Effects of Anxiety on Sport Performance October 3, 2002.
-
date post
21-Dec-2015 -
Category
Documents
-
view
226 -
download
2
Transcript of Effects of Anxiety on Sport Performance October 3, 2002.
![Page 1: Effects of Anxiety on Sport Performance October 3, 2002.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d6c5503460f94a4b27a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Effects of Anxiety on Sport Performance
October 3, 2002
![Page 2: Effects of Anxiety on Sport Performance October 3, 2002.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d6c5503460f94a4b27a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Significant Theories
Drive Theory (Hull) Inverted-U (Yerkes & Dodson) Catastrophe (Hardy & Fazey) Multidimensional Anxiety (Martens,
Burton, & Vealey) Zone of Optimal Functioning (Hanin) Flow State (Csikszentmihalyi)
![Page 3: Effects of Anxiety on Sport Performance October 3, 2002.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d6c5503460f94a4b27a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Drive Theory (Hull, 1943)
Most simplistic of the theories P = f(H, D) H = Dominant response D = Arousal level (drive)
![Page 4: Effects of Anxiety on Sport Performance October 3, 2002.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d6c5503460f94a4b27a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Drive Theory
Increased arousal (drive) will elicit the dominant response
Response associate with strongest potential to respond is the dominant response
![Page 5: Effects of Anxiety on Sport Performance October 3, 2002.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d6c5503460f94a4b27a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Drive Theory
Early in learning, or for complex tasks, dominant response is the incorrect response
Late in learning, or for simple tasks, dominant response is the correct response
![Page 6: Effects of Anxiety on Sport Performance October 3, 2002.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d6c5503460f94a4b27a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Drive Theory - Problems
No predictive ability Too simplistic No consideration of skill type
(gross vs. fine) Differentiation between anxiety &
arousal?
![Page 7: Effects of Anxiety on Sport Performance October 3, 2002.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d6c5503460f94a4b27a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Multidimensional Anxiety Theory(Martens, Burton, Vealey, 1990)
Focus on anxiety, not just arousal Distinction between cognitive &
somatic anxiety Cognitive anxiety always
detrimental to performance Somatic - beneficial OR detrimental Depends upon person
![Page 8: Effects of Anxiety on Sport Performance October 3, 2002.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d6c5503460f94a4b27a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Inverted-U (Yerkes & Dodson, 1908)
Arousal/performance relationship is curvilinear
Arousal level for maximal performance varies: Task complexity # of decisions/responses increases
![Page 9: Effects of Anxiety on Sport Performance October 3, 2002.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d6c5503460f94a4b27a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Inverted-U theory
Simpler tasks can be performed successfully under higher arousal levels than complex (examples?)
Importance of performer’s skill level
Klavora (1977); Sonstroem & Bernardo (1982)
![Page 10: Effects of Anxiety on Sport Performance October 3, 2002.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d6c5503460f94a4b27a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Inverted-U: Problems
Inability to precisely measure arousal Equates anxiety with arousal Circular reasoning Overly simplistic WHY?? Measurement issues: How much can
arousal levels be increased--legally & ethically?
![Page 11: Effects of Anxiety on Sport Performance October 3, 2002.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d6c5503460f94a4b27a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Catastrophe Theory (Hardy & Fazey, 1987)
Questions idea that small changes to arousal = small changes in perf.
If anxiety/arousal reach debilitating levels, catastrophic results may occur (Greg Norman)
Cognitive vs. somatic anxiety differences
![Page 12: Effects of Anxiety on Sport Performance October 3, 2002.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d6c5503460f94a4b27a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Catastrophe Theory
Cognitive anxiety is low, somatic & performance follow inverted-U
Cognitive anxiety high, somatic & performance are inverted-U to a point
What happens after the “catastrophe”?
![Page 13: Effects of Anxiety on Sport Performance October 3, 2002.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d6c5503460f94a4b27a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Catastrophe Theory
Research is supportive of this relationship, however…
Testing is difficult Predictions?
![Page 14: Effects of Anxiety on Sport Performance October 3, 2002.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d6c5503460f94a4b27a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
ZOF (Hanin, 1980)
Individual’s optimal pre-competition psychological profile in relation to anxiety
Too far from optimal = lower performance
Equivalent of individual’s optimal state anxiety score +/- .5 standard deviations (CSAI)
Weaker opponents?
![Page 15: Effects of Anxiety on Sport Performance October 3, 2002.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d6c5503460f94a4b27a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
ZOF
Each athlete has individual ZOF Bandwidth of optimal function Situational or personal factors
(task type/athletic experience) cannot predict optimal zone
Cognitive anxiety or physiological ?
![Page 16: Effects of Anxiety on Sport Performance October 3, 2002.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d6c5503460f94a4b27a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
ZOF
Research generally supports Better predictor than inverted-U Problems
No explanation of how ZOF develops Why are best performances more
likely in optimal zone?
![Page 17: Effects of Anxiety on Sport Performance October 3, 2002.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d6c5503460f94a4b27a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
State of Flow (Csikszentmihalyi)
“Flow is a state of optimal experiencing involving total absorption in a task, and creating a state of consciousness where optimal levels of functioning often occur” (Jackson, 1995, p. 138)
Autotelic experience - an activity performed because it is it’s own reward
![Page 18: Effects of Anxiety on Sport Performance October 3, 2002.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d6c5503460f94a4b27a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Defining Characteristics of Flow
Requirement of skill/challenge balance
Merging of action/awareness Clearly defined goals Clear, unambiguous feedback Total concentration on skill being
performed
![Page 19: Effects of Anxiety on Sport Performance October 3, 2002.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d6c5503460f94a4b27a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Defining Characteristics of Flow
Paradox of control Loss of self-awareness Loss of time awareness Autotelic experience Combination of emotional high and
personal best performance
![Page 20: Effects of Anxiety on Sport Performance October 3, 2002.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d6c5503460f94a4b27a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Flow - Skill & Challenge Relationship
Flow = skilled but challenged Anxiety = challenged, but fears
level of skills Apathy = low skill level, low
challenge Boredom = skilled, but
unchallenging
![Page 21: Effects of Anxiety on Sport Performance October 3, 2002.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d6c5503460f94a4b27a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Can Anxiety Benefit Performance?
Most research suggests anxiety is detrimental to performance
Labeling of info is important Muscle tension = preparedness? “Concern about performing well”? Imprecise measurement of what
anxiety is for athletes