Effective use of Media in

Medical Education

Dr. Brijesh RathoreAssociate Professor

Department of BiochemistryVisiting Faculty-American University of Barbados

bsr2911@gmail.com

Learning Objectives

To know various audio visual aids To know demerits and merits of each To know the do’s and don'ts while

using them To select an appropriate teaching aid To express enthusiasm about making

efforts to for the preparation process

Teaching

Is a skill Requires

Expertise of the subject Grasp of the language Skills to communicate

Choosing an appropriate teaching aid

Audio Visual aids

Writing boards Flip boards Transparencies on Over head

projector 35mm slide projector Power point presentation Video on LCD panel Use of audio visual in special

circumstances

The writing board

Most commonly used—Black/white board Easy to use Inexpensive Quickly cleaned and reused Reliable aid Convenient to list item and draw

diagrams Allows step by step building Students can keep pace with the teacher

Disadvantages:

Cannot hold a large amount of matter Has to be erased so no permanent

record Time consuming Difficult to keep attention of students Not an appropriate medium in large

audiences

Guidelines for effective use:

Availability of material Arrange it in sequence – PLAN ahead Good illumination Ensure clarity Emphasize key points Position of teacher Rubbing of board

CHALK BOARD

ADVANTAGES: Convenient to list items, draw charts and

to solve problems. Inexpensive and easily cleaned. Usable for wide range of graphic

representation. Allows step by step build up,

organization of structure of concept. Helps student in note taking.

CHALK BOARD

LIMITATIONS: Back to audience. Can be seen only by small group. Careful drawing are erased & not preserved for

future use. Considerable skill required for effective use. Difficult to move from place to place.

APPLICATIONS: Don’t crowd the chalk-board a few points make a

vivid impression. Make the material simple. Plan the presentation earlier.

The Flip Chart

Large chart with a pad of paper on a stand:

The notes, diagrams and flow charts can be prepared well in advance

Revealed at the appropriate point of presentation

Pages can be preserved for display after class and future references

Disadvantages:

Not effective for large audience Cannot hold large amount of data Writing may consume time. Intermittently loose contact with

audience while writing Sometimes writing is illegible

Guidelines for effective use:

Availability of material PLAN ahead Good illumination Ensure clarity Position of teacher

Audio-Visual Aids

Types of Audio Visual Aids

1. VISUAL AIDS: those communication devices which use seeing as primary process of communication.

2. Non-projected visual aids3. Projected Visual Aids

Non-projected visual aids:

Chalk Board Flannel Graphs Flash cards Posters Diagrams and Photographs Charts Specimens Models

Projected Visual Aids:

Overhead projector Slide projector: 35 mm

Slides Film Strips Epidiascope Micro-projector Silent cine films

Transparencies and Projector

A transparency is plastic film with written material usually in horizontal format

Magnification is 5 times Letter 1-1.5 cm in height (Printed

>18pts) Rule 2/6—nearest viewer should not be

closer than distance equaling 2 screen widths and farthest not more than 6 screen widths

Transparencies and Projector

Advantages: Simple, easily available and inexpensive Can be used with lights on Can be projected high Can be prepared quickly and in advance Allows step wise presentation—Masking Can be preserved for future use

Advantages: Simple, easily available and inexpensive Can be used with lights on Can be prepared quickly and in advance Allows step wise presentation—Masking Can be preserved for future use

Disadvantages: Technical snags and problem of focus. Over crowding. Inertia to update material .

AUDIO AIDS

P.A. System (Public address system)

Record players and discs Cassette tape recorders

AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS

Synchronized Tape-slide projector

Cine movies Open T.V. Broadcasts and

Video-tapes Closed Circuit T.V. and Video-

tapes

FLANNELOGRAPHS

The flannel-board is covered with flannel or khadi cloth. The picture or materials with same material are used to stick

It helps to build presentation in a sequence, piece by piece.

FLASH CARDS One of cheapest and effective aids

to communicate an idea or sequence.

Each card contains words, phrases, or symbols or photographs.

It is flashed before a group of people with verbal commentary.

Suitable for small group.

