Effects of THERMAX in Elastomers - Cancarb · Effects of THERMAX in Elastomers ... HARDNESS, SHORE...
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Effects of THERMAX in Elastomers Static Properties of Thermal Black in Elastomers Thermal carbon black is used extensively in the rubber industry due to its low interaction with host compounds. The low surface area combined with low structure allow thermal black to move more easily in an elastomer, minimizing reinforcement and thereby extending the compound without appreciably modifying its physical properties. The more common physical properties of thermal black are as follows: Modulus Modulus is an expression of the force per cross-sectional unit area required to stretch a test piece to a given elongation. It may also be considered as resistance to elongation or stiffness in the vulcanizate. Tensile Strength Tensile strength is defined as the force per cross-sectional unit area applied at the rupture point of the specimen. It is calculated by dividing the applied force at rupture divided by the initial cross-sectional area of the specimen. Elongation Elongation is used to describe the ability of rubber to stretch without breaking. It is more accurate to describe this ability as ultimate elongation; elongation just before the point of rupture. Its value is taken as a percentage of its original length. Hardness Hardness in rubber is defined as the ability to resist indentation. It is expressed as a number referring to the scale on the instrument used for the measurement. All the hardness measurements in this section are on the Shore A scale commonly used for soft rubbers. Tear Resistance Tear resistance in rubber may be described as the resistance to growth of a nick or cut when tension is applied. It is expressed in force per unit length. Compression Set Compression set is the percentage by which a standard specimen fails to return to its original thickness, after being subjected to a standard compressive load or deflection for a fixed period of time.
Transcript of Effects of THERMAX in Elastomers - Cancarb · Effects of THERMAX in Elastomers ... HARDNESS, SHORE...
Effects of THERMAX in Elastomers
Static Properties of Thermal Black in Elastomers Thermal carbon black is used extensively in the rubber industry due to its low interaction with host compounds. The low surface area combined with low structure allow thermal black to move more easily in an elastomer, minimizing reinforcement and thereby extending the compound without appreciably modifying its physical properties. The more common physical properties of thermal black are as follows: Modulus Modulus is an expression of the force per cross-sectional unit area required to stretch a test piece to a given elongation. It may also be considered as resistance to elongation or stiffness in the vulcanizate. Tensile Strength Tensile strength is defined as the force per cross-sectional unit area applied at the rupture point of the specimen. It is calculated by dividing the applied force at rupture divided by the initial cross-sectional area of the specimen. Elongation Elongation is used to describe the ability of rubber to stretch without breaking. It is more accurate to describe this ability as ultimate elongation; elongation just before the point of rupture. Its value is taken as a percentage of its original length. Hardness Hardness in rubber is defined as the ability to resist indentation. It is expressed as a number referring to the scale on the instrument used for the measurement. All the hardness measurements in this section are on the Shore A scale commonly used for soft rubbers. Tear Resistance Tear resistance in rubber may be described as the resistance to growth of a nick or cut when tension is applied. It is expressed in force per unit length. Compression Set Compression set is the percentage by which a standard specimen fails to return to its original thickness, after being subjected to a standard compressive load or deflection for a fixed period of time.
