants and make water suitable for
recycling/reuse for horticulture etc.
CONCEPTS OF EFFLUENT TREATMENT
. Lot of water is used in coca cola projects for
ste water is generated from raw water
either chemical sludge from
flocculation process or rejects from ro. plant. [5]
Main organic load is from cip discharge of
washing of vessels, equipment’s, recycled glass
from psf, acf, dm plants, cooling tower
MAIN CONTAMINANTS AND CONTROL
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S.No
. MainPara
meters
Typical
WasteWat
er
Pollution
ControlBoardL
imits
1 PH 4-11 6.5-8.5
2 BOD20°C
5days 600-
800mg/l
<30mg/l
3 COD 1600-
1800mg/l
<250mg/l
4 TotalSuspe
ndedSolids
400-
500mg/l
<100mg/l
S. No Main
Parameters
Typical
waste
water
Pollution
control
board
limits
1 pH 4-11 6.5-8.5
2 BOD
20°C5days
600-800
mg/l
< 30 mg/l
3 COD 1600-1800
mg/l
< 250 mg/l
4 Total
Suspended
Solids
400-500
mg/l
<100mg/l
5 Oil and Grease 50-100
mg/l
<10 mg/l
6 Feed Coliform
Count
50-100 NIL
7 BIO-ASSAY
TEST
- 90%
Survival of
fish after 96
hours
8 Free Residual
Chlorine
- NA
9 Nitrogen - 100mg/l
10 Phosphorous - -
11 DO - -
(iii)
TYPICAL TREATMENT SCHEME & MAIN
UNITS
■All contaminants are removed systematically
easier to difficult in following sequence:
■Incoming drains/pipes: should be either pipes
(rcc/hdpe etc.) or fully covered drains so that dust
does not enter the system
■Drains/pipes should not be very deep w.r.t ground
level so that further units have more effective
volume and easy to maintain. [6]
■Coarse & fine screens: to remove all screenable
particles above 4-5 mm size like straws, plastic caps,
glass pieces, etc. –normally manually cleaned –daily
■Mechanical automatic screens are available but
expensive
■Oil & grease trap: to remove free floating oil by
reducing the water velocity and allowing the free oil
to float up. [7]
■Free oil is removed by automatic belt type oil
skimmers
■Equalisation cum neutralization tanks. [8]
■Ph correction is a must before feeding to further
system
■2 tanks of 12 hours retention time are used, batch
wise, to self-neutraliseph. and add acid/alkali as
desired.
■Stirred by coarse air diffusers to homogenise, stir
and pre-aerate to avoid septicity
■Emergency holding tank: normally empty. to store
discarded product batches to avoid shock loads to
etp
■To be added very gradually to main effluent.
■Primary clariflocculator.
■To remove flocculable solids, fine colloids,
emulsions
■Specially required in fruit drink manufacturing
plants.
International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development
■Flocculants like alum/pe used to precipitate fine
solids.
■Biological process to remove dissolved organic
load
■Mbbr –moving bed bio reactor
■Dense growth of bacteria on polypropylene rings
of high surface area to volume ratio.
■Aeration provided by diffused aeration by network
of twin-lobe blowers, piping network & diffusers.
(iv)
STARTUP PROCEDURE:
■the effluent would be collected in collection sump
from septic tank by gravity.
■transfer the effluent to fab reactor tank for
biological treatment of organic matter present in the
effluent.
■For the first start up, fill up fab tank up to
and then start aeration of effluent with help of twin
lobe blower.
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Flocculants like alum/pe used to precipitate fine
Biological process to remove dissolved organic
Dense growth of bacteria on polypropylene rings
Aeration provided by diffused aeration by network
lobe blowers, piping network & diffusers.
the effluent would be collected in collection sump
transfer the effluent to fab reactor tank for
biological treatment of organic matter present in the
up to 1.3m ht
and then start aeration of effluent with help of twin-
(v)
■The source of bacteria for initiating growth of
micro-organisms is available in sewage hence aerate
the combined effluent continuously for 3
bacterial growth. make up the water level from 1.3m
to 1.6m after 3-4 days. [9] Aerate effluent for 2 more
days for multiplication of bacteria. as water level
reaches full level, pass the aerated effluent through
clarifier for 8-10 hrs. add alum & polyelectrolyte to
flocculate the bio-mass.
■As soon as the mlss count is observed near
mg/l, transfer 50% of settled biomass
to aeration tank and discard the rest for dewatering
through sludge filter bag. wet sludge will dry up
considerably within 4-6 days. dried sludge can be
disposed off as manure.
