Effective from 2014 admission - University of Calicut · Module II: Quantum Chemistry - II (9 hrs)...

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UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SYLLABUS (DRAFT)

B.Sc. PROGRAMME IN CHEMISTRY

Effective from

2014 admission

Respected Sir/Madam,

Please find attached herewith the draft syllabus for the undergraduate programme

in Chemistry, discussed and approved by the Board of Studies, Chemistry UG. I request

you to go through the syllabus and forward your valuable suggestions to the

Chairman/Board members (Phone number and E-mail ID attached herewith) to

incorporate and modify the syllabus before implementation.

Thanking you,

Yours Sincerely

Dr. Muhammed Basheer Ummathur

Chairman, BoS, Chemistry (UG)

Phone No. 9446885154 E-mail ID: [email protected]

Calicut University 26-02-2014

mailto:[email protected]

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Members of Board of Studies – Chemistry (UG)

Sl. No.

Name Phone No. & E-mail ID

1 Dr. Muhammed Basheer Ummathur, Associate Professor, KAHM Unity Women’s College, Manjeri (Chairman)

9446885154 [email protected]

2 Dr. Varkey Pattani, Associate Professor, St. Joseph’s College, Devagiri, Calicut


3 Sri. Vijaya Raghavan, Associate Professor, SVNSS College, Wadakkancheri


4 Mrs. G. Sobharani, Associate Professor, Govt. Victoria College, Palaghat


5 Dr. Resmi, Assistant Professor, Govt. College, Pattambi


6 Dr. Deepa, Associate Professor, RSMSNDP College, Koilandy


7 Mrs. KM Rukkiya, Associate Professor, MESKVM College, Valanchery


8 Sri. B. Harikumar, Associate Professor, NSS College, Panthalam, Pathanamthitta


9 Dr. AK. Abdul Rahim, Associate Professor, Farook College, Calicut.


10 Dr. KB Manoj, Principal, SN College, Chelannur, Calicut

0495-2261999 [email protected]

11 Dr. Jobi Thomas, Associate Professor, St. Thomas College, Thrissur













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UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT Credit Distribution of B.Sc. Chemistry Programme

Semester

Common course Core

course Complementary course

Open

Total English Additional Language Mathematics Physics

I 4+3 4 2 3 2 - 18

II 4+3 4 2 3 2 - 18

III 4 4 3 3 2 - 16

IV 4 4 3+5* 3 2+4* - 25

V - - 3+3+3+2** - - 2 13

VI - -

3+3+3 + 3

+4*+4*+4*+4*

+2***

- - -

30

Total 22 16 56 12 12 2 120

*Credits of Practical Exam ** Credits of open course *** Credits of project work

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UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT CURRICULUM FOR B.Sc. PROGRAMME IN CHEMISTRY

Core Course Structure (Total Credits: 56) (Internal 20%; External 80%)

Semester Code No Course Title Hrs/

Week

Total

Hrs Credit

I CHE1B01T Core Course I: Foundations in Chemistry 2 36 2

CHE1B01P Core Course Practical-I: Volumetric Analysis 2 36 -*

II CHE2B02T Core Course II: Theoretical Chemistry 2 36 2


III CHE3B03T Core Course III: Physical Chemistry I 3 54 3


IV CHE4B04T Core Course IV: Organic Chemistry I 3 54 3

CHE4B01P Core Course Practical-I: Volumetric Analysis 2 36 5*

V

CHE5B05T Core Course V: Inorganic Chemistry I 3 54 3

CHE5B06T Core Course VI: Organic Chemistry II 4 72 3

CHE5B07T Core Course VII: Physical Chemistry II 4 72 3

CHE5B02P Core Course Practical -II: Inorganic Qualitative Analysis

5 90 4**

CHE5B03P Core Course Practical –III: Organic analysis and Preparation

5 90 4**

CHE5D01T CHE5D02T CHE5D03T

Open Course 1.Environmental Chemistry 2.Applied Chemistry 3. Food Science & Medicinal Chemistry

2 36 2

CHE5B03Pr Project Work 2 36 -**

VI

CHE6B08T Core Course VIII: Inorganic Chemistry II 4 72 3

CHE6B09T Core Course IX: Organic Chemistry III 4 72 3

CHE6B10T Core Course X: Physical Chemistry III 4 72 3

CHE6B04P Core Course Practical- IV: Physical Chemistry 5 90 4

CHE6B05P Core Course Practical – V: Gravimetric Analysis 5 90 4

CHE6B11T CHE6B12T CHE6B13T

Elective Course 1.Industrial Chemistry 2. Polymer Chemistry 3. Food Science & Environmental Chemistry

3 54 3

CHE5B03Pr Project Work - 36 2 * Exam will be held at the end of 4th semester ** Exam will be held at the end of 6th semester

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SEMESTER I - CORE COURSE I

CHE1B01T: FOUNDATIONS IN CHEMISTRY (36 HOURS)

CREDIT – 2 (2 HOURS/WEEK)

Module I: Introduction to Science (6 hrs)

What is Science? - Scientific statements - Scientific methods – Observation - Posing a

question - Formulation of hypothesis – Experiment – Theory – Law - Revision of scientific

theories and laws - Role of concepts and models in science - Scientific revolution.

Evolution of Chemistry - Ancient speculations on the nature of matter - Early form of

Chemistry – Alchemy - Origin of Modern Chemistry - Structure of chemical science: Scope

of chemical science - Branches of chemistry - Interdisciplinary areas involving physics and

biology.

Module II: Some Basic Chemical Concepts (6 hrs)

Symbol of elements – Atomic Number and Mass Number - Atomic mass – Isotope,

isobar and isotone - Molecular mass - Mole concept – Molar volume - Oxidation and

reduction – Oxidation number and valency – Variable valency - Equivalent mass - Methods

of expressing concentration – Molality, molarity, normality, weight percentage, ppm and

millimoles – Balancing of redox equation by oxidation number method and ion electron

method.

Note: Simple problems are to be worked out.

Module III: Laboratory Hygiene and Safety (3 hrs)

Laboratory hygiene and safety - Storage and handling of chemicals - Simple first aids

(chemicals, acids, alkalies, phenols in eye, burns due to heat, acids, alkalies, bromine,

inhalation of gases, cut by glass) – Awareness of Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) – R&S

Phrases – Safe laboratory practices – Labe Safety signs.

Module IV: Analytical Chemistry -I (6 hrs)

Volumetric Analysis - Primary and secondary standards – Standard solutions - Theory of

titrations involving acids and bases, KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, I2 and liberated I2 - Complexometric

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titrations – Indicators: Theory of acid-base, redox, adsorption and complexometric

indicators. Significant figures – Comparison of results.

Module V: Evolution of Quantum Theory (9 hrs)

Introduction based on historical development – John Dalton's atomic theory - Earlier atom

models - Failure of classical physics – Black body radiation - Planck’s quantum hypothesis -

Photoelectric effect - Generalization of quantum theory - Bohr theory of atom – Calculation

of Bohr radius, velocity and energy of an electron - Atomic spectra of hydrogen and

hydrogen like atoms – Ritz-combination principle - Limitations of Bohr theory - Sommerfield

modification - Louis de Broglie's matter waves – Wave-particle duality - Electron diffraction -

Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.

Atomic orbitals and Quantum numbers - Pauling’s Exclusion principle - Hund’s rule of

maximum multiplicity -Aufbau’s principle – Electronic configuration of atoms.

Module VI: Periodic Properties (6 hrs)

Modern periodic law – Long form periodic table – Periodicity in properties – Atomic and

ionic radii - Ionization enthalpy - Electron affinity (electron gain enthalpy) – Electronegativity

- Electronegativity scales (Pauling and Mullikan scales) – Effective nuclear charge – Slater

rule and its applications – Polarising power – Diagonal relationship – Anomalous behavior of

first element.

Text Books

1. Jeffrey A Lee, The Scientific Endeaver: A Premier on Scientific Principles and Practice

Pearson Education.

2. Ann Marie Flynn, Louis Theodore: Health, Safety, & Accident Management in the

Chemical Process Industries-CRC Press, 2001

3. Day and Selbin, Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry, East West Press, 2002.

4. Puri, Sharma & Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, Milestone Publishers and

Distributors, 2008.

5. J. Mendham. R.C. Denney, J. D. Barnes, M. Thomas, Vogel’s Text Book of Quantitative

Chemical Analysis, 6th Edition, Pearson Education, Noida, 2013.

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References

1. Gieryn T.F, Cultural Boundaries of Science Univ. Chicago Press, 1999.

2. Collins H and T.Pinch “The Golem what everyone should know about science’

Cambridge Univ. Press 1993.

3. Carl L. Yaws Handbook of Chemical Compound Data for Process Safety-Gulf

Publishing Company 1997

4. I.N. Levine, Quantum Chemistry, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Inc., 2003.

5. D.A. McQuarrie, Quantum Chemistry, University Science Books, 1983.

6. A.K. Chandra, Introduction to Quantum Chemistry, Tata McGraw-Hill, 1994.

7. R.K. Prasad, Quantum Chemistry, 2nd Edition, New Age International, 2000.

8. J.D. Lee, Concise Inorganic Chemistry, 5th Edition, Oxford University Press N Delhi,

2008.

9. Cotton F.A. and Wilkinson, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, Wiley Indian Pvt. Ltd.,

2008.

10. D. A. Skoog, D. M. West, F. J.Holler, S. R.Crouch: Fundamentals of Analytical

Chemistry, 9th Edition, Brooks/Cole, Thomson Learning, Inc. 2004.

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SEMESTER II – CORE COURSE II

CHE2B02T: THEORETICAL CHEMISTRY (36 HOURS)


Module I: Quantum Chemistry - I (9 hrs)

Operator algebra – Linear and Hermitian operators - Laplacian and Hamiltonian operators

- Eigen functions and Eigen values of an operator - Postulates of quantum mechanics -

Well behaved functions.

Time independent Schrödinger wave equation - Application to particle in a one

dimensional box – Normalization of wave function - Particle in a three-dimensional box –

Separation of variables - Degeneracy.

Module II: Quantum Chemistry - II (9 hrs)

Application of Schrödinger wave equation to hydrogen atom – Conversion of cartesian

coordinates to polar coordinates - The wave equation in spherical polar coordinates

(derivation not required) - Separation of wave equation - Radial and angular functions

(mention only) – Orbitals and concept of Quantum numbers (n, l, m).