Low Air Permeability Thermal black has the widest particle size range distribution (80-550 nm) of any carbon black. This, coupled with the fact that the particles are essentially spheres, allows it to minimize void spaces at high loadings. In effect, thermal black at high loading creates longer, more tortuous diffusion paths for gas molecules. This makes thermal black ideal for applications such as hoses or inner tubes. Chemical and Heat Resistance The stable and inactive surface of thermal black and its relatively low surface area prevents or reduces its chemical interaction with oils, fuels, fuel additives and oil drilling chemicals. Thermal black also has excellent heat resistance. Many high performance elastomer compounds can incorporate thermal black without degradation of their properties; the resulting compound withstands harsher environments. Electrical Insulation Thermal black has excellent dielectric properties and, when used as a filler, allows various elastomers to retain their high volume resistivity. Its large particle size and low structure are not conducive to the mechanism of semi-conductivity, namely electron tunneling. Styrene butadiene rubber insulating materials use thermal black, as do neoprene automotive wire compounds and plugs. One of the largest uses of thermal black is in cross-linked polyethylene power cables; thermal black not only helps to extend the compound, maintain dielectric properties and reduce the nerve of the polymer, but also provides ultra-violet radiation protection and flame retardancy. Highly Extended Compounds Since thermal black does not seriously degrade inherent rubber properties, it can often be compounded at very high loading levels. In the following charts, the various physical properties illustrated show the least amount of change in properties versus loading of thermal black. This practice of high loading can also reduce overall compound costs. Neoprene mechanical rubber goods quite often contain 100-200 parts per hundred of thermal black. In many rubber applications, thermal black is combined with a more reinforcing carbon black such as N330, N550, N660 or N762. By adding a thermal black, the dynamic properties of an already reinforced rubber compound can be enhanced. To a limited extent thermal black is used as a colorant in rubber and plastics. Its low surface area provides a blue-gray tone to such plastics as polyvinyl chloride, ABS, polypropylene and silicone.
The following charts illustrate the effects of thermal carbon black N990 on several physical properties of butyl rubber (Figure 1a-1g), EPDM (Figure 2a-2k), natural rubber (Figure 3a-3g), chloroprene rubber (Figure 4a-4g), nitrile rubber (Figure 5a-5l), polyacrylate rubber (Figure 6a-6h) and styrene butadiene rubber (Figure 7a-7g).
Figure 1a Effects of N990 in Butyl Rubber* – compression set
75 100 125 1500
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
CO
MP
RE
SS
ION
SE
T (
%)*
*
N990 LOADING (phr)Source - R.T. VanderbiltFormula-See Appendix I
* - Butyl 268** - 70h @ 100 C
Figure 1b Effects of N990 in Butyl Rubber* – hardness
75 100 125 1500
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
HA
RD
NE
SS
, S
HO
RE
A (
pta
)
N990 LOADING (phr)
Unaged Aged 96h/150 C, Air
Source - R.T. VanderbiltFormula-See Appendix I * - Butyl 268
Figure 1c Effects of N990 in Butyl Rubber* – resilience
75 100 125 1500
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
LU
PK
E R
EB
OU
ND
(%
)