■The clarified water will be collected in the treated
water collection cum chlorine contact tank, drip
sodium hypochlorite solution
contact tank from where it will be pumped to dual
media filter before discharging for horticulture/to
drain. dual media filter should be back washed once
a day & back washing taken to collection sump.
(vi)
TREATMENT PROCESS:
■Effluent would be transferred to fab reactor at a
controlled rate of 1m3/hr by feed pump. the fab
reactor would be aerated continuously with the help
of twin lobe blower and microporous non clog
diffusers. the completely bio
would flow to lamella clarifier for separation of bio
sludge and treated water. [10]
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he source of bacteria for initiating growth of
organisms is available in sewage hence aerate
the combined effluent continuously for 3-4 days for
bacterial growth. make up the water level from 1.3m
erate effluent for 2 more
days for multiplication of bacteria. as water level
reaches full level, pass the aerated effluent through
10 hrs. add alum & polyelectrolyte to
s soon as the mlss count is observed near 3000
biomass from clarifier
to aeration tank and discard the rest for dewatering
through sludge filter bag. wet sludge will dry up
6 days. dried sludge can be
he clarified water will be collected in the treated
water collection cum chlorine contact tank, drip
sodium hypochlorite solution drops wise into
contact tank from where it will be pumped to dual
media filter before discharging for horticulture/to
ual media filter should be back washed once
a day & back washing taken to collection sump.
ffluent would be transferred to fab reactor at a
controlled rate of 1m3/hr by feed pump. the fab
reactor would be aerated continuously with the help
of twin lobe blower and microporous non clog
diffusers. the completely bio-degraded effluent
lamella clarifier for separation of bio-
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■treated water would be collected in treated water
cum chlorine contact tank. in order to achieve and
maintain the desired level of mlss, the recovered
sludge from secondary clarifier would be recycled
back to fab tank. excess bio-sludge would be
discharged to sludge drying beds. the filtrate from
sludge bag filter would go back to collection sump.
treated water would pass through dual media filter
and discharged for irrigation.
disposal of sludge:
■After sludge bag is full of wet sludge, the bag is
tied with ss wire & stacked near collection sump for
natural drying for 6-7 days. after that sludge cake
can be shaken out of the bag for use as manure or
further composting. bag can be washed & reused.
Operation &Maintenance highlights
■Daily check points
■By record of effluent quantity handled –flow meter
reading
■Preparation of all flocculants and chemicals and
check dosing pumps
■Cleaning of coarse and fine screen.
■Check oil skimmer for proper operation and oil
removal
■Check ph of equalization tanks, every batch.
■Check twin-lobe blowers for proper operation,
current drawn/sound level –clean suction filters
every month
■Check diffuser operation –any burst diffuser to be
replaced.
■Check all main parameters –ph, cod, tss, do, mlss
for untreated, aeration tank and final treated.
■Routine maintenance of all pumps etc.
■Sludge press operation and regular disposal of
sludge.
(vii)
Do’s &Don’ts
s.no do’s don’ts
1 keep the blower
‘on’ 24 hours
never run feed pump
dry
2 sludge level to be
maintained between
2500-3000 ppm. if
sludge level is low
recycle 100%
settled sludge. if
sludge level is high,
partly off load to
sludge bag filter
low sludge level and
high sludge level
both are harmful to
operation
3 handle chemical
dosing carefully
don’t shut gate valve
of air blower in
running condition
4 keep removing
floated froth in fab
reactor tank
manually, as and
when required
don’t use the
dissolving rod of
one chemical tank to
the other chemical
tank
5 keep ph of
collection tank and
fab reactor tank
under constant
check at 7 ph
ensure distribution
of air in fab tank as
per requirement
6 carry out in house
testing of all the
critical parameters
on routine basis
don’t open or close
gate valves for
diffusers suddenly
7 keep stp area clean. don’t stop aeration
even when plant is
in layoff condition
8 do follow the -
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maintenance
schedule, maintain
oil level of blower
& air filter should
be cleared once
every month
9 do maintain
logbook for
electricity and
chemical
consumption
regulate
consumption of
chemical as per dose
optimized for a
particular quality of
effluent
Flow chart of ETP –
Waste water
Bar screen chamber {8 mm and 5 mm}
[Solid and particle are removed]
Oil scammer unit (32 Kl)
[oil remover from water]
Equalizer 1+2 [250 kl/hr]
(HCl Dosing) (65 to 8 pH)
[Poly and alum tank]
Poly electrolyte
Primary Clarifier [ 21 Kl / hr]
Settle down and go to the sludge
Aeration tank [500 kl]
Secondary Declarifier [25Kl /hr]
[settle down MLSS]
[mixed -> mix liquid suspended solid]
[maintain the bacterial growth]
[DAP (Diammonium Phosphate), urea and sugar
added]
Chlorination tank (10 kl)
(chlorine dozing)
Chlorine added for bacterial removal
Dechlorination [10 kl]
(SMBS, dozing) chlorine remove
Fishpond and final tank (2 kl)
Treated water
Feed Pump
Sand filter
Carbon filter
Cartage filter
(viii)
MLSS (Mix Liquid Suspended solid)
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1. Take one Whatman No 1 paper filter and place it
in the oven and then heat at 105 degree Celsius for 1
hr.
