Fundamentals of Sensation and Perception SPEECH & MUSIC ERIK CHEVRIER NOVEMBER 3RD, 2015.
Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Clays on Mars Patricia Gavin V. Chevrier, K....
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Transcript of Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Clays on Mars Patricia Gavin V. Chevrier, K....
Effects of Impact and Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Heating on the Properties of
Clays on MarsClays on Mars
Patricia Gavin Patricia Gavin
V. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. HasegawaV. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. Hasegawa
IntroductionIntroduction Clays surrounded by Clays surrounded by
lava flows and in crater lava flows and in crater ejectaejecta Heat and shock effectsHeat and shock effects
Possible effects on claysPossible effects on clays Loss of waterLoss of water Structural changeStructural change New phases formedNew phases formed
ExperimentsExperiments Heat in ovenHeat in oven Impact in light gas gunImpact in light gas gun
Poulet et al., 2005 Mangold et al., 2007
Heating experimentsHeating experiments 2 relevant clays2 relevant clays
Montmorillonite (Ca, Al clay)Montmorillonite (Ca, Al clay) Nontronite (FeNontronite (Fe3+3+ clay) clay)
Thermal treatment in tube ovenThermal treatment in tube oven 350350ooC < T < 1150C < T < 1150ooCC 4 hr < t < 24 hr4 hr < t < 24 hr Air and COAir and CO22 atmosphere atmosphere
AnalysisAnalysis XRDXRD ESEMESEM Reflectance spectraReflectance spectra
Color ChangesColor Changes
Nontronite
Untreated Heated
Montmorillonite
Nontronite: Low temperatureNontronite: Low temperature
T < 750T < 750ooC: C: Loss of Loss of interlayer peakinterlayer peak
Collapse of Collapse of structurestructure
Loss of waterLoss of water ~25% mass~25% mass
UntreatedAir, T = 630oCCO2, T = 475oC
Counts/secCounts/sec
0
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80
90
100
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6Wavelength (m)
% R
efl
ec
tan
ce
Nontronite: Low TemperatureNontronite: Low Temperature
Untreated
T = 475oC
T = 630oC
OH band Water band
Metal - OH band
Nontronite: Intermediate Nontronite: Intermediate TemperatureTemperature
800 < T < 800 < T < 10001000ooC: complex C: complex mixture of mixture of secondary secondary phasesphases
Large peaks = Large peaks = nanocrystalline nanocrystalline phasesphases
Solid-solid Solid-solid transformationtransformation no meltingno melting
Counts/sec
Offset by 100 units
Nontronite: High temperatureNontronite: High temperature
Counts/secCounts/sec
T > 1100oC: melting and crystallization of high temperature phases sillimanite hematite cristobalite glass
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1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6Wavelength (m)
% R
efl
ec
tan
ce
Nontronite: Intermediate Nontronite: Intermediate and High Temperatureand High Temperature
Untreated
T = 1130oC
T = 975oC
T = 810oC
Montmorillonite: Low Montmorillonite: Low TemperatureTemperature
T < 750T < 750ooC: C: most peaks most peaks still intactstill intact
More resistant More resistant to thermal to thermal alterationalteration
QuartzQuartz AlbiteAlbite
Untreated
T = 630oC
Offset by 400 units
Counts/secCounts/sec
Montmorillonite: High Montmorillonite: High TemperatureTemperature
T > 1100T > 1100ooC: C: formation of high formation of high temperature temperature phasesphases silimanitesilimanite cristobalitecristobalite micamica amorphous amorphous
glassglass
Counts/secCounts/sec
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1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6Wavelength (m)
% R
efl
ec
tan
ce
Montmorillonite heated in Air Montmorillonite heated in Air
T = 1130oC
T = 630oC
T = 880oC
Untreated
Impact ExperimentsImpact Experiments Same claysSame clays
Montmorillonite (Ca, Al clay)Montmorillonite (Ca, Al clay) Nontronite (FeNontronite (Fe3+3+ clay) clay)
Impact with light gas gunImpact with light gas gun Velocity 2 - 3.3 km/sVelocity 2 - 3.3 km/s SUS projectileSUS projectile