N990 LOADING (phr)Source - R.T. VanderbiltFormula-See Appendix I * - Butyl 268
Figure 1d Effects of N990 in Butyl Rubber* – tear strength
75 100 125 1500
5
10
15
20
25
30
TE
AR
ST
RE
NG
TH
(kN
/m)
N990 LOADING (phr)Source - R.T. VanderbiltFormula-See Appendix I * - Butyl 268
Figure 1e Effects of N990 in Butyl Rubber* – tensile properties
75 100 125 150
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
ST
RE
SS
(M
Pa
)
N990 LOADING (phr)
Modulus @ 300% Tensile Strength
Source - R.T. VanderbiltFormula-See Appendix I * - Butyl 268
Figure 1f Effects of N990 in Butyl Rubber* – tensile strength
75 100 125 1500
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
TE
NS
ILE
ST
RE
NG
TH
(M
Pa)
N990 LOADING (phr)
Unaged Aged 96h/150 C
Source - R.T. VanderbiltFormula-See Appendix I * - Butyl 268
Figure 1g Effects of N990 in Butyl Rubber* – ultimate elongation
75 100 125 1500
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
EL
ON
GA
TIO
N (
%)
N990 LOADING (phr)
Unaged Aged 96h/150 C, Air
Source - R.T. VanderbiltFormula-See Appendix I * - Butyl 268
Figure 2a Effects of N990 in EPDM Rubber* – compression set
100 150 200 2500
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
CO
MP
RE
SS
ION
SE
T (
%)
N990 LOADING (phr)
Source - CancarbFormula-See Appendix II
* - NORDEL 1070After 22h @ 70 C
Figure 2b Effects of N990 in EPDM Rubber* – hardness
100 150 200 2500
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
HA
RD
NE
SS
, S
HO
RE
A
N990 LOADING (phr)
Unaged Aged 168h/100 C, Air
Source - CancarbFormula-See Appendix II * - NORDEL 1070
Figure 2c Effects of N990 in EPDM Rubber* – resilience
100 150 200 2500
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
RE
BO
UN
D (
%)
N990 LOADING (phr)
0 C 23 C 100 C
Source - CancarbFormula-See Appendix II * - NORDEL 1070
Figure 2d Effects of N990 in EPDM Rubber* – tensile properties
100 150 200 2500
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
ST
RE
SS
(M
Pa)
N990 LOADING (phr)
100% Modulus 200% Modulus 300% Modulus Tensile Strength
Source - CancarbFormula-See Appendix II * - NORDEL 1070
Figure 2e Effects of N990 in EPDM Rubber* – tear strength
100 150 200 2500
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
TE
AR
ST
RE
NG
TH
, D
IE C
(kN
/m)
N990 LOADING (phr)Source - CancarbFormula-See Appendix II * - NORDEL 1070
Figure 2f Effects of N990 in EPDM Rubber* – tensile strength
100 150 200 2500
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
ST
RE
SS
(M
Pa)*
*
N990 LOADING (phr)
Tensile Strength Aged Tensile Strength
Source - CancarbFormula-See Appendix II
* - NORDEL 1070** - Aged in Air, 188h @ 150 C
Figure 2g Effects of N990 in EPDM Rubber* – ultimate elongation
100 150 200 2500
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
UL
TIM
AT
E E
LO
NG
AT
ION
(%
)**
N990 LOADING (phr)
Unaged Aged elongation
Source - CancarbFormula-See Appendix II
* - NORDEL 1070** - Aged in AIr, 188h @ 150 C
Figure 2h Effects of N990 in EPDM Rubber* – elastic modulus
100 150 200 2500
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
EL
AS
TIC
MO
DU
LU
S (
MP
a)
N990 LOADING (phr)
E' @ 0 C E' @ 25 C E' @ 100 C
Source - CancarbFormula - See Appendix II* - NORDEL 1070
Figure 2i Effects of N990 in EPDM Rubber* – viscous modulus
100 150 200 2500
2
4
6
8
10
12
VIS
CO
US
MO
DU
LU
S (
MP
a)
N990 LOADING (phr)
E' @ 0 C E' @ 25 C E' @ 100 C
Source - CancarbFormula - See Appendix II* - NORDEL 1070
Figure 2j Effects of N990 in EPDM Rubber* – tan delta
100 150 200 2500