Radial functions, Radial distribution functions and their plots – Shapes of orbitals (s, p and

d) - Schrödinger equation for multi-electron atoms – Need for approximation methods –

Variation Theorem and Perturbation method (no derivation).

Module III: Chemical Bonding – I (12 hrs)

Ionic bond – Properties of ionic compounds - Factors favouring the formation of ionic

compounds - Lattice energy of ionic compounds - Born-Lande equation (derivation not

expected) – Solvation enthalpy and solubility of ionic compounds – Born-Haber cycle – Its

applications – Polarisation of ions – Fajan's rules and its applications.

Covalent bond - Valence bond theory and its limitations – Overlapping of orbitals - VSEPR

Theory - Coordinate bond - Hybridisation –Explanation of hybridization and geometry of

BeF2, C2H2, BF3, SnCl2, C2H4, CH4, NH3, H2O, NH4+, SO4

2-, I3

+, PCl5, SF4, ClF3, XeF2, I3-, SF6, IF5,

XeF4, IF7 and XeF6.

Polarity of covalent bond – Percentage of ionic character – Dipole moment and molecular

structure.

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Module IV: Chemical Bonding – II (6 hrs)

Covalent bond: Molecular Orbital Theory – LCAO - Bonding and anti bonding molecular

orbitals - Bond order - MO diagrams of homonuclear and heteronuclear diatomic

molecules – He2, Li2 , Be2, B2, C2, N2, O2, F2, CO and NO.

Resonance structures of borate, carbonate and nitrate – Comparison of Bond energy.

Comparison of VB and MO theories.

Metallic bonding: Free electron theory, valence bond theory and band theory -

Explanation of metallic properties based on these theories.

Intermolecular forces: Hydrogen bond – Intra and inter molecular hydrogen bond - Effect on

physical properties - Dipole-dipole interactions and Vander Waals forces - Comparative

study taking suitable examples.

Text Books

1. A.K. Chandra, Introduction to Quantum Chemistry, Tata McGraw-Hill, 1994.


3. Manas Chanda, Atomic structure and the Chemical Bonding, Tata McGraw Hill, 2007.


Distributors, 2008.

5. Quantum chemistry, B.K, Sen, Kalyani publishers, 2001

6. Inorganic Chemistry, Gopalan R, University press.

References

1. D.A. McQuarrie, Quantum Chemistry, University Science Books, 1983.

2. Day and Selbin, Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry, East West Press, 2002.

3. P.W. Atkins and R.S. Friedman, Molecular quantum mechanics, 3rd Edition, Oxford

University Press, 1997.

4. I.N. Levine, Quantum Chemistry, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Inc., 2003.

5. Jack Simons, An Introduction to Theoretical Chemistry, Cambridge University Press,

2005.

6. J.D. Lee, Concise Inorganic Chemistry, 5th Edition, Oxford University Press N Delhi,

2008.

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SEMESTER III – CORE COURSE III

CHE3B03T: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY – I (54 HOURS)

CREDIT: 3 (3 HOURS/WEEK)

Module I: Gaseous State (12 hrs)

Postulates of kinetic theory of gases - Derivation of kinetic gas equation - Maxwell's

distribution of molecular velocities - Root mean square, Average and Most Probable

Velocities - Collision number - Mean free path - Collision diameter - Deviation from ideal

behavior - Compressibility factor - Vander Waal's equation of state (derivation required) -

Virial equation - Expression of Vander Waal’s equation in virial form and calculation of Boyle

temperature - PV isotherms of real gases - Continuity of states - Isotherm of Vander Waal's

equation - Critical phenomena - Critical constants and determination - Relationship between

critical constants and Vander Waal's constants.

Module II: Thermodynamics – I (18 hrs)

Definition of thermodynamic terms - System – Surroundings - Types of systems - Intensive

and extensive properties - State and path functions - Zeroth law of thermodynamics - First

law of thermodynamics – Concept of heat, work, internal energy and enthalpy - Heat

capacities at constant volume & at constant pressure and their relationship - Expansion of

an ideal gas - Work done in isothermal expansion and reversible isothermal expansion -

Calculation of w, q, E and H for expansion of an ideal gas under isothermal and adiabatic

conditions - Joule-Thomson effect - Liquefaction of gases - Derivation of the expression for

Joule Thomson coefficient – Inversion temperature.

Second law of thermodynamics - Need for the law - Different statements of the law -

Carnot's cycle and its efficiency - Carnot theorem - Concept of entropy - Entropy as a state

function - Entropy as a function of V & T and P & T - Entropy as a criteria of spontaneity and

equilibrium.

Work and free energy functions - Criteria for reversible and irreversible processes - Gibbs-

Helmholtz equation - Partial molar free energy - Concept of chemical potential - Gibb's-

Duhem equation - Clapeyron equation - Clapeyron-Clausius equation and its application.

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Module III: Thermodynamics –II (9 hrs)

Thermochemistry - Standard enthalpies of solution, combustion, neutralization, dissociation,

formation and reaction – Hess’s law – Variation of enthalpy of reaction with temperature –

The Kirchhoff equation – Bond energies.

Third law of thermodynamics - Nernst heat theorem - Statement of third law.

Fundamental concepts of Statistical Thermodynamics - Permutations and combinations –

Probability - Relation between entropy and probability - Stirling's approximation - Residual

entropy and absolute entropy.

Module IV: Liquid State (6 hrs)

Vapour pressure and its determination - Surface Tension and its determination – Parachor

and its determination - Application to structure elucidation of compounds - Viscosity –

Determination of molecular mass from viscosity measurements – Refraction – Refractive

index – Molar refraction and optical exaltation – Application to structure elucidation -

Uniqueness of water.

Module V: Chemical Equilibria (9 hrs)

Introduction - Law of mass action - Law of chemical equilibrium - Equilibrium constant in

terms of concentration, partial pressure and mole fractions - Relationship between Kc, Kp

and Kx - Thermodynamic derivation of law of chemical equilibrium - Temperature

dependence of equilibrium constant - Van't Hoff’s equation - Homogeneous and

heterogenous equilibria - Le Chatelier’s Principle and its applications.

Text Books

1. Puri BR, Sharma LR, Pathania, Principles of Physical Chemistry, Vishal Publishing, Co,

2008.

2. Gordon M. Barrow, Physical Chemistry, Tata McGraw Hill Edition, 1992, Vth ed.

3. J. Rajaram and J.C. Kuriacose, Chemical Thermodynamics, Pearson Education, 2013.

4. F. Daniels, R.A. Albery, Physical Chemistry, 5th Edn, Wiley Eastern, 1980.

References

1. K.L. Kapoor, Physical Chemistry, Vol. I, II, III, IV, V, Mac Millan.

2. S. Glasstone, Physical Chemistry, Mac Millan & Company, 1962.

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3. Moore, W.J., Basic Physical Chemistry, 4th Edn., Orient Longmans.

4. Rastogi, RD, Introduction to Chemical Thermodynamics, 6th Edn, Vikas Publishing

House, Pvt. Ltd., 2002.

5. T.L. Hill, Introduction to Statistical Thermodynamics Addison Wesley

6. Atkins, P.W. Physical Chemistry, 8th Edition, Oxford University Press, New Delhi,

2006.

7. G. W. Castellan Physical Chemistry Addison-Wesley 2004.

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SEMESTER IV - CORE COURSE IV

CHE4B04T: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – I (54 HOURS)

CREDIT 3 (3 HOURS/WEEK)

Module I: Introduction to Organic Chemistry (6 hrs)

Historical development – Uniqueness of Carbon – Homologous series - Classification of

organic compounds - Functional groups (mention only) - Hybridisation in organic

compounds.

Structural isomerism: Chain isomerism, position isomerism, functional isomerism and

metamerism – keto-enol and nitro-aci tautomerism.

Stereoisomerism: Classification in to configurational and conformational isomerism.

Representation of organic molecules: Fischer, Flying wedge, Sawhorse and Newmann

projection formulae.

Module II: Stereochemistry (12 hrs)

Conformational analysis: Baeyer strain theory – Ring strain in cyclopropane and cyclobutane

- Conformation and configuration - Dihedral angle - Torsional strain - Conformational

analysis of ethane and n-butane including energy diagrams - Conformers of glycol -

Conformers of cyclohexane - Axial and equatorial bonds - Ring flipping – Conformers of

mono and 1,2-disubstituted cyclohexane – Relative stability - Conformation of cyclohexane-

1,4-diol.

Geometrical isomerism: cis-trans, syn-anti and EZ notations - Methods of distinguishing

geometrical isomers using melting point, dipole moment, solubility, cyclisation and heat of

hydrogenation.

Optical isomerism: Definition – Specific rotation – Chirality and elements of symmetry –

Enantiomers - Diastereomers – Optical isomerism in lactic acid, glyceraldehyde and tartaric

acid - Meso compounds – Racemic mixture - Resolution methods - Optical activities in

compounds without asymmetric carbon atoms (biphenyl and allenes) - DL and RS

configurations – Enantiomeric excess - Asymmetric synthesis.

Module III: Basic Concepts of Reaction Mechanism (12 hrs)

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Reaction mechanism: Definition – Curved arrow formalism - Nature of bond fission

(Homolysis and Heterolysis) - Types of reagents (Electrophiles and Nucleophiles).

Resonance: Condition, Rules, Techniques of drawing resonance forms, Resonance energy -

Calculation of resonance energy of benzene.

Electron displacement effects: Inductive effect, Mesomeric effect, Hyperconjugation and

Electromeric effect - Comparison of the effects - Steric effect.

Reaction intermediates: Carbocations, carbanions, free radicals and carbenes (Definition,

formation, hybridization, structure, classification, stability and reactions) - Rearrangement

of carbocations – Nitrenes (mention only).

Types and sub types of organic reactions: Substitution, Addition, Elimination and

Rearrangement (definition and simple examples only).

Module IV: Hydrocarbons (15 hrs)

Alkanes: Nomenclature – Isomerism – Preparation from alkenes, alkynes, alkyl halides

(reduction and Wurtz reaction), carboxylic acids (decarboxylation). Chemical properties:

Halogenation (Free radical substitution mechanism), oxidation, aromatization and

isomerisation.

Cycloalkanes: Introduction – Preparation and properties of cyclohexane.

