Efficient Management of Water and Nutrient …...Efficient Management of Water and Nutrient...
Transcript of Efficient Management of Water and Nutrient …...Efficient Management of Water and Nutrient...
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Efficient Management of Water
and Nutrient Resources:
Assessing the Potential for Drip
Irrigation Fertigation
Fred Below, Tryston Beyrer
and Ross Bender Crop Physiology Laboratory
Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign
Fluid Fertilizer Forum, February 16, 2016 Scottsdale, AZ
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Test Your Knowledge of High
Yield Corn and Soybean
• What factor has the biggest
impact on Corn and
Soybean yield each year?
Weather
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Above Average Precipitation during June, 2015
Source: NOAA Midwestern Regional Climate Center
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2015 Illinois Weather Challenges
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Growth Stage at
Application Time Grain Yield
bushels acre–1
No Applied N 140
V2 203
V5 207
V12 208
R2 175
R5 149
Adding 60 lbs of N at Various Growth Stages
LSD 0.05 = 14 Average of two varieties and two years
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Test Your Knowledge of High
Yield Corn
•What is the record corn
yield and what is the corn
yield gap?
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The Corn Yield Gap
• US average corn yield of about
170 bushels per acre
•All 18 National Corn Growers
Contest winners in 2015
exceeded 300 bushels, 5
exceeded 400 bushels
•New World Record of 532.0271
bushels per acre
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High Yield is a Family Affair 2015 National Corn Growers Contest Winners
Randy Dowdy Irrigated 1st, @ 486.2
Bridget Dowdy, Irrigated 2nd @ 477.1
Dustin Dowdy, Irrigated 3rd @ 444.6
Kevin Dowdy, No Till/Strip Till Irrigated 3rd @ 481.1
Michelle Dowdy, A Non- Irrigated 1st @ 348.9
David Hula, No Till/Strip Till Irrigated 1st @ 532.0
Craig Hula, No Till/Strip Till Irrigated 2nd @ 485.4
Jill Justice, A No Till/Strip Till Non-Irrig. 1st @ 368.8
Jay Justice, A No Till/Strip Till Non-Irrig. 2nd @ 360.3
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Strategy for Winning the
Corn Yield Contest
•Feed (better plant nutrition)
and protect a much higher
density of plants of the best
‘racehorse’ hybrids
•Make sure the crop is never
stressed
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Source USDA
Year
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Gra
in Y
ield
(b
u a
cre
-1)
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Pla
nt
Den
sit
y (
acre
-1)
-
16000
18000
20000
22000
24000
26000
28000
30000
32000 U.S. plant density
U.S. average grain yield
How Have Corn Yields Increased?
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Fertility Needs for Corn Based on
Soil Test Data
• Soil test values calibrated to
yield in the 60’s and 70’s
•Do higher plant populations
and more productive
germplasm necessitate better
fertilization strategies for corn?
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High Plant Density = Smaller Roots
Champaign, IL 2012
Normal Population
32,000 plants/acre High Population
45,000 plants/acre
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Corn & Soybean Fertility
Recommendations
• Current = N (for corn) based
on expected yield and P and
K based on soil tests
• Future = Use application and
fertilizer technologies to
supply required crop nutrition
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K Uptake & Partitioning for 230 Bushel Corn
Growth Stage
Po
tassiu
m U
pta
ke (
lb K
2O
ac
-1)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
GDDF
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Perc
en
t (%
) o
f T
ota
l P
ota
ssiu
m
0
25
50
75
100Grain
Tassel, Cob, Husk Leaves
Stalk and Leaf Sheaths
Leaf Blades
E V3 V6 V9 V14 V18 R1 R3 R5 R6
Average of 6 hybrids in Champaign and DeKalb IL in 2010
Agron. J. 105:161-170 (2013)
More than 5
lbs of K2O
per acre per
day for 21
days
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K Uptake & Partitioning for 230 Bushel Corn
Growth Stage
Po
tassiu
m U
pta
ke (
lb K
2O
ac
-1)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
GDDF
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Perc
en
t (%
) o
f T
ota
l P
ota
ssiu
m
0
25
50
75
100Grain
Tassel, Cob, Husk Leaves
Stalk and Leaf Sheaths
Leaf Blades
E V3 V6 V9 V14 V18 R1 R3 R5 R6
Average of 6 hybrids in Champaign and DeKalb IL in 2010
Agron. J. 105:161-170 (2013)
85% of K
uptake before
flowering
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P Uptake & Partitioning for 230 Bushel Corn
Growth Stage
Ph
osp
ho
rus U
pta
ke (
lb P
2O
5 a
c-1
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
GDDF
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Perc
en
t (%
) o
f T
ota
l P
ho
sp
ho
rus
0
25
50
75
100
Grain
Tassel, Cob, Husk Leaves
Stalk and Leaf Sheaths
Leaf Blades
E V3 V6 V9 V14 V18 R1 R3 R5 R6
Average of 6 hybrids in Champaign and DeKalb IL in 2010
Season long uptake
(over 50% during
grain filling),
extensive vegetative
redistribution, and
highest harvest
index
Agron. J. 105:161-170 (2013)
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Days After Planting