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
TA
N D
EL
TA
N990 LOADING (phr)
Tan d @ 0 C Tan d @ 25 C Tan d @ 100 C
Source - CancarbFormula - See Appendix I * - NORDEL 1070
Figure 2k Effects of N990 in EPDM Rubber* – FATIGUE
100 150 200 2500
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
HE
AT
RIS
E (
C)
N990 LOADING (phr)
* - NORDEL 1070 Source - CancarbFormula - See Appendix II
Figure 3a Effects of N990 in Natural Rubber* – compression set
50 100 150 2000
5
10
15
20
25
30
CO
MP
RE
SS
ION
SE
T (
%)
N990 LOADING (phr)Source - R.T. V anderbiltFormula-See Appendix I * - SMR-5
Figure 3b Effects of N990 in Natural Rubber* – hardness
50 100 150 2000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
HA
RD
NE
SS
, S
HO
RE
A (
pta
)
N990 LOADING (phr)Unaged Aged 48h/100 C, Air
Source - R.T. VanderbiltFormula-See Appendix I * - SMR-5
Figure 3c Effects of N990 in Natural Rubber* – resilience
50 100 150 2000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
LU
PK
E R
EB
OU
ND
(%
)
N990 LOADING (phr)Source - R.T. VanderbiltFormula-See Appendix I * - SMR-5
Figure 3d Effects of N990 in Natural Rubber* – Tear strength
50 100 150 2000
10
20
30
40
50
TE
AR
ST
RE
NG
TH
(kN
/m)
N990 LOADING (phr)Source - R.T. VanderbiltFormula-See Appendix I
* - SMR-5
60
Figure 3e Effects of N990 in Natural Rubber* – tensile properties
50 100 150 2000
5
10
15
20
25S
TR
ES
S (
MP
a)
N990 LOADING (phr)
Modulus @ 300% Elongation Tensile Strength
Source - R.T. VanderbiltFormula-See Appendix I * - SMR-5
Figure 3f Effects of N990 in Natural Rubber* – tensile strength
50 100 150 2000
5
10
15
20
25
TE
NS
ILE
ST
RE
NG
TH
(M
Pa
)
N990 LOADING (phr)Unaged Aged 48h/100 C
Source - R.T. VanderbiltFormula-See Appendix I * - SMR-5
Figure 3g Effects of N990 in Natural Rubber* – ultimate elongation
50 100 150 2000
100
200
300
400
500
600
700E
LO
NG
AT
ION
(%
)
N990 LOADING (phr)Unaged Aged 48h/100 C, Air
Source - R.T. VanderbiltFormula-See Appendix I * - SMR-5
Figure 4a Effects of N990 in Chloroprene Rubber – compression set
50 100 150 2000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
CO
MP
RE
SS
ION
SE
T (
%)
N990 LOADING (phr)
Source - R.T. VanderbiltFormula-See Appendix I
Figure 4b Effects of N990 in Chloroprene Rubber – hardness
50 100 150 2000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
HA
RD
NE
SS
, S
HO
RE
A (
pta
)
N990 LOADING (phr)
Unaged Aged 168h/121 C, AIr
Source - R.T. VanderbiltFormula-See Appendix I
Figure 4c Effects of N990 in Chloroprene Rubber – resilience
50 100 150 2000
10
20
30
40
50
60
LU
PK
E R
EB
OU
ND
(%
)
N990 LOADING (phr)Source - R.T. VanderbiltFormula-See Appendix I
Figure 4d Effects of N990 in Chloroprene Rubber – tear strength
50 100 150 2000
10
20
30
40
50
60
TE
AR
ST
RE
NG
TH
(kN
/m)
N990 LOADING (phr)Source - R.T. VanderbiltFormula-See Appendix I
Figure 4e Effects of N990 in Chloroprene Rubber – tensile properties
50 100 150 2000
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
ST
RE
SS
(M
Pa
)
N990 LOADING (phr)
Modulus @ 200% Elongation Tensile Strength
Source - R.T. VanderbiltFormula-See Appendix I
Figure 4f Effects of N990 in Chloroprene Rubber – tensile strength
50 100 150 2000
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
TE
NS
ILE
ST
RE
NG
TH
(M
Pa)
N990 LOADING (phr)Unaged Aged 168h/121 C
Source - R.T. VanderbiltFormula-See Appendix I
Figure 4g Effects of N990 in Chloroprene Rubber – ultimate elongation
50 100 150 2000
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
EL
ON
GA
TIO
N (
%)