Alkenes: Nomenclature – Isomerism – Preparation: Dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides –

Saytzeff’s rule (mechanism not expected), dehalogenation of dihalides (stereochemistry

expected), dehydration of alcohols (Mechanism expected). Chemical properties:

Electrophilic addition – addition of hydrogen (explanation of stability and heat of

hydrogenation based on hyperconjugation and resonance), addition of halogens

(Mechanism and stereochemistry expected), addition of hydrogen halides (Markownikov

and Anti-Markownikov addition with mechanism), addition of water (mechanism expected),

cis and trans hydroxylation, permanganate cleavage and ozonolysis. Alkadienes:

Nomenclature – Classification to cumulated, conjugated and isolated dienes –Thiele’s theory

of partial valency - 1,4-addition of 1,3-butadiene.

Alkynes: Nomenclature of alkynes and alkenynes – Isomerism –Preparation from dihalides

and acetylides - Berthelot’s reaction - Chemical properties: Electrophilic addition – Addition

of hydrogen (Sabatier & Senderen’s reaction, with Lindlar’s catalyst and Na/liquid ammonia),

addition of halogens, hydrogen halides and hypochlorous acid - Oxymercuation, reaction

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with KMnO4 and ozone - Acidity of 1-alkynes - Comparison of electrophilic addition rate of

alkenes and alkynes - Uses of acetylene.

Module V: Aromaticity (3 hrs)

Huckel's (4n +2) rule and its simple applications to benzenoid (benzene, naphthalene,

anthracene) and non benzenoid (pyridine, pyrrole, furan, indole, quinoline, cyclopropenyl

cation, tropylium cation and cyclopentadienyl anion) systems - Anti-aromatic compounds

– Homoaromaticity - Aromaticity of Annuelens and heteroannulenes.

Module VI: Aromatic hydrocarbons (6 hrs)

Nomenclature and isomerism in substituted benzene - Structure and stability of benzene

(Kekule, Resonance and Molecular orbital picture) - Electrophilic substitution reactions in

benzene with mechanisms (halogenation, nitration, sulphonation, Friedel-Craft's acylation

and alkylation) - Orientation of aromatic substitution – Ring activating and deactivating

groups with examples - ortho, para and meta directing groups - Side chain oxidation -

Polynuclear hydrocarbons:– Haworth synthesis of naphthalene – Nitration and

sulphonation of naphthalene - Polycyclic arenes as carcinogens (simple examples only).

Text Books

1. L.G. Wade Jr., Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition, Pearson Education, New Delhi, 2013.

2. P.Y. Bruice, Essential Organic Chemistry, 1st Edition, Pearson Education, New Delhi,

2013.

3. B.S. Bahl and A. Bahl, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 19th Edition, S. Chand &

Company, New Delhi, 2005.

4. K.S. Tewari, N.K. Vishnoi and S.N. Mehrotra, A Text book of Organic Chemistry, 2nd

Edition, Vikas Publishing House (Pvt) Ltd., New Delhi, 2004.

5. C. N. Pillai , Organic chemistry for under graduates, University Press.

References

1. J. Clayden, N. Greeves and S. Warren, Organic Chemistry, 2nd Edition, Oxford

University Press, New York, 2012.

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2. John McMurry, Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition, Brooks/Cole, Pacific

Grove, California, 2002.

3. I.L. Finar, Organic Chemistry Vol. I, 5th Edition, Pearson Education, New Delhi, 2013.

4. P. Sykes, A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition, Pearson

Education, New Delhi, 2013.

5. G.M. Louden, Organic Chemistry, 4th Edition, Oxford University Press, New York,

2008.

6. J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York,

2004.

7. R.T. Morrison, R.N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition, Pearson Education, New

Delhi, 2013.

8. E. L. Eliel, Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing

Company Ltd , New Delhi, 1992.

9. D. Nasipuri, Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds: Principles and Applications, 3rd

Edition, New Age International, New Delhi, 2011.

10. V.K. Ahluvaliya, Organic Reaction Mechanisms, Third Edition, Narosa Publishing

House, New Delhi.

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SEMESTER V - CORE COURSE V

CHE5B05T: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY I (54 HOURS)


Module I: General Characteristics of Representative Elements (18 hrs)

Comparative study of Alkali and alkaline earth metals: Electronic configuration, Oxidation

state, Size, Density, Melting point, Boiling point, Electrode potential, Ionization Energy,

Metallic Character, Flame colour and Hydration enthalpy - Reactivity with oxygen, water

and liquid ammonia - Thermal stability and solubility of sulphates, carbonates and

hydroxides.

Comparative study of Boron and Carbon families: Electronic configuration, Size, Melting

point, Boiling point, Density, Standard electrode potential, Ionization Energy,

Electronegativity, Oxidation state and Inert pair effect - Reactivity with water, H2 and

Halogen – Anomalous behavior of B - Diagonal relationship of B and Si.

Comparative study of Nitrogen and oxygen families: Electronic configuration, Size, Ionization

Energy, Electronegativity, Oxidation state and Atomicity - Hydrides (Comparison of Boiling

point, Reducing property, Basic strength and Bond angle) – Oxides and oxy acids of N and P

(Structure and Acidic strength only).

Halogens: Electronic configuration, Size, Electron affinity, Standard reduction potential,

Bond energy, Electronegativity and Oxidation state - Hydrides (Acidic strength, Reducing

property and Boiling point) - Oxy acids of chlorine (acidic strength only) – Electropositive

character of iodine.

Noble gases: Discovery – Occurrence – Separation by charcoal adsorption method -

Structure of oxides and oxy acids of Xe – Clathrate compounds - Reactivity of xenon

fluorides with water – Uses of noble gases.

Module II: Transition and Inner Transition Elements (9 hrs)

Transition metals: General characteristics (Metallic character, Oxidation states, Size,

Density, Melting points, Boiling points, Ionization energy, Colour, Magnetic properties,

Reducing properties, Catalytic properties, Non stoichiometric compounds, Complex

formation and Alloy formation) – Difference between first row and other two rows.

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Lanthanides: Electronic configuration and general characteristics – Occurrence of

lanthanides - Importance of Beach sands of Kerala – Isolation of lanthanides from monazite

sand - Separation by ion exchange method – Lanthanide contraction - Applications.

Actinides: Electronic configuration and general characteristics – Comparison with

lanthanides.

Module III: Metallurgy (9 hrs)

Occurrence of metals based on standard electrode potential - Concentration of ores –

Calcination and roasting - Reduction to free metal – Electrometallurgy – Hydrometallurgy -

Refining of metals (Electrolytic, ion exchange, zone refining, vapour phase refining and

oxidative refining) - Ellingham diagrams - Extractive metallurgy of Al, Fe, Ni, Cu and Ti – Steel

– Open hearth process – Classification of steel.

Module IV: Synthetic Inorganic Chemistry (12 hrs)

Preparation, properties, structure and uses of diborane, boric acid, boron nitride, borazine,

Nitric acid, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, Sulphuric acid, HClO4, KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, Interhalogen

compounds (ClF, ICl3, ClF3, IF5 and IF7) and pseudohalogens (cyanogen, thiocyanogen and

azido-carbon-disulphide) – Preparation and uses of hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide and

sodium chloride.

Module V: Analytical Chemistry II (6 hrs)

Applications of solubility product and common ion effect in the precipitation of cations –

Introduction to micro-analytic techniques in inorganic and organic qualitative analysis.

Gravimetric analysis – Co-precipitation and Post precipitation - Accuracy and precision –

Classification and minimization of errors - Sampling.

Text Books


Distributors, 2008.

2. J.D. Lee, Concise Inorganic Chemistry, 5th edition, Oxford University Press, New Delhi

2008.

3. P.L. Soni, Text book of inorganic Chemistry, S. Chand and Sons, 2007.

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4. Inorganic chemistry, Gopalan R, University press

References

1. J.E. Huheey, E.A. Keitler and R.L. Keitler, Inorganic Chemistry – Principles of structure

and reactivity,4th edition, Pearson Education, New Delhi, 2013.

2. B. Doughlas, D.H. Mc Danials and J.J. Alexander ‘Concepts and Models in Inorganic

Chemistry’, Oxford and IBH publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.

3. G.H. Jeffery, J. Bassett, J. Mendham, R.C. Denny, Vogel’s Text book of Quantitative

Chemical Analysis, 5th Edn., ELBS, 1989.

4. D.A. Skoog, DM West, Analytical Chemistry, An Introduction, 4th Edn., CBS

Publishing Japan Ltd., 1986.

5. Shriver and Atkins, Inorganic Chemistry, Wh Freeman and Company, 2006.

6. Garry L. Milessler and Donald A. Tarr, Inorganic Chemistry, Prentice Hall, 2003.

7. Wahid U Malik, G.D. Tuli, R.D.Madan, Selected Topics in Inorganic Chemistry, S Chand

& Co. Reprint 2009.

20

SEMESTER V - CORE COURSE VI

CHE5B06T: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - II (72 hrs)


Module I: Halogen Compounds (12 hrs)

Nomenclature - Isomerism – Preparation of alkyl halides (from alcohols, Swarts and

Finkelsain reactions, allylic bromination of alkenes) - Preparation of aryl halides (from

benzene and diazonium salts). Reactions of alkyl halides: Substitution reactions (SN1 & SN

2 –

Mechanisms, characteristics and energy profile diagram - Comparison of rate of alkyl, aryl,

allyl and vinyl halides) - Elimination of alkyl halides (E1 & E2 mechanisms and characteristics,

Saytzeffs rule) - Substitution Vs elimination. Haloform reaction - Iodoform test. Reactions of

Aryl halides: Nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction with mechanism (elimination–

addition and addition– elimination mechanisms, benzyne intermediate).

Distinction between nuclear and side chain halogenated hydrocarbons.

Module II: Organometallic compounds (3 hrs)

Grignard reagent, organozinc and organolithium compounds – Preparation and synthetic

applications.

Module III: Hydroxy Compounds (12 hrs)

Alcohols: Nomenclature – Isomerism – Preparation: From alkenes (hydration, hydroboration

and oxymercuration-demercuration reactions), from carbonyl compounds (reduction and

with Grignard reagent). Preparation of ethanol from molasses - Wash, rectified spirit,

absolute alcohol, denatured spirit and power alcohol. Chemical Properties: Reactions

involving cleavage of O-H bonds (acidity and esterification) – Oxidation (with PCC, Collin’s

reagent and KMnO4) - Catalytic dehydrogenation - Pinacol–Pinacolone rearrangement

(mechanism expected) - Chemistry of methanol poisoning – Harmful effects of ethanol in

the human body. Test for alcohols (Lucas test and Victor Meyer test).