2. After one hr keep it in a desiccator for cooling.
3. Weigh in the balance and note the initial weight
as W1.
4. Take 100 ml of aeration tank sample in a
measuring cylinder.
5. Filter the sample in the filter paper thro’ a funnel.
6. Place the filter paper along with the funnel in the
hot air oven and then heat 105degree for 1 hour.
7. Add 25 mL of Conc. Sulphuric acid slowly over
the sides of the flasks. [11] Shake slowly while
adding the acid. After adding the acid, mix the
contents by the shaking the flask slowly.
8. Put two pieces of glass beads.
9. For blank tests, repeat the same procedure from
step 5 ,3,3 but take 20 mL of distilled water instead
of effluent.
10. Keep these three round bottom flasks in the
water sat. set the temp 100 degree Celsius. Allow it
to reflux for 2 hours.
11. Switch off the water bath after 2 hrs rinse the
condenser using distilled water quantity of the
distilled water used for rinse should be the double of
the total mixture taken.
12. Allow it to cool the mixture for some time. Add
2 – 3 drop of ferroan indicator.
13. Titrate against 0.25 N ferrous ammonium
sulphate.
The end point is colour change from bluish green to
reddish brown.
14. Calculate (Chemical Oxygen Demand)
COD of Raw effluent: (Blank – Raw) *8*1000*N)
/2
(ix)
Method – COD Incubator
Equipment: Water bath, refine condenser, measuring
cylinder, Raw water line, pipette, round bottom
flask, glass beads, distilled water.
Reagent – Standardized potassium dichromate
(a25N), refer flowchart for standardization of
ferrous, Ammonium sulphate, standardized Ferrous
Ammonium sulphate, Conc. Sulphuric acid,
Mercuric Sulphate.
Frequency: Once in a day for both raw and treated
effluent.
Procedure:
1.Take three round bottom flasks.
2. Using these round bottomed flasks take raw
effluent, treated effluent and blank for COD analysis
as per the following.
3. To this mixture add 10 ml of Potassium
Dichromate and a pinch of mercuric sulphate and
sulphate mix thoroughly.
After one hour keep it in a desiccator for cooling.
1. Carefully remove the filter paper from the funnel.
2. Weigh the filter paper again in a balance and note
the final weigh as well.
3. Find the mass value using the following formula:
4. Further burn the filter paper for 30 min at temp of
55 degree centigrade then remove it cool use
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desiccators and weigh again the loss in weight is due
to the volatile nature of that much part.
Calculations:
MLSS mg/lit = (W2 – W1) / sample taken * 1000
W1 = 0.9744
W2 = 1.214
MLSS = 1.214 -0.9744 / 100 *1000
= 2.396.
(x)
BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand)
Analysis of BOD by Titrimetric method
Inlet – 10 mL
Outlet – 70mL
Soft water – 70
Add 630 mL distilled water in measuring cylinder
Take a glass bottle and fill full 700 mL
Add Alkaline Iodized (2 mL) manganese sulphate (2
mL)
Sulphuric acid (2mL) and shake it.
Then 200 mL solution in flask
Add 1 mL starch indicator
Then Titrate in sodium thiosulphate solution
White colour in solution
Then stop titration and note down it.
Formula: BOD
Initial OD – Final DO * 1000/10
Analysis of Total Suspended Solid in ETP (TSS)
Equipment – Measuring cylinder, funnel, Whatman
paper, Hot air oven, weighing balance.
Procedure:
1. Take one Whatman 41 filter paper place it in hot
air oven then after 105 degree centigrade for 1
hours.
2. After 1 hr keep it in desiccator for cooling in
room temp.