N990 LOADING (phr)
Unaged Aged 168h/121 C, Air
Source - R.T. VanderbiltFormula-See Appendix I
Figure 5a Effects of N990 in Nitrile Rubber* – compression set
50 100 150 2000
10
20
30
40
50
60
CO
MP
RE
SS
ION
SE
T (
%)
N990 LOADING (phr)Source - CancarbFormula-See Appendix II * - NIPOL 1042
Figure 5b Effects of N990 in Nitrile Rubber* – hardness
50 100 150 2000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
HA
RD
NE
SS
, S
HO
RE
A (
pta
)
N990 LOADING (phr)
Unaged Aged 168h/100C, ASTM Oil 3
Source - CancarbFormula-See Appendix II * - NIPOL 1042
Figure 5c Effects of N990 in Nitrile Rubber* – resilience
50 100 150 2000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
ZW
ICK
RE
BO
UN
D (
%)
N990 LOADING (phr)
0 C 23 C 100 C
Source - CancarbFormula-See Appendix II * - NIPOL 1042
Figure 5d Effects of N990 in Nitrile Rubber* – tear strength
50 100 150 2000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
TE
AR
ST
RE
NG
TH
, D
IE C
(k
N/m
)
N990 LOADING (phr)
Source - CancarbFormula-See Appendix I I* - NIPOL 1042
Figure 5e Effects of N990 in Nitrile Rubber* – tensile properties
50 100 150 2000
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
ST
RE
SS
(M
Pa
)
N990 LOADING (phr)
100% Modulus 200% Modulus 300% Modulus Tensile strength
Source - CancarbFormula-See Appendix II* - NIPOL 1042
Figure 5f Effects of N990 in Nitrile Rubber* – tensile strength
50 100 150 2000
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
ST
RE
SS
(M
Pa)
N990 LOADING (phr)
Unaged Aged in Oil 3, 188h @ 100 C
Source - CancarbFormula-See Appendix II* - NIPOL 1042
Figure 5g Effects of N990 in Nitrile Rubber* – ultimate elongation
50 100 150 2000
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800U
LT
IMA
TE
ELO
NG
AT
ION
(%
)
N990 LOADING (phr)
Unaged Aged in Oil 3, 168h @ 100 C
Source - CancarbFormula-See Appendix II * - NIPOL 1042
Figure 5h Effects of N990 in Nitrile Rubber* – volume/weight
50 100 150 2000
2
4
6
8
10
12
CH
AN
GE
(%
)
N990 LOADING (phr)Volume Weight
Aged in ASTM Oil 3, 168h @ 100 C* - NIPOL 1042
Source - CancarbFormula-See Appendix II
Figure 5i Effects of N990 in Nitrile Rubber* – elastic modulus
50 100 150 2000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
ELA
ST
IC M
OD
ULU
S (
MP
a)
N990 (phr)
E@0 C E@25 C E@100 C
* - NIPOL 1042 Source - CancarbFormula - See Appendix II
Figure 5j Effects of N990 in Nitrile Rubber* – viscous modulus
50 100 150 2000
5
10
15
20
25
VIS
CO
US
MO
DU
LU
S (
MP
a)
N990 (phr)
E@0 C E@25 C E@100 C
* - NIPOL 1042 Source - CancarbFormula - See Appendix II
Figure 5k Effects of N990 in Nitrile Rubber* – tan delta
50 100 150 200
N990 (phr)
TAN D @ 0 C TAN D @ 25 C TAN D @ 100 C
Source - CancarbFormula - See Appendix I* - NIPOL 1042
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
TA
N D
EL
TA
Figure 5l Effects of N990 in Nitrile Rubber* – FATIGUE
50 100 150 2000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
HE
AT
RIS
E (
C)
N990 LOADING (phr)Source - CancarbFormula - See Appendix II
Goodrich Flexometer @ 55 C* - NIPOL 1042
Figure 6a Effects of N990 in Polyacrylate Rubber* – compression set
50 100 150 2000
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
CO
MP
RE
SS
ION
SE
T (
%)*
*
N990 LOADING (phr)
Source - CancarbFormula-See Appendix II
* - HYTEMP 4051 EP** - 70h @ 100 C
Figure 6b Effects of N990 in Polyacrylate Rubber* – hardness
50 100 150 2000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
HA
RD
NE
SS
, S
HO
RE
A (
pta
)
N990 LOADING (phr)