Phenols: Nomenclature – Isomerism - Preparation (from cumene, sulphonic acid and

chlorobenzene). Chemical Properties: Acidity – Substituent effects - Bromination – Nitration

– Sulphonation - Riemer-Tiemann reaction (mechanism expected)- Kolbe reaction

(mechanism expected) – Liebermann’s nitroso reaction - Uses of phenol - Preparation and

21

applications of phenolphthalein, fluorescein and eosin – Reason for the colour change of

phenolphthalein with pH.

Module IV: Ethers and Epoxides (6 hrs)

Ethers: Nomenclature – Isomerism - Preparation by Williamson’s Synthesis. Reactions of

ethers: Acidic cleavage, Claisen rearrangement with Mechanism - Zeisel's method of

estimation of methoxy groups. Crown ethers: Nomenclature, structure and importance in

organic synthesis.

Epoxides: Nomenclature – Preparation from alkenes – Ring opening reactions – Acid

catalyzed and base catalysed reactions.

Module V: Aldehydes and Ketones (9 hrs)

Nomenclature – Isomerism – Preparation (from alcohols, cyanides, acid chlorides, calcium

salts, Vilsmeyer and Etards reactions). Chemical reactions: Nucleophilic addition (addition of

water, bisulphite, HCN, alcohol and RMgX) - Comparison of nucleophilic addition rate of

aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes and ketones – Addition-elimination reactions (hydroxyl

amine, hydrazines, semicarbazide, ammonia and amines) - Oxidation (with KMnO4, Tollen’s

reagent, Fehling’s solution, Benedict’s reagent, Oppenauer oxidation) – Reduction (Wolf

Kishner, Clemmenson, metal hydride, MPV reduction) – Tautomerism – Acidity of α-

hydrogen - Aldol condensation with mechanism - Claisen Schmidt, Knoevenagel and Perkin’s

reactions - Mechanism of Cannizarro reaction and Beckmann rearrangement - Preparation

of vanillin – Distinction between aldehydes and ketones.

Module VI: Carboxylic acids and Sulphonic acids (9 hrs)

Carboxylic acids: Nomenclature – Isomerism - Preparation (hydrolysis of nitriles,

carboxylation with Grignard reagent, side chain oxidation of alkyl benzenes). Chemical

properties: Acidity (effect of substituent on acidity of aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic

acids), HVZ reaction, Decarboxylation, Kolb electrolysis and action of heat – Blanc’s rule -

Preparation, reactions and uses of cinnamic acid and tartaric acid - Preparation and

reactions of acid derivatives (acid chlorides, esters, amides and acid anhydrides) –

Comparison of boiling point and reactivity - Ascend and descend in carboxylic acid series.

22

Sulphonic acids: Preparation and properties of Benzene sulphonic acid - Synthesis and

application of saccharin.

Comparison of acidity of alcohols, phenols, carboxylic acids and sulphonic acids.

Module VII: Active Methylene compounds & Carbonic acid derivatives (3 hrs)

Active methylene compounds: Examples – Preparation and synthetic application of ethyl

acetoacetate - Tautomerism.

Carbonic acid derivatives: Preparation and properties of urea – Estimation of urea

(hypobromite method and urease method) - Basicity of guanidine.

Module VIII: Polymers (9 hrs)

Classification - Tacticity - Thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers – Structure and

applications of addition polymers (LDPE, HDPE, PVC, dynel, vinyon, saran, PAN, teflon) &

condensation polymers (Nylon 66, Nylon 6, bakelite, melmac, terylene, kevlar, lexan and

nomex) – Structure of Natural rubber and Guttapercha – Vulcanization – Structure and

uses of synthetic Rubbers (Buna, Buna S, Buna N, Neoprene & Butyl rubber) - Advantages

of Ziegler Natta polymerization (mechanism not expected) - Plastic identification codes –

Structure and uses biodegradable polymers (PGA, PLA, P(3-HP), PHBV) – Pollution due to

plastics.

Module IX: Green Chemistry (6 hrs)

Environmental concern on chemical industry – Origin of green chemistry – Twelve

principles of green chemistry – Some concepts on green chemistry (alternate solvents,

atom economy and microwave assisted reactions) – Some green solvents (ionic liquids and

supercritical fluids).

Microwave and Ultrasound assisted green synthesis (Aldol condensation, Cannizzaro

reaction, Diels-Alder reaction and Williamson’s synthesis).

Module IX: Pericyclic Reactions (3 hrs)

Introduction – Electrocyclic, sigmatropic and cycloaddition reactions - Claisen

rearrangement – Diels-Alder reaction (detailed discussion not needed).

23

Text Books



2013.





5. V.R. Gawarikar, Polymer Chemistry, New Age International Pvt Ltd Publishers, 2010

References



2. V.K. Ahluvaliya, Organic Reaction Mechanisms, Third Edition, Narosa Publishing

House, New Delhi.



4. I.L. Finar, Organic Chemistry Vol. I, 5th Edition, Pearson Education, New Delhi, 2013.

5. G.M. Louden, Organic Chemistry, 4th Edition, Oxford University Press, New York,

2008.

6. J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York,

2004.

7. R.T. Morrison, R.N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition, Pearson Education, New

Delhi, 2013.

8. Billmeyer F.W., Text book of polymer science, Jr. John Wiley and Sons, 1994.

9. M. Kirchhoff and M. Ryan, Greener Approaches to Undergraduate Chemistry

Experiments, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 2002.

24

SEMESTER V: CORE COURSE VII

CHE5B07T: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY II (72 HOURS)

CREDIT 3 (4 HOURS PER WEEK)

Module I: Kinetics & Catalysis (12 hrs)

Kinetics: Chemial kinetics and its scope - Rate of a reaction - Factors influencing the rate of a

reaction - Rate law - Order and molecularity - Derivation of rate constants for first, second,

third and zero order reactions with examples - Derivation for half life period for first order

reaction- Methods to determine the order of a reaction - Steady state approximation -

Elementary idea about Parallel reaction - Opposing reactions - Consecutive reactions and

chain reactions with examples - Effect of temperature on reaction rates - Arrhenius equation

- Determination and significance of Arrhenius parameters - Theories of reaction rates -

Collision theory - Derivation of rate equation for bimolecular reactions using collision theory

- Transition state theory - Expression for rate constant based on equilibrium constant and

thermodynamic aspects (derivation not required) - Unimolecular reactions - Lindemann

mechanism.

Catalysis: Homogeneous and heterogenous catalysis - Theories of homogenous and

heterogenous catalysis - Enzyme catalysis - Michaelis-Menten equation (Derivation not

required).

Module II: Photochemistry (6 hrs)

Difference between thermal and photochemical processes - Beer Lambert's law - Laws of

photochemistry – Grothus-Draper law and Stark-Einstein's law of photochemical

equivalence - Quantum yield and its explanation – Photosynthesis - Photochemical

hydrogen-chlorine and hydrogen-bromine reactions - Jablonski diagram with explanation –

Fluorescence – Phosphorescence – Photosensitization – Chemiluminescence - Non radiative

processes (Internal conversion and inter system crossing) - Chemistry of vision.

Module III: Adsorption & Colloids (9 hrs)

Adsorption: Chemisorption and physisorption - Factors affecting adsorption - Adsorption

isotherms - Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms (derivation required) - multilayer adsorption

- BET equation (derivation not needed) and its applications to surface area measurements.

25

Colloids: Types and classification - Preparation and purification of colloids - Kinetic, optical

and electrical properties of colloids - Protective colloids - Gold number - Hardy-Schulze rule -

Emulsions and gels - Properties and applications – Surfactants - Electrical double layer - Zeta

potential - Donnan membrane equilibrium - Dorn effect – Applications of colloids.

Module IV: Phase Equilibria (9 hrs)

Phase, component and degree of freedom - Gibbs phase rule and its derivation - One

component system (water and sulphur systems) - Two component systems - Simple eutectic

system (lead-silver system) - Pattinson's process - Two component systems involving

formation of compounds with congruent melting points (zinc-magnesium system and ferric

chloride-water system) - Two component systems involving formation of compounds with

incongruent melting points (sodium sulphate-water system) - Freezing mixtures - Thermal

analysis – Cooling curve method - Deliquescence and efflorescence.

Liquid liquid equilibria - Partially miscible and immiscible liquid systems – CST -

Upper CST and lower CST - Steam distillation - Nernst distribution law - Derivation and

applications.

Module V: Chromatography (9 hrs)

Introduction – Definition – Classification - Principles and applications of Column

chromatography, Paper chromatography, Thin layer chromatography, Ion exchange

chromatography, Gel permeation chromatography, Gas chromatography and High

performance liquid chromatography - Rf values.

Module VI: Spectroscopy (18 hrs)

Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter - Energy levels in molecules - Born-

Oppenheimer approximation.

Rotational spectroscopy: Introduction - Rigid rotor - Expression for energy - Selection rules -

Intensities of spectral lines - Determination of bond lengths of diatomic and triatomic

molecules.

Vibrational spectroscopy: Simple harmonic oscillator - Force constant - Selection rules –

anharmonicity - Fundamental frequencies – Overtones - Degree of freedom for polyatomic

molecules - Modes of vibration of CO2 and H2O.

26

Raman spectroscopy: Basic principles – Qualitative treatment of rotational Raman effect -

Vibrational Raman spectra - Stokes and anti-stokes lines and their intensity difference -

Selection rules - Mutual exclusion principle.

Electronic spectroscopy: Basic principles - Frank-Condon principle - Electronic transitions -

Singlet and triplet states - Dissociation energy of diatomic molecules – Chromophore and

Auxochrome - Bathochromic and Hypsochromic shifts.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy: Proton NMR and 13C NMR – Principle -

Number of signals - Position of signals - Chemical shift - Intensity of signals - Different scales

– Spin-spin coupling.

Electron spin Resonance Spectroscopy (ESR): Principle - Hyperfine structure - ESR of simple

radicals.

Module VII: Molecular Symmetry and Group Theory (9 hrs)

Elements of symmetry of molecules – Identity, proper axis of rotation, reflection plane,

inversion centre, improper axis of rotation – Schonflies notation – Combinations of

symmetry operations – Mathematical group – Point group classification of simple molecules

– Cnv, Cnh, Dnh. Group multiplication table for C2v, C3v and C2h.