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
K U
pta
ke (
lb K
2O
ac
-1)
0
28
56
84
112
140
168
Perc
en
t o
f T
ota
l (%
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Grain
Flowers, Pods
Stem, Petioles
Leaves
Planting V3 V7 R2 R4 R5 R6 R8
Growth Stage
K Uptake & Partitioning for 60 Bushel Soybean
Data averaged across two varieties, two fertility regimes, and
three site-years during 2012 and 2013. Agron. J. 107:563-573 (2015)
Most (50%) K
accumulation is
in the stem and
leaf petioles
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Days After Planting
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
P U
pta
ke (
lb P
2O
5 a
c-1
)
0
8
16
24
32
40
Perc
en
t o
f T
ota
l (%
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Grain
Flowers, Pods
Stem, Petioles
Leaves
Planting V3 V7 R2 R4 R5 R6 R8
Growth Stage
P Uptake & Partitioning for 60 Bushel Soybean
Data averaged across two varieties, two fertility regimes,
and three site-years during 2012 and 2013. Agron. J. 107:563-573 (2015)
Season long
uptake and no
reservoir of P in
the stem and
leaf petioles
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Research Objectives
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Hypothesis for Better Nutrient Use
with Subsurface Drip Irrigation
•Even when water from
irrigation is not needed, we can
increase corn yields by 30
bushels and soybean yields by
5 bushels by better timing
nutrient availability with plant
needs
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University of Illinois SDI System • Five acres of corn
and five acres of
soybean with 48
equally sized
zones
• Zones regulated
for differential
application of
irrigation and
fertigation
• Completed May,
2014
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• Dripperline
spaced every 30”
buried ~14-16”
below ground
• 24 different zones
for each crop
allows for precise
application of
nutrients
according to plant
needs
Innovative Subsurface Drip System
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• Electronic pressure
reducer, flow meters
• NMC-Pro: Controls 64
relays
(zones/injectors/
reducers)
• Three injectors
ranging in capacity
from 0.10 to 10 gal/hr
• Electronic solenoid
and reducers for each
zone
University of Illinois Capabilities
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Nutrient Fertigation in Corn - 2014
• Evaluated four hybrids ranging in
population from 24,000 to 48,000
plants/acre
• Nutrients N, K, and S were fertigated (No
P during 2014) based on known patterns
of nutrient accumulation
• Control Treatment: 180 lbs N/acre at V4
• Fertigated Treatment: Applied (80 – 0 – 70
– 14S) between V6 and R2
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Visual Fertigation Response
All treatments balanced for water. Champaign, 2014.
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Population Irrigated Fertigated Δ
plants acre-1 ------------------- bushels acre-1 -------------------
24,000 174 191 +17*
30,000 182 197 +15*
36,000 181 198 +17*
42,000 175 197 +22*
48,000 176 194 +18*
Average 175 195 +17*
Fertigation Improved Yield Over Base Fertility
* Significantly greater than zero at α=0.10.
•All treatments balanced for water and received base N rate (180 lbs)
•Fertigated treatments received (80-0-70-14S), Champaign, 2014.
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Nutrient Fertigation in Soybean - 2014
• 15 soybean varieties ranging in
maturity group from 2.7 to 4.2
• Nutrients N, K, S were fertigated
(No P in 2014) based on known
patterns of nutrient accumulation
• Fertigated Treatment: Applied (50 –
0 – 76 – 16S) between V4 and R7
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Variety Control Fertigated Δ Variety Control Fertigated Δ
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ bu Ac-1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 62.5 61.7 -0.8 10 64.4 67.8 3.4*
2 61.8 61.1 -0.7 11 58.9 62.9 4.0*
3 66.1 66.3 0.2 12 60.2 64.6 4.4*
4 66.6 67.1 0.6 13 61.2 66.3 5.2*
5 59.6 60.2 0.6 14 57.0 62.5 5.5*
6 61.4 62.1 0.7 15 62.1 68.2 6.1*
7 60.7 62.1 1.4
8 59.3 61.3 2.0
9 63.1 65.6 2.6
Average 0.7 Average 4.8*
Varietal Difference in Response to Fertigated Nutrients
* Significantly different at P ≤ 0.05. Trial conducted at Champaign during 2014
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Nutrient Fertigation in Corn - 2015
• Five hybrids ranging in population from
32,000 to 50,000 plants/acre
• Nutrients N, P, K, S and Zn were fertigated
based on known patterns of nutrient
accumulation
• Control Treatment: 180 lbs N/acre at
planting
• Fertigated Treatment: Applied (113 – 120 –
150 – 12S and 1Zn) between V6 and R5
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Growth
Stage
Application Amount/Cumulative Total*
N P2O5 K2O S Zn
----------------------------------------- lbs acre-1---------------------------------------- oz acre-1
V5&6 7/07 8/08 17/17 2/2 2/2
V7&8 4/11 2/10 8/25 1/3 0/2
V11&12 12/23 0/10 75/100 5/8 6/8
V13&14 6/29 30/40 0/100 0/8 0/8
VT&R1 24/53 20/60 25/125 2/10 2/10
R2&R3 20/73 20/80 15/140 1/11 2/12
R4&R5 40/113 40/120 10/150 1/12 4/16
Nutrient Application Schedule for Fertigation
*In addition to 180 lbs N at planting: Champaign in 2015
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All treatments balanced for water. Champaign, 2015.