3. Then weight it in balance and note W1.
4. Take 100 ml inlet / outlet water in cylinder.
5. Filter sample in filter paper thro’ funnel.
6. Place paper along with funnel then hot air oven
heat it 105 degree Celsius for 1 hr.
7. After 1 hr keep it in desiccator for cooling. [12]
8. Then weight in balance of paper and note final
weigh W2.
TSS mg/lit = W2 – W1 / 100 * 1000*1000.
COD of treated effluent = (Blank – Treated) * 8 *
1000 *N)/20
Where N = normality of ferrous ammonium sulphate
solution.
Sample Sample volume
in mL
Distilled water
in mL
Blank 0 20
Raw Effluent 2 18
Treated
Effluent
20 0
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TSS = 1.0020 – 1.0004 /100 * 1000000 = 16.
(xi)
Analysis of Oil and Grease
Purpose: Residual quantity of oil and grease in ETW
oil and grease IE less than 10.
Frequency: Once in a day in one time’
Take 500 ml Effluent treatment water in funnel
Add 25 ml sulphuric acid
25 mL petroleum spirit
Shake until solvent aqueous layer format.
Remove stopper release pressure
Separate the water from funnel and oil layer in 250
mL beaker
Hot air oven at 100 degree Celsius for 1 hr
Cool it in desiccator
After cooling beaker take weight
Formula: -
0 and G (ppm) = B-A *1000 / 5000
OR,
Oil and Grease (ppm) = (B-A) *1000 / Wt. of the
sample taken (ml).
A= Empty beaker weight
B= Beaker with dried oil weigh
Range is –> 5 <– inlet.
(xii)
Analysis MLSS:
Equipment: Measuring cylinder, funnel, Whatman
paper, air oven, weighing balance, aeration sample.
Frequency: Once every 3 hrs.
Procedure:
1. Take Whatman paper and place it hot air oven for
1 hour.
2. After 1 hr place it on desiccator for cooling.
3. Weight it in balance and note.
4. Take 100 ml aeration sample in measuring
cylinder.
5. Filter sample in Funnel paper thro’ funnel.
6. Place paper along with funnel then heat it in oven
at 105 degree Celsius for 1 hr.
7. After 1 hr keep it in desiccator for cooling. [13]
8. Then weight paper in weighing balance W2.
MLSS analysis = W2 – W1 / 100 * 1000 *1000
Phosphate test:
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Water sample 20 ml outlet, blank 20 ml
Add PO4 -1 (5 drops)
Add PO4 – 2(1 pinch
Shaking Solution
And 3 min keep it
Checking the reading
0.34 /3
(RO CIP) ETP
Treated water
Sand filter
Carbon filter
Antiscalent and asembious dozing
Quartz filter (6)
Real filter
Membrane (3)
Outlet tank
Cooling down and chilling plant are used.
Oil and Grease
Formula: -
0 and G (ppm) = B-A *1000 / 5000
OR,
Oil and Grease (ppm) = (B-A) *1000 / Wt. of the
sample taken (ml).
A= Empty beaker weight
B= Beaker with dried oil weigh
Range is –> 5 <– inlet.
pH calibration ETP:
pH 4.00
10.00
7.00
TDS - 12.88 us/cm
1413 us/cm
(xiii)
CONCLUSION
Advantage to the plant could be acknowledged by
additional treatment of the treated gushing by
cleaning and reusing it in the plant. With respect to
previously mentioned ends it tends to be presumed
that this refreshment gushing treatment innovation is
profoundly productive, easy to understand and
creative. Now a days due to pollution control board
it is strictly prohibited to directly release the
untreated water to water bodies. So the need of ETP
is very important in Beverages and Breweries
industry.
References
[1] Thornton. Suppl., 1993
pH maintains
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[2] M. Kleban, Jalca., 2002, 97.
[3] S. Lelissa. Addis University, Ethiopia, 2007.
[4] Organic Chemistry of Sugars, 2006, p 300-500.
[5] Robyt, J.F. Essentials of carbohydrate chemistry.
[6] Journal of Cleaner Production. 2012, 4
[7] Water Science & Technology— WST 57.7
[8]Brewing Science andPractice
[9] Model for Lime Dosage under Water Treatment
Plant,Journal of Scientific and Research
Publications.
[10] Water Qual. Res. J. Canada, 2001, 36, No. 1
[11] Standard techniques for examination of Water
and wastewater
[12] Wastewater Treatment, Imperial College Press,
London, 2006,
[13] Journal of Cleaner Production. 2012.