Text Books


2008.

2. Colin N. Banwell & E.M. McCash, Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, Tata

McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi.


4. Gurdeep Raj, Advanced Physical Chemistry, Goel Publishing House, Meerut.

5. P.R. Singh & S.K. Dixit, Molecular Spectroscopy, S. Chand & Company.

6. F.A. Cotton, Chemical applications of Group Theory, 3rd Edition, John Wiley &Sons

Inc., 2003.

7. K. Veera Reddy, Symmetry & Spectroscopy of Molecules 2nd Edn., New Age

International 2009.

References


27

2. K.J. Laidler, Chemical Kinetics, Vol. I and II, Mc Graw Hill.

3. Kuriakose and Rajaram, Dynamics of Chemical Kinetics.

4. G.K. Vemula Palli, Physical Chemistry, Prentice Hall of India.

5. S. Glasstone & D. Lewis, Elements of Physical Chemistry, The McMillan Press Ltd.,

London.

5. P.W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry, 6th Edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998.

6. G.M. Barrow, Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy, McGraw Hill, 1962

7. G.M. Barrow, Physical Chemistry, McGraw Hill, 1992, 5th Edn.

8. W.J. Moore, Physical Chemistry, Orient Longmans, 4th Ed.

9. N. Kundu & S.K. Jain, Physical Chemistry, S.Chand & Company.

10. D.N. Sathyanarayana, Electronic Absorption Spectroscopy and Related Techniques,


11. D. A. Skoog, D. M. West, F. J. Holler and S. R. Crouch, Fundamentals of Analytical

Chemistry, 9th Edition, Brooks/Cole, Thomson Learning, Inc. 2004.

12. B.K. Sharma, Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis, Geol Publishing House,

Meerut 24th Edn., 2005.

13. A. I. Vogel, A Text Book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, Longmans, London.

28

SEMESTER VI - CORE COURSE VIII

CHE6B08T: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY – II (72 HOURS)


Module I: Coordination Chemistry (15 hrs)

Introduction - Types of ligands and complexes – IUPAC Nomenclature - Structural and stereo

isomerism in coordination compounds - Bonding theories: Review of Werner’s theory and

Sidgwick’s concept of coordination – EAN rule - Valence bond theory - Geometries of

coordination numbers 4 and 6 - Limitations - Crystal filed theory - Splitting of d-orbitals in

octahedral, tetrahedral and square planar complexes – Factors affecting crystal field

splitting - CFSE of complexes - Spectrochemical series - Explanation of geometry, magnetism

and colour - John-Teller effect - Merits and demerits of crystal-field theory – Application of

complexes in qualitative and quantitative analysis.

Module II: Organometallic Compounds (6 hrs)

Definition – Classification based on the nature of metal-carbon bond - Metal carbonyls –

18 electron rule – Zeise’s salt - Mononuclear and polynuclear carbonyls of Fe, Co, Ni

(structure only) – Bonding in metal carbonyls – Ferrocene (preparation, structure and

properties) - Applications of Organometallic compounds – Zeigler Natta catalyst and

Wilkinson catalyst (mechanism not expected).

Module III: Bioinorganic Chemistry (6 hrs)

Metal ions in biological system – Trace and bulk metal ions – Haemoglobin and myoglobin

(elementary idea of structure and oxygen binding mechanism) - Sodium–potassium pump

– Biochemistry of Mg, Ca, Zn and Co. Toxicity of metal ions (Pb, Hg, As) - Anti cancer drugs

– cisplatin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin – Significance.

Module IV: Nano Chemistry (6 hrs)

Introduction – Quantum structures – Nanostructures – synthesis and properties of carbon

nano structures – Inorganic nano tubes and nano wires – Oxide nano particles – nano

composites and nano fibers.

Applications of nano technology in catalysis, biology, nano filters, nano switches.

29

Image application, writing with atoms – computing and electronics.

Module V: Nuclear Chemistry (9 hrs)

Natural radioactivity – Modes of decay – Group displacement law – Theories of

disintegration – Nuclear stability – N/P ratio – Packing fraction – Mass defect – Binding

energy – Nuclear forces – Exchange theory and nuclear fluid theory - Rate of decay – Decay

constant – Half life period – Gieger Nuttal rule – Radioactive equilibrium – Disintegration

series – Transmutation reactions using protons, deutrons, α-particles and neutrons –

Artificial radioactivity – Positron emission and K electron capture – Synthetic elements –

Geiger Muller Counter - Nuclear fission – Nuclear fusion – Hydrogen bomb – Atomic bomb –

Nuclear reactor – Nuclear reactors in India - Isotopes – detection – Aston's mass

spectrograph – Separation of isotopes – Gaseous diffusion method – Thermal diffusion

method – Application of radioactive isotopes – 14C dating – Rock dating – Isotopes as tracers

– Study of reaction mechanism (ester hydrolysis) – Radio diagnosis and radiotherapy-

Benefits and risks.

Module VI: Environmental Pollution (12 hrs)

Major air pollutants - Oxides of Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulphur - Particulates – London

Smog and photochemical smog - Effects of Air pollution (Acid rain, Green house effect and

Depletion of Ozone) – Control of air pollution - Alternate refrigerants.

Water Pollution due to sewage and domestic wastes – Industrial effluents – Agricultural

discharge – Eutrophication.

Thermal pollution and radioactive pollution (Sources, effects and consequences).

Need for the protection of water bodies - Local environmental movements: Silent Valley

movement, Plachimada.

House hold, municipal and industrial solid waste - Waste management - Solid waste

treatment – Non-degradable, degradable and biodegradable waste - Thermal treatment -

Land treatment and composting - Impact of medical waste and E-waste & its disposal.

Module VII: Inorganic Polymers (3 hrs)

Structure and applications of silicones, silicates and zeolites.

30

Module VIII: Applied Chemistry (9 hrs)

Cement (manufacture, composition and setting).

Glass (manufacture, annealing, types of glasses and uses).

Refractory materials (borides and carbides).

Inorganic fertilizers – Essential nutrients for plants – Nitrogenous, phosphatic and potash

fertilizers.

Alloys (definition, composition and uses of german silver, brass, bronze, gunmetal and

alnico) - Replacement of fractured bones with metal rods (a brief study) – Merits and

demerits.

Rocket propellants (classification with examples).

Carbon fibres (Application in aerospace, military, nuclear, sports, transportation, chemical

and biomedical sector).

Module IX: Chemical industries in Kerala (6 hrs)

Fertilizers and Chemicals Travancore Ltd., Travancore Cochin Chemicals Ltd., Malabar

Cements Ltd, Kerala Minerals and metals Ltd., Steel Complex Ltd., Travancore Sugars &

Chemicals Ltd., Travancore Titanium Products Ltd. (Location, raw materials, chemistry

involved in the preparation and uses).

Text books

1. Puri, Sharma and Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, Milestone Publishers and

Distributors, 2008.

2. P.L. Soni, Text book of Inorganic Chemistry, Sultan Chand and Sons, 2007.

3. R. Gopalan and V. Ramalingam ‘Concise Coordination Chemistry’ Vikas publishing

House, New Delhi.

4. J.D. Lee, Concise Inorganic Chemistry. 5th Edition, Oxford University Press and Delhi,

2008.

5. S. S. Dara, Environmental chemistry and pollution control, S. Chand and Sons.

6. R. Gopalan, Inorganic Chemistry for undergraduates, Universities Press (India) Pvt Ltd

2009.

References

1. Cotton and Wilkinson, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., 2008.

31

2. J.E. Huheey, E.A. Keitler and R.L. Keitler, Inorganic Chemistry – Principles of structure

and reactivity,4th edition, Pearson Education, New Delhi, 2013.

3. D.F Shriver and P.W. Atkins, C.H. Langford, Inorganic Chemistry, ELBS

4. Garry L. Milessler and Donald A. Tarr, Inorganic Chemistry, Prentice Hall, 2003.

5. D. Basalo R. Johnson, Coordination Chemistry, Benjamin Inc.

6. P. Powell, Principles of Organometallic compounds, 2nd Edn, ELBS, 1988.

7. V.S. Muralidharan and A. Subramania, Nano Science and Technology.

8. Gurudeep R. Chatwall, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry.

9. H.J. Emeleus and Sharpe AG, Modern Aspects of Inorganic Chemistry, UBs Publisher’s

Distributors Ltd., 2000.

10. Wahid U Malik, G.D.Tuli, R.D.Madan, Selected Topics in Inorganic Chemistry,S Chand

& Co reprint 2009.

11. H.J. Arinikar, Essentials of Nuclear Chemistry, 4th edition New Age International,

New Delhi, 1995.

12. J.B. Rajam Atomic Physics, S.Chand and Co. Pvt. Ltd, 1974.

13. S. Glasstone, Source Book on Atomic Energy, 3rd Edn., East-West Press Pvt. Ltd.,

1967.

14. A.K. De., Environmental Chemistry, 6th Edition, New Age International.

15. S.E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, CRC Press, London.

16. A.K. Ahluwalia, Environmental Chemistry , Ane books India, 2008.

17. B.K. Sharma, H. Kaur, Environmental Chemistry, Goel Publishing House, Meerut.

32

SEMESTER VI - CORE COURSE IX

CHE6B09T: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY III (72 HOURS)


Module I: Nitrogen Compounds (12 hrs)

Nitro compounds: Preparation of alkyl nitrites, m-dinitrobenzene and TNT - Reduction

products of nitrobenzene in various media – Nef’s reaction.

Amines: Nomenclature – Isomerism - Preparation from alkyl halides, nitriles, isonitriles,

amides and nitro compounds, Hofmann’s Bromamide reaction, Schmidt reaction, Gabriel

phthalmide synthesis. Chemical properties: Basicity (effect of substituents on basicity of

aliphatic and aromatic amines), Carbylamine reaction, alkylation, Conversion of amine to

alkene (Hofman's elimination – mechanism and stereochemistry), acylation, reaction with

nitrous acid - Electrophilic substitution reactions of aniline (halogenation, nitration and

sulphonation) - Separation of Amines by Hofmann and Hinsberg's methods.

Diazonium salts: Preparation and synthetic applications of benzene diazonium chloride –

Preparation of Methyl orange - Reason for colour change with pH.

Diazocompounds: Synthesis and synthetic applications of diazomethane.