MODEL AND SIMULATION DEVICES

ADVANTAGES: Three dimension, concept of reality. Size allows close examination. Good for magnified situation Can permit learning and practice of

different techniques. Can be used to demonstrate function as

well as construction. Some can be made with locally available

materials.

MODEL AND SIMULATION DEVICES

LIMITATIONS: Simulation models are often expensive. Craftsmanship required for local construction. Usable for small groups. Models often easily damaged. Never the same as performing techniques on a patient.

APPLICATIONS: Models can be used for demonstration when actual

specimen is not available. Simulation devices are used in situation where the real

object or patient cannot be obtained. Useful for instruction.

Projected Visual Aids

GUIDELINES FOR PREPARATION OF

MATERIAL FOR VISUAL AIDS

NON-PROJECTED MATERIAL:

Maximum Viewing Minimum height

distance of letter ‘M’

8 Feet ¼” 16 Feet ½” 32 Feet 1” 64 Feet 2”

OVER HEAD PROJECTOR

OVER HEAD PROJECTOR

ADVANTAGES:

Projectable in daylight, high to audience, darkening of the class rooms is not needed.

The image can be projected high on the screen or wall enabling the whole class to see the projector image clearly.

Presented while facing the audience. Relatively easy to prepare with local

materials. Subjects can be drawn in advance or

developed be stages with the group. It is easy to handle

LIMITATIONS:

Use of the over head projector for very large audience is limited.

Equipment and materials for making sophisticated transparencies are expensive.

Not easy to adopt for self study.

APPLICATIONS:

Use several sample transparencies rather than complex one and limit each visual to one message.

Use chemical pencil, overhead projector, pencil or wax crayon for writing on transparencies.

Use colour transparencies for better attention from audience and to emphasis details.

Projection transparencies, well fixed can be used by the teacher.

Density & Legibility

Limit text to about 7 lines with 8 words/line

10 lines and 10 words for overhead transparencies

Use an active “voice” that emphasizes key words or phrases

Use at least 18-point font size Use a simple style of lettering

Density & Legibility

Limit use of italics, underlining, bold and capitalization

Watch line spacing Keep images simple Use special effects sparingly

(shadowing, 3-D) Use 4 – 5 colors maximum Increase color contrast with color

hue and brightness

Keep it Simple

Effective slides emphasize and illustrate what the speaker says

Presents information succinctly

Presents information that is self-explanatory

Layout Use horizontal (landscape) slides

rather than vertical (portrait) Try to be consistent about where

you place information on the slide Titles, bullets, logos, etc. should have a

designated spot on slide Layouts may be formal and

balanced (entries centered/left-justified) or informal (entries off-centered yet balanced)

Color

Use contrasting colors for text and background

Use about 4–5 colors per slide and be consistent

Highlight important information with contrasting color

Light-colored lettering or lines on dark background often preferred

Dark Background Light Background

white black

yellow dark red or brown

orange orange

green green

red light blue

violet yellow

Visibility ratio

35 mm SLIDES AND SLIDE PROJECTOR

35 mm SLIDES AND SLIDE PROJECTOR

ADVANTAGES: Suitable for small and large audience. Preparation of slides is very easy and not so

expensive. Slides sets and projectors are light and easy to

carry. For projection, no specific technical knowledge or

skill necessary.

LIMITATIONS: For front projector, darkening of the auditorium or

class room in necessary. Amount of information in one slide (in number of

lines of matter) is limited.

APPLICATION:

Useful for teaching in class rooms and self study units.

Can be used repeatedly. With automatic projectors, slides can be

changed, can be programmed, also advanced or reversed.

Using a trans- focuser lens you can focus the details

Using a special light pointer you can pin point the details.

Opaque projector, episcope, Spencer Delineascope.

Epidiascope

Epidiascope Projects any non-transparent

pictures - photographs, charts, sketches and hand written materials.

It can be used to project coins, sheets books etc.

The principle of reflected projection is used in the use of opaque projections.

The opaque projection can be used to project variety of materials in any teaching situation.

OVER HEAD PROJECTOR

This system is still found in schools, but is being largely replaced by LCD projectors.

Spatial light modulators (SLMs) Many OHPs are used with a flat

panel LCD which, when used this way is referred to as a spatial light modulator or SLM. Data projectors

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