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Population Irrigated Fertigated Δ
Plants Ac-1 ------------------- Yield (Bu Ac-1) -------------------
32,000 190 243 +53*
38,000 191 247 +56*
44,000 197 248 +51*
50,000 196 245 +49*
Average 194 246 +52*
Fertigation Improved Yield Over Base
Fertility
* Fertigated significantly greater irrigated at α=0.10.
• All treatments balanced for water and received base N rate (180 lbs).
• Fertigated treatments received (113-120-150-12S-1Zn), Champaign, IL 2015.
• Averaged over five hybrids.
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Hybrid Irrigated Fertigated Δ
------------------- Yield (Bu Ac-1) -------------------
214-45STXRIB 204 238 +34*
7087VT2P 179 248 +69*
DKC61-54 181 225 +44*
DKC64-87 201 257 +56*
N74R-3000GT 204 260 +56*
Average 194 246 +52*
Hybrid Response to Fertigation
* Fertigated significantly greater irrigated at α=0.10.
• All treatments balanced for water and received base N rate (180 lbs).
• Fertigated treatments received (113-120-150-12S-1Zn), Champaign, IL 2015.
• Averaged over four plant populations.
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Nutrient
element Irrigated Fertigated Δ Recovery
------------------- Nutrient (lbs Ac-1) ---------------- %
N 137 210 +73* 65
P2O5 59 89 +30* 25
K2O 130 177 +47* 31
S 12.8 17.4 +4.6* 38
Nutrient Uptake and Fertilizer Recovery
* Fertigated significantly greater irrigated at α=0.10.
• All treatments balanced for water and received base N rate (180 lbs).
• Fertigated treatments received (113-120-150-12S-1Zn), Champaign, IL 2015.
• Average of five hybrids and four plant populations.
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Soybean Growth Response to
Fertigation
Not Fertigated Fertigated
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Treatments to Characterize Soybean Varieties
•17 commercial soybean varieties,
MG 2.5 to 3.9
• Fertigation schedule to provide 75
lbs N, 55 lbs P2O5, 150 lbs K2O, 25
lbs S, and 18 oz Zn
• Foliar protection (Prixor fungicide
and Fastac insecticide) at R3
• Fertigation and Foliar Protection
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Growth
Stage
Application Amount/Cumulative Total
N P2O5 K2O S Zn
lbs acre-1 oz acre-1
V3 25/25 5/5 35/35 3/3 3/3
V7 0/25 10/15 35/70 4/7 3/6
R2 0/25 10/25 35/105 4/11 3/9
R4 0/25 10/35 35/140 5/15 3/12
R5 25/50 10/45 10/150 5/20 3/15
R6 25/75 10/55 0/150 5/25 3/18
Nutrient Application Schedule for Fertigation
Champaign in 2015
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Treatment Average Range
bushels acre-1
Standard 70.5 57 - 80
Foliar Protection 74.7 59 - 83
Fertigation 78.6 68 - 85
Fert. and Foliar 80.6 70 - 89
Soybean Yield Increase from Foliar
Protection and/or Fertigation
For 17 commercial soybean varieties with RMs 2.5 to 3.9
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Variety Standard Foliar Fert. Fert +
Foliar
bushels acre-1
S25-L9 59.3 59.1 70.1 72.7
S28-D3 57.8 67.8 74.8 78.4
S30-V6 67.0 70.9 68.7 69.5
S35-A5 75.6 82.4 83.1 89.0
S37-Z8 72.6 78.9 76.4 80.1
Variety, Foliar Protection and Fertigation
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Conclusions • Yield increases on the order of 50
bushels for corn and 8 bushels for
soybean from fertigation, even
though extra water from irrigation
was not needed
• Hybrid and variety differences in
response to fertigation suggest
opportunities for additional yield
improvement for better nutrient use
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Acknowledgements
• Brad Bandy
• Tryston Beyrer
• Ross Bender
• Brad Bernhard
• Narjara Cantelmo
• Claire Geiger
• Andrew Harmon
• Cole Hendrix
• Brandon Litherland
• Adriano Mastrodomenico
• Katie Parker
• Ellie Raup
• Shelby Mann
• Alvero Santos
• Juliann Seebauer
• Jiying Sun
• Alison Vogel
Personnel
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Acknowledgements
• BASF
• Fluid Fertilizer Foundation
• John Deere
• Mosaic
• Monsanto
• Netafim
• Syngenta
• WinField Solutions
Financial Support
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Very Special Thanks
Fluid Fertilizer Foundation
FFF Research Committee
For more information:
Crop Physiology Laboratory at the
University of Illinois
http://cropphysiology.cropsci.illinois.edu