Module II: Heterocyclic compounds (3 hrs)

Preparation and properties of furan, pyridine and quinoline.

Module III: Carbohydrates (9 hrs)

Classification – Monosaccharides - Cyclic structure of ribose, glucose and fructose – Epimers

and anomeres - Mutarotation – Reactions of glucose - Killiani-Fischer synthesis and Ruff

degradation – Conversion of aldoses to ketoses and vice versa – Osazone formation -

Disaccharides – Cyclic structure of maltose, lactose and sucrose – Inversion of cane sugar –

Reducing and non-reducing sugars - Polysaccharides – Structure of cellulose, starch and

glycogen – Test for carbohydrates (Chemistry of Tollen’s test, Fehling’s test, test with NaOH

and Molisch test) – Test for urine sugar and blood sugar - Applications of carbohydrates.

Module IV: Proteins (9 hrs)

33

Classification and structure of aminoacids - Isoelectric point. Synthesis of amino acids:

Strecker synthesis and amino malonate synthesis. Structure determination of peptide:

Amino acid analysis – Sequencing of peptides – Edmann degradation – Sanger’s method.

Peptide synthesis: Solid phase peptide synthesis. Classification of proteins – Primary,

secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure – Denaturation of proteins - Enzymes

(characteristics and examples) - Test for proteins (Xanthoprotic, Biuret, Hopkin’s Kole,

Millon and Ninhydrin tests).

Module V: Lipids, Nucleic acids, Vitamins & Hormones (9 hrs)

Lipids: Classification - Fats and oils – Saponification number – Iodine number –

hydrogenation and drying of oils and their application - Waxes - Phospholipids (Lecithin

only) – Derived lipids (mention only) - Biological functions of lipids.

Nucleic acids: Structures of pentose sugar (open and cyclic structures of ribose and

deoxyribose), nitrogenous bases, nucleosides and nucleotides – Helical structure of DNA –

Difference between RNA & DNA – DNA replication - DNA finger printing and its applications.

Vitamins: Classification – Source and deficiency disease (structures not required).

Hormones: Classification - Organ of secretion and biological functions (structures not

required).

Module VI: Natural Products (6 hrs)

Steroids: Introduction – Classification - Cholesterol and sex hormones (Structure and

biological functions only) - Elementary idea of HDL and LDL – Cholesterol and heart attack -

Detection of steroid consumption in athletes.

Alkaloids: Classification – Structure and physiological functions of nicotine, quinine, coniine

and piperine.

Terpenes: Isoprene rule – Classification with examples – Isolation of monoterpenes and

sesquiterpenes - Structure of citral, geraniol, limonene and myrcene – Applications of

terpenes (a brief study).

Note: Structural elucidation not expected in any case.

Module VII: Structural Elucidation Using Spectral Data (6 hrs)

Application of spectral techniques for structural elucidation of organic compounds.

34

UV-Vis: λmax calculation for dienes and α,β unsaturated carbonyl compounds - UV spectra of

butadiene, acetone, methyl vinyl ketone and benzene.

IR: Concept of group frequencies - IR spectra of alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters and

acids.

NMR: Chemical shift – Spin-spin splitting - PMR spectra of acetone, CHBr2CH2Br, ethyl

alcohol, toluene, acetaldehyde and propanoic acid.

Module VIII: Applied Organic Chemistry (18 hrs)

Petrochemicals: Name, carbon range and uses of fractions of petroleum distillation - Octane

number - Cetane number – Flash point – LPG and CNG - Composition and uses.

Pharmaceuticals: Medicinal chemistry - Drugs (chemical name, generic name and trade

names with examples) – Terminology: Prodrug, pharmacy, pharmacology, pharmacophore,

pharmacognosy, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics (Elementary idea only) -

Antipyretics, antibiotics, analgesics, antacids, antiseptics, antihistamines, anaesthetics,

narcotics, antidepressants, tranquilizers and psychedelic drugs (definition and examples,

structure not expected) - Preparation of paracetamol and aspirin.

Dyes: Theory of colour and chemical constitution - Classification based on structure and

mode of application to the fabric - Synthesis and uses of Rosaniline, Indigo and Alizarin.

Cleansing agents: Soaps and detergents (Preparation, classification, advantages and

disadvantages) – Cleaning action - Composition of tooth paste – fluoride level.

Cosmetics: Talcum powder, perfumes, deodorants, creams, nail polish, depilatories,

turmeric and neem preparations, lipstick, rouges, eyebrow pencils & eye liners (Ingredients

and functions) - Harmful effects of cosmetics.

Food: Food additives – Food preservatives, artificial sweeteners, antioxidants (definition,

examples), permitted and non-permitted food colours (name only), junk foods and

chocolates - Harmful effects of these in the human body - Structure of BHT and BHA –

Artificial ripening of fruits and its side effects.

Agriculture: Pesticides - Insecticides, herbicides, rodenticides and fungicides (definition and

examples only) – Harmful effects - Structure of Endosulphan, DDT and BHC.

35

Text Books


2013.

2. I.L. Finar, Organic Chemistry Vol. II, 5th Edition, Pearson Education, New Delhi, 2013.





5. Gurdeep R Chatwal, Synthetic Drugs, Himalaya Publishing

References


2. T.L. Gilchrist, Heterocyclic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Pearson Education, New Delhi, 1997.

3. R.M. Silverstein and F.X. Webster, Spectrometric identification of Organic Compounds,

6th Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2004.



5. M. K. Jain and S. C. Sharma Modern Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Visal Publishing

Company, New Delhi.



7. B. Srilakshmi, Food Science, New Age Publishers, New Delhi, 2002.

8. M.S.R. Winter, A Consumer’s Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients, 7th Edition, Three

Rivers Press, New York, 2009.

9. H.S. Rathore and L.M.L. Nollet, Pesticides: Evaluation of Environmental Pollution, CRC

Press, USA, 2012.

10. J. Ghosh, A Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 3rd Edition, S. Chand Ltd., New

Delhi, 1999.

36

SEMESTER VI – CORE COURSE X

CHE6B10T: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY - III (72 HOURS)


Module I: Electrochemistry – I (15 hrs)

Faraday's laws, Applications – Conductance - Specific conductance and equivalent

conductance - Measurement of equivalent conductance - Variation of equivalent and

specific conductance with dilution - Migration of ions and Kohlrausch's law - Arrhenius

theory of electrolyte dissociation and its limitations - Weak and strong electrolytes -

Ostwald's dilution law, its uses and limitations - Debye-Huckel-Onsager's equations for

strong electrolytes (elementary treatment only) - Debye-Falkenhagen and wein effect -

Transport number and its determination by Hittorf and moving boundary methods -

Applications of conductivity measurements: Determination of degree of dissociation, ionic

product of water and solubility product of sparingly soluble salts - Conductometric

titrations.

Module II: Electrochemistry – II (15 hrs)

Galvanic cells - Reversible cells - Reversible electrodes - Types of reversible electrodes -

Reference electrodes - Standard hydrogen electrode, Calomel electrode, Quinhydrone

electrode - Standard electrode potential - Electrochemical series - Nernst equation for

electrode potential and emf of a cell - Relationship between free energy and electrical

energy - Gibb's Helmholtz equation to Galvanic cells - Concentration cells - Concentration

cells with and without transference - Liquid junction potential - Application of emf

measurements: solubility of sparingly soluble salt - Determination of pH - pH measurement

using glass electrode - Potentiometric titrations - Hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell -

Electrochemical theory of corrosion of metals.

Module III: Ionic Equilibria (6 hrs)

Theories of acids and bases: Arrhenius, Lowry-Bronsted and Lewis theories – Levelling and

differentiating solvents – pKa, pKb and pH - Applications of common ion effect and solubility

product – Hydrolysis of salts of all types – Degree of hydrolysis - Hydrolysis constant and its

37

relation with kw. Buffer solutions – Mechanism of buffer action - Buffer index – Henderson

equation - Theory of acid-base indicators.

Module IV: Solutions (6 hrs)

Kinds of solutions - Solubility of gases in liquids – Henry's law and its applications - Raoult's

law - Ideal and non ideal solutions - Dilute solutions - Colligative properties - Qualitative

treatment of colligative properties - Relative lowering of vapour pressure - Elevation of

boiling point - Depression in freezing point - Osmotic pressure - Application in finding

molecular weights - Abnormal molecular mass – Van’t Hoff factor.

Module V: Electro Analytical Methods (3 hrs)

Principle and applications of Amperometry and Polarography.

Module VI: Optical Methods of Analysis (3 hrs)

Principle and applications of spectrophotometry and AAS.

Module VII: Solid State (18 hrs)

Nature of solid state – Amorphous and crystalline solids - Law of constancy of interfacial

angles - Law of rational indices - Space lattice and unit cell - Miller indices - Seven crystal

systems and fourteen Bravais lattices - X-ray diffraction - Bragg's law (derivation required) -

Simple account of rotating crystal method and powder pattern method - Analysis of powder

patterns of NaCl, CsCl and KCl - Simple, face centered and body centered cubic systems -

Identification of cubic crystals from interplanar ratio - Close packing of spheres - Structure of

simple ionic compounds of the type AB (NaCl and CsCl) and AB2 (CaF2) - Defects in crystals -

Stoichiometric and non stoichiometric defects - Schottky and Frenkel defects - Semi

conductors - Intrinsic and extrinsic conduction (Elementary idea) - Liquid crystals -

classification and applications (Elementary idea).

Module VIII: Computers in Chemistry (6 hrs)

General introduction to computers: Operating systems and programming languages.

Excel spread sheets: Basic operations, functions, charts and plots - Linear and non-linear

regression, curve fitting.

38

Conceptual background of molecular modeling: Molecular mechanic (force field) and

molecular orbital (ab initio and semi-empirical) methods for molecular geometry

optimization and computation of basic molecular properties (elementary ideas only).

Text Books

1. Puri, Sharma, Pathania, Principles of Physical Chemistry, Vishal Publishing Cogear.

2. P.L Soni & Dharmarha, Text book of Physical Chemistry, S.Chand & Co.

3. S. Glasstone, Introduction to Electrochemistry, East-West Press Pvt. Ltd., 1965

(Reprint 2008).

4. L.V. Azaroff, Introduction to Solids, McGraw Hill, NY, 1960.

References

1. J.O.M. Bockris and A.K.N. Reddy, Modern Electrochemistry, Vol. I and II, Kluwer

Academic / Plenum Publishers, 2000.