Unaged Aged 70h/150 C, Oil 3 Aged 168h/175 C, Air
Source - CancarbFormula-See Appendix II * - HYTEMP 4051 EP
Figure 6c Effects of N990 in Polyacrylate Rubber* – resilience
50 100 150 2000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
ZW
ICK
RE
BO
UN
D (
%)
N990 LOADING (phr)
@ 0 C @ 23 C @ 100 CSource - CancarbFormula-See Appendix II * - HYTEMP 4051 EP
Figure 6d Effects of N990 in Polyacrylate Rubber* – tear strength
50 100 150 2000
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
TE
AR
ST
RE
NG
H, D
IE C
(kN
/m)
N990 LOADING (phr)Source - CancarbFormula-See Appendix II * - HYTEMP 4051 EP
Figure 6e Effects of N990 in Polyacrylate Rubber* – tensile properties
50 100 150 2000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
ST
RE
SS
(M
Pa)
N990 LOADING (phr)
100% Modulus Tensile Strength
Source - CancarbSee Appendix II * - HYTEMP 4051 EP
Figure 6f Effects of N990 in Polyacrylate Rubber* – tensile strength
50 100 150 2000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
ST
RE
SS
(M
Pa)
N990 LOADING (phr)Unaged Oil #3, 70h @150 C Air, 168h @ 175 C
* - HYTEMP 4051 EP Source - CancarbSee Appendix II
Figure 6g Effects of N990 in Polyacrylate Rubber* - ultimate elongation
50 100 150 2000
50
100
150
200
250
UL
TIM
AT
E E
LO
NG
AT
ION
(%
)
N990 LOADING (phr)Unaged Oil #3, 70h @ 150 C Air, 168h @175 C
Source - CancarbFormula-See Appendix II * - HYTEMP 4051 EP
Figure 6h Effects of N990 in Polyacrylate Rubber* – volume/weight
50 100 150 2000
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
CH
AN
GE
(%
)**
N990 LOADING (phr)Volume Weight
Source - CancarbFormula-See Appendix II
* - HYTEMP 4051 EP** - Aged in Oil 3, 70h @ 150 C
Figure 7a Effects of N990 in Styrene Butadiene Rubber* – compression set
50 100 150 200
CO
MP
RE
SS
ION
SE
T (
%)
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
*- SBR-1500
N990 LOADING (phr)Source – R.T. VanderbiltFormula – See Appendix I
Figure 7b Effects of N990 in Styrene Butadiene Rubber* – hardness
HA
RD
NE
SS
, S
HO
RE
A (
pta
)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
*- SBR-1500
Unaged
N990 LOADING (phr)
Aged 48h/100 C.AirSource – R.T. VanderbiltFormula – See Appendix I
50 100 150 200
Figure 7c Effects of N990 in Styrene Butadiene Rubber* – resilience
50 100 150 200
N990 LOADING (phr)Source – R.T. VanderbiltFormula – See Appendix I*- SBR-1500
LU
PK
E R
EB
OU
ND
(%
)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Figure 7d Effects of N990 in Styrene Butadiene Rubber* – tear strength
50 100 150 200
*- SBR-1500
N990 LOADING (phr)Source – R.T. VanderbiltFormula – See Appendix I
TE
AR
ST
RE
NG
TH
(kN
/m)
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Figure 7e Effects of N990 in Styrene Butadiene Rubber* – tensile properties
ST
RE
SS
(M
Pa
)
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
*- SBR-1500
Modulas @ 300% elongation
N990 LOADING (phr)
Tensile strengthSource – R.T. VanderbiltFormula – See Appendix I
50 100 150 200
Figure 7f Effects of N990 in Styrene Butadiene Rubber* – tensile strength
*- SBR-1500
Unaged
N990 LOADING (phr)
Aged 48h/100 C.AirSource – R.T. VanderbiltFormula – See Appendix I
50 100 150 200
TE
NS
ILE
ST
RE
NG
TH
(M
Pa
)
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Figure 7g Effects of N990 in Styrene Butadiene Rubber* – ultimate elongation
EL
ON
GA
TIO
N (
%)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
*- SBR-1500
Unaged
N990 LOADING (phr)
Aged 48h/100 C.Air
Source – R.T. VanderbiltFormula – See Appendix I
100 150 50 200