AnalysisAnalysis XRDXRD Reflectance spectraReflectance spectra Autodyne softwareAutodyne software
Max pressure and temperatureMax pressure and temperature
Impacted nontroniteImpacted nontronite
No real changeNo real change All peaks still All peaks still
visiblevisible Interlayer peak Interlayer peak
intactintact Peak intensity Peak intensity
decreasedecrease
Counts/secCounts/sec
v = 2.47km/s
v = 3.27km/s
Offset by 400 units
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1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6Wavelength (m)
% R
efl
ec
tan
ce
Impacted NontroniteImpacted Nontronite
Untreated
v = 2.5 km/s
v = 2.07 km/sv = 2.15 km/s
v = 3.27 km/s
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
10ms time step
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
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100
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6Wavelength (m)
% R
efl
ec
tan
ce
Impacted MontmorilloniteImpacted Montmorillonite
Untreated
v = 2.5 km/s
Clays in Craters on MarsClays in Craters on Mars
Mangold, et al., 2007
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6
Wavelength (m)
% R
efl
ec
tan
ce
Crater Ejecta
Crater Central Peak
Clays in Craters on MarsClays in Craters on Mars
0
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40
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100
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6Wavelength (m)
% R
efl
ec
tan
ce
T = 630oC
T = 475oC
Magnetic PropertiesMagnetic Properties
T < 600T < 600ooC: C: paramagnetic Feparamagnetic Fe3+3+
T > 1000T > 1000ooC: C: Low saturation Low saturation
magnetizationmagnetization High remanent High remanent
magnetizationmagnetization High coercitive fieldHigh coercitive field Similar to hematiteSimilar to hematite
97
98
99
100
-10 -5 0 5 10
Counts A10293aSum Data A10293a
Rest DataSextet 1
Doublet 1
velocity (mm/s)
S1D1
A10293inte
nsi
ty (
%)
Applied Field (T)
Mag
netiz
atio
n (A
m2/k
g)
Magnetic PropertiesMagnetic Properties 800800ooC < T < C < T <
10001000ooC: Wasp-C: Wasp-waistedwaisted Two or more Two or more
components components presentpresent
Multidomain and Multidomain and paramagnetic paramagnetic particlesparticles
Maghemite?Maghemite?
97
98
99
100
-10 -5 0 5 10
Counts A10289c_#6Sum Data
Rest DataSextet 1
Doublet 1Sextet 3
inte
nsi
ty (
%)
velocity (mm/s)
A10289c, #6
S1
D1hem.
Applied Field (T)
Mag
netiz
atio
n (A
m2/k
g)
95
96
97
98
99
100
-10 -5 0 5 10
Counts A10291cSum Data A10291c
Rest DataSextet 1
Doublet 1
velocity (mm/s)
S1
D1
A10291
inte
nsi
ty (
%)
Mag
netiz
atio
n (A
m2/k
g)
Applied Field (T)
5.1 A
ConclusionsConclusions No distinctive effect of CONo distinctive effect of CO22 on clay on clay
transformationstransformations Heating: intense effect on claysHeating: intense effect on clays
Loss of water at relatively low temperaturesLoss of water at relatively low temperatures Melting and recrystallization at high temperaturesMelting and recrystallization at high temperatures Disappearance of bands in FTIRDisappearance of bands in FTIR
Impact affects smectitesImpact affects smectites Decrease in band depth (impact glass?)Decrease in band depth (impact glass?)
Magnetic propertiesMagnetic properties Possible new phase at intermediate temperaturesPossible new phase at intermediate temperatures Non-stiochiometric phaseNon-stiochiometric phase
Implications for MarsImplications for Mars Clays detected in small crater ejecta were Clays detected in small crater ejecta were
pre-existingpre-existing Different spectral features from untreated samplesDifferent spectral features from untreated samples Large impacts may generate enough heat to induce Large impacts may generate enough heat to induce
transformationstransformations Contact with lava flows should strongly affect claysContact with lava flows should strongly affect clays
Heated nontronite may explain origin and Heated nontronite may explain origin and magnetic properties of red dustmagnetic properties of red dust Hematite (superparamagnetic phase)Hematite (superparamagnetic phase) MaghemiteMaghemite