2. C.N.R. Rao & J. Gopalakrishnan, New Directions in Solid State Chemistry, Cambridge


3. Gurdeep Raj, Advanced Physical Chemistry, Goel Publishing House.

4. Glasstone & Lewis, Elementary Physical Chemistry, Macmillan.

5. Pruton & Maron, Physical Chemistry.

6. F. Daniels & R.A. Alberty, Physical Chemistry, 5th Edn., Wiley Eastern, 1980.

7. D. A. Skoog, D. M. West, F. J.Holler, S. R.Crouch: Fundamentals of Analytical

Chemistry, 9th Edition, Brooks/Cole, Thomson Learning, Inc. 2004

8. B.K. Sharma, Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis. Geol Publishing House,

Meerut 24th edn. 2005.


10. E. Joseph Billo Excel for Chemists A Comprehensive Guide Third Edition John Wiley &

Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.2011

11. S. Wilson, Chemistry by Computer: An Overview of the Applications of Computers in

Chemistry Plenum Publishing, 1986.

39

SEMESTER VI – ELECTIVE COURSE

CHE6B11T: INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY (54 Hours)


Module I: Introduction (6 hrs)

Requirements of an industry - Location - Water - Industrial water treatment - Safety

measures – Pilot plants – ISO certification – Environmental management systems.

Module II: Petrochemical Industry (12 hrs)

Coal – Classification based on carbon content - Carbonisation of coal – Composition and

uses of various fractions - Crude oil - Constitution and distillation - Composition and uses

of different distillates - Pour points, depressants, ignition point, flash point, octane

number – Cracking - Catalysts used in petroleum industries - Structure, selectivity and

applications. Manufacture of synthetic petrol - Bergius and Fischer Tropsch processes -

Manufacture of petrochemicals and petrochemical polymers - Manufacture of Ethylene

glycol, Glycerine, Acetone, Phenol, Vinyl acetate, Cumene, Xylenes, Linear alkyl benzenes

and their sulphonates. Usage and Depletion of petroleum products – Need for alternative

fuel – Hydrogen as the future fuel.

Module III: Pharmaceutical Industry (12 hrs)

Introduction – Drugs – Definition – History of drugs – Prodrug – Drug toxicity – Thalidomide

tragedy (a brief study) - Routes of drug administration – Effective use of drugs – Over

dosage – Prescription and non-prescription drugs – Drug abuse - Some diseases and

treatment: Tuberculosis and Asthma (causes and treatment) – Cancer (seven signs of cancer

and treatment) - Lipid lowering drugs - Medical applications of nanomaterials - Indian

Medicinal Plants: Kizharnelli, Thumbai, Hibiscus, Adadodai, Nochi, Thulasi, Aloevera, Neem

plant - Chemical constituents and medicinal uses. United state pharmacopoeia, Indian

pharmacopoeia and british pharmacopoeia (a brief study).

Module IV: Industrial Catalysts (6 hrs)

40

Types of catalysts – Homo catalysis and hetero catalysis – Phase transfer catalysis and nano

particle catalyst (applications) – Zeigler Natta catalyst and Wilkinson catalyst (mechanism

not expected). Applications of Ru, Raney Nickel, Pd, TiO2, and Pt based catalysts.

Module V: Textile, Leather, Sugar and Alcohol Industries (12 hrs)

Textile industry: Production of Viscose fibre from cellulose - Properties and uses of Nylon

and Polyester fibers - Introduction to dyeing - Chromophore, auxochrome and chromogen -

Primary and secondary colours - Chromatic and achromatic colours - Dyeing of nylon with

acid dyes.

Leather industry: Manufacture of leather - Preparatory stages, tanning, crusting and

surface coating - Vegetable and chrome tanning – Tannery effluent and byproduct

problems.

Sugar industry: Manufacture of sugar from cane sugar - Double sulphitation process -

Refining and grading of sugar.

Alcohol industry: Fermentation of molasses and starch – Synthesis of wash and rectified

spirit – Absolute alcohol (preparation by azeotropic distillation) – Denatured spirit – Power

alcohol (synthesis and applications) - Uses of ethanol.

Module VI: Paints and Pigments (6 hrs)

Primary constituents of a paint - Binders and solvents for paints - Oil based paints, latex

paints, and baked-on paints (alkyd resins) - Constituents of varnishes - Formulation of paints

and varnishes.

References

1. Sharma B.K, Industrial chemistry, Goel publishing House, 2003, Meerut.



3. Drydens C.E and Gopala Rao, Outlines of Chemical Technology, Eastwest press,

New Delhi.

4. Shreve R.V., Chemical Process Industries, Tata Mc Graw Hill publishing company,

Mumbai.

5. Steines H., Introduction to Petrochemicals, Pergaman Press

41

6. Kadolph, Sara J., ed.: Textiles, 10th edition, Pearson/Prentice-Hall, 2007, ISBN 0-13-

118769-4

7. A.A. Vidya, Production of Synthetic Fibers, Prentice-Hall of India, New-Delhi, 1988.

42


CHE6B12T: POLYMER CHEMISTRY (54 Hours)


Module I: Introduction (6 hrs)

Polymers and macromolecules – Monomers – Homo and heteropolymers – Copolymers -

Classification based on origin (natural, synthetic and semi synthetic), synthesis (addition

and condensation), structure (linear, branched and cross linked) and intermolecular forces

(elastomeres, fibres, thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers) – Tacticity.

Module II: Types of polymerisation (9 hrs)

Chain and step growth polymerization – Free radical, ionic and coordination

polymerization with mechanism – Advantages of Zeigler-Natta polymerization - Ring-

opening & group transfer polymerisations.

Module III: Properties and Reactions of Polymers (9 hrs)

Glass transition temperature (Tg) - Definition- Factors affecting Tg - Importance of Tg.

Molecular weight of polymers: Number average, weight average and viscosity average

molecular weights. Poly Dispersity Index - Molecular weights and degree of

polymerisation. Viscoelasticity of polymers (basic concept only) - Vulcanisation and

cyclisation reactions - Polymer degradation - Basic idea of thermal, photo and oxidative

degradations of polymers.

Module IV: Polymerisation Techniques and Processing (12 hrs)

Polymerisation techniques: Bulk, solution, suspension, emulsion, melt condensation and

interfacial polycondensation polymerisations.

Polymer processing: Calendering, die casting, rotational casting, compression, injection

moulding, blow moulding and thermofoaming.

Module V: Commercial Polymers (12 hrs)

General methods of preparation, properties and uses of Polyethylene (LDPE and HDPE),

Polypropylene, polystyrene, PVC, Teflon, Dynel, Vinyon, Saran, PAN, PMMA, Super glue,

43

Synthetic rubbers (SBR, nitrile rubber and neoprene), Terylene, Glyptal, Lexan, Kevlar,

Nomex, Polyurethanes, Phenol- formaldehyde and Urea-formaldehyde resins – Plastic

identification codes – Pollution due to plastics - Recycling of plastics.

Module VI: Advances in Polymers (6 hrs)

Polymers in medical field - High temperature and fire-resistant polymers - Conducting

polymers - Carbon fibers (basic idea only).

References:

1. Billmeyer F.W., Text book of polymer science, Jr. John Wiley and Sons, 1994.

2. Gowariker V.R., Viswanathan N.V. and Jayader Sreedhar, Polymer Science, Wiley

Eastern Ltd., New Delhi. 2005

3. Sharma, B.K., Polymer Chemistry, Goel Publishing House, Meerut, 1989.

4. Arora M.G., Singh M. and Yadav M.S., Polymer Chemistry, 2nd Revised edition,

Anmol Publications Private Ltd., New Delhi, 1989.

5. Saunders, Organic Polymer Chemistry, Chapman and Hall.

6. I.L. Finar, Organic Chemistry Vol. II, 5th Edition, Pearson Education, New Delhi, 2013.

44


CHE6B13T: FOOD SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY (54 Hours)

CREDIT 3 (3HOURS/WEEK)

Module I: Food Preservation and Adulteration (9 hrs)

Common food adulterants in various food materials – Milk and milk products, vegetable oils,

and fats, spices and condiments, cereals, pulses, tea, coffee powder, black pepper, rice, chilli

powder, turmeric powder and beverages - Contamination with toxic chemicals, pesticides

and insecticides.

Methods of preservation: Need for preservation – Drying, pasteurization, refrigeration,

freezing, vacuum packing, smoking, use of salt, sugar, lye and artificial food additives,

pickling, canning and bottling, gellying, jugging, irradiation, pulsed electric field

electroporation, modified atmosphere, high pressure, burial in the ground, controlled use of

micro organism and bio-preservation.

Module II: Modern Food Habits (12 hrs)

Food additives: Anti-caking agents, antioxidants, bulking agents, food colours, colour

retention agents, emulsifiers, flavors, flavor enhancers, glazing agents, humectants,

preservatives, stabilizers, sweeteners and thickeners (definition and examples) -

Monosodium glutamate – Harmful effects of food additives.

Modern food: Snack foods, fast foods, instant foods, dehydrated foods and condiments

(definition and examples) - Production of bread, bun and biscuits: Raw materials, methods

and machinery required - Candy manufacturing – Caramelisation- Harmful effects of modern

food habits.

Beverages: Soft drinks and alcoholic beverages (Types, contents and examples) –

Carbonation - Addiction to alcohol - Social problems – Harmful effects of soft drinks and

alcoholic beverages - Coconut water (composition and medical use).

Module III: Control and Monitoring of Air Pollutants (9 hrs)

Air pollution control measures – Gravitational settling chamber, fabric filter, wet scrubber,

catalytic converters, stacks and chimneys, cyclone collectors, Cottrel electrostatic

precipitator, extraction ventilator, zoning and green belt. Air pollutant monitoring: Sampling

45

methods for particulate analysis- filtration, sedimentation, electrostatic samplers, thermal

precipitators and impingers. Sampling methods for gases and vapours – cold trapping,

absorption and adsorption. Analytical methods for the determination of CO, NOx , SOx, H2S,

Hydrocarbons and particulate matter.

Module IV: Industrial Waste & Treatment Process (9 hrs)

Types and characteristics of Industrial waste - Aerobic and anaerobic oxidation -

Sedimentation, coagulation, filtration, disinfection, desalination and ion exchange. Primary

treatment - Secondary treatment - Trickling filters, activated sludge process, sludge

digestion - Tertiary treatment - USAB process and deep well injection. Sewage and sewage

analysis- Total solids, settlable solids, suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, BOD (winklers

titration method and dissolved oxygen metre) and COD - Protection of surface waters from

pollution with industrial sewage.

Module V: Environmental Toxicology (9 hrs)

Introduction to environmental toxicology – Threshold Limiting Value – Source and

toxicological effects of inorganic compounds (O3, SO2, NOx, H2S, phosgene, Cl2 and asbestos),

organic compounds (PAN, chlorofluorocarbons, chloroform, CCl4, phenol, formic acid,

benzene, aniline, phenylene diamines, benzidine, ntroso amines, nitrobenzene, MIC,

acrylamide, alkyl thiols, tetrachloro ethylene, polycyclic arenes, and p-dichlorobenzene),

persistent organic pollutants (Dioxins, TCDD, pesticides – Endosulphan, carbaryl, BHC and

DDT), phthalates, heavy metals (As, Hg, Cr, Cd, and Pb).

Module VI: Water Management (6 hrs)

Use and conservation of water resources –Rain water harvesting – Water management in

Agriculture – Rain fed systems – Irrigated systems – Sea water for Agriculture – Water

management in industries.

References:

1. Swaminathan M. Advanced Text Book on Food and Nutrition, Vol. I and II, Printing

and Publishing Co., Ltd., Bangalore. 1993.

2. Owen R Fennema, Food Chemistry, Marcel Decker Inc., New York. 1996.

46

3. Srilakshmi B., Food Science, New age International Pvt. Ltd. Publishers, III ed. 2003.

4. Siva Sankar B., Food Processing and Preservation, Prentice – Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.,

New Delhi. 2002.

5. Shakuntala Manay N and Shadaksharaswamy M, Foods: Facts and Principles, New

age International Pvt. Ltd. Publishers, II ed. 2002.


7. M. L. Davis, D. A. Cornwell, Introduction to Environmental Engineering, 3rd Edn,

McGrawHill, 1998.

8. S. E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 7th end, Lewis Publishers, 2000.

9. G. M. Masters, Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science, Prentice-Hall

Inc., 1991.

10. A.K. Ahluwalia Environmental Chemistry, Ane books India, 2008.


47

CORE COURSE PRACTICAL

CREDITS 21

General Instructions

1. Micro method or Semi-micro method may be adopted for inorganic and organic

qualitative analysis (Micro method is preferred).

2. For weighing, either electronic balance or chemical balance may be used (Electronic

balance is preferred).

3. For titrations conventional method or double burette titration method may be used

(Double burette titration method is preferred).

4. Reagents should be kept in small bottles with dropper.

5. Organic reactions may be carried out in tiles, wherever possible.

6. Advice the students to wear apron, gloves and masks in the laboratory.

7. Practical examinations will be conducted in 4th and 6th semesters.

48

SEMESTER IV – CORE COURSE PRACTICAL I

CHE1B01P, CHE2B01P, CHE3B01P, CHE4B01P: VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS

CREDIT 5 (2 HOURS/WEEK: I, II, III & IV SEMESTERS)

Module I: Introduction

1. Weighing using chemical balance and electronic balance

2. Preparation of standard solutions.

Module II: Technique of Quantitative Dilution

Any five experiments of the following types

1. Preparation of 100 mL 0.2 M H2SO4 from commercial acid.

2. Preparation of 250 mL 0.025 M thiosulphate from 0.1 M thiosulphate.

Module III: Neutralization Titrations

1. Strong acid – strong base titration.

2. Strong acid – weak base titration.

3. Weak acid – strong base titration.

4. Estimation of NH3 by indirect method.

5. Titration of HCl + CH3COOH mixture vs NaOH using two different indicators to find

the composition.

6. Estimation of borax - Standard Sodium Carbonate

Module IV: Redox titrations

a) Permanganometry

1. Estimation of oxalic acid

2. Estimation of Ferrous iron

3. Estimation of Hydrogen Peroxide

4. Estimation of Calcium

b) Dichrometry

1. Estimation of ferrous iron using internal indicator

2. Estimation of ferrous iron using external indicator

3. Estimation of ferric iron (after reduction with stannous chloride) using internal

indicator.

49

c) Iodimetry and Iodometry

1. Estimation of Copper

2. Estimation of Chromium

3. Estimation of Iodine

Module V: Precipitation titrations (using adsorption indicators)

1. Estimation of chloride in neutral medium

Module VI: Complexometric titrations

1. Estimation of Zinc

2. Estimation of Magnesium

3. Estimation of Calcium

4. Determination of hardness of water

Module VII: Some Estimations of practical importance (Any three from the following list)

1. Determination of acetic acid content in vinegar by titration with NaOH.

2. Determination of alkali content in antacid tablets by titration with HCl.

3. Determination of copper content in brass by Iodometric titration.

4. Determination of available chlorine in bleaching powder.

5. Determination of COD of water samples.

6. Estimation of citric acid in lemon or orange.

7. Determination of Mn content in Pyrolusite

References



2. D. A. Skoog, D. M. West, and S. R. Crouch, Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry 8th

edn, Brooks/Cole Nelson.

3. G. D. Christian, Analytical Chemistry, JohnWiley and Sons.

4. R. D. Day, A. L. Underwood, Quantitative analysis,6th Edn.,Prentice Hallof India Pvt. Ltd

50

SEMESTER V – CORE COURSE PRACTICAL II

CHE5B02P: INORGANIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS


Module I: Inorganic Qualitative Analysis

1. Study of the reactions of the following ions.

Cations: Pb2+, Bi3+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Al3+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Ba2+, Sr2+,

Ca2+, Mg2+ and NH4+

Anions: CO32-, SO4

2-, Cl-, Br-, I-, F-, CH3COO-, BO2-, C2O4

2-, PO43- and NO3-.

2. Systematic analysis of mixtures containing two cations and two anions from the

above list.

3. Elimination of interfering anions such as F-, BO2-, C2O4

2- and PO43-.

Instructions

1. More than one interfering anions shall be avoided.

2. If interfering anions are not present, cations may be from the same group.

3. Minimum ten mixtures shall be analysed and recorded.

Module II: Inorganic Preparations

1. Ferric alum

2. Potash alum

3. Mohr’s Salt

4. Nickel dimethyl glyoximate

5. Potassium trisoxalatoferrate(III)

6. Potassium trioxalatochromate

7. Tristhioureacopper(I) sulphate

8. Tetraamminecopper(II) sulphate

9. Microcosmic salt

10. Sodium nitro prusside

References



51

2. G. Svehla, Text Book of Vogel's Macro and Semi-micro Inorganic Analysis, revised,

Orient Longman.

3. V. V. Ramanujam, ‘Inorganic Semi micro Qualitative Analysis’ ,The National Publishing

Co., Chennai.

4. W. G. Palmer ‘Experimental Inorganic Chemistry’, Cambridge.

52

SEMESTER V – CORE COURSE PRACTICAL III

CHE5B03P: ORGANIC ANALYSIS & PREPARATION


Module I: Reagent preparation

Borshe’s reagent, Schiff’s reagent, Phenolphthalein, Methyl Orange, N-Phenylanthranilic

acid, Neutral FeCl3, Tollen’s reagent and Fehlings solution.

Module II: Determination of Physical constants

1. Determination of boiling point

2. Determination of melting point (capillary method or using melting point

apparatus)

Module III: Recrystallisation techniques

Recrystallise any four compounds using ethyl acetate, ethanol and water. Record

the yield recovery and note the crystalline shape.

Module IV: Solvent extraction (use ether and record the yield recovery).

1. Aniline from water.

2. Methyl benzoate from water.

Module V: Detection of elements

Lassaigne’s test for the detection of nitrogen, chlorine and sulphur.

Module VI: Reactions of organic compounds

Studies of the reactions of common functional groups using known organic Compounds with

their chemistry.

Module VII: Analysis of organic compounds (Also prepare the derivatives).

1. Phenols (phenol, α-naphthol, β-naphthol)

2. Nitro compounds (nitrobenzene, o- nitrotoluene)

3. Amines (aniline, N,N-dimethyl aniline)

53

4. Halogen compounds (chlorobenzene, benzylchloride, p-dichlorobenzene)

5. Aldehydes and ketones (benzaldehyde, acetophenone)

6. Carboxylic acid (benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, phthalic acid, salicylic acid)

7. Carbohydrates (glucose, sucrose)

8. Amides (benzamide, urea)

9. Esters (ethyl benzoate, methyl salicylate)

10. Hydrocarbons (naphthalene, anthracene)

Note: Minimum ten compounds should be analyzed and recorded. For analysis, reactions

may be carried out in tiles, wherever possible.

Module VIII: Organic preparations

1. Nitration (a) m-dinitrobenzene from nitrobenzene (b) p-nitroacetanilide from

acetanilide

2. Halogenation (a) p-bromoacetanilide from acetanilide (b) Tribromoaniline from

aniline

3. Oxidation (a) Benzoic acid from benzaldehyde (b) Benzoic acid from toluene.

4. Hydrolysis (a) Benzoic acid from ethylbenzoate (b) Benzoic acid from benzamide.

5. Diazocoupling (a) Methyl orange from aniline (b) Phenylazo–β-naphthol from

aniline.

6. Haloform reaction (a) Iodoform from acetone or ethyl methyl ketone.

7. Acylation (a) Acetylation of salicylic acid or aniline (b) Benzoylation of aniline or

phenol.

Note: Calculate theoretical yield, practical yield and percentage conversion. Recrystallise the

prepared compounds in appropriate solvents.

Module IX: Chromatography

Paper chromatographic separation of mixture of two amino acids.

References

1. B.S. Furnis, A.J. Hannaford, P.W.G. Smith and T.R. Tatchell, Vogel’s Text book of

Practical Organic Chemistry ELBS/Longman 1989.

54

2. F. G. Mann and B. C. Saunders, Practical Organic Chemistry, Fourth Edition, Pearson

Education.

3. V.K.Ahluwalia and S. Dhingra, Comprehensive Practical Organic Chemistry, Universities

Press.

55

SEMESTER VI – CORE COURSE PRACTICAL IV

CHE6B04P: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY


Module I: Viscometry

1. Determination of viscosity of various liquids using Ostwald’s viscometer.

2. Study of glycerine-water system and determination of percentage of glycerine

using viscometer (plot composition against time of flow x density of the solution).

Module II: Colligative properties (cooling curve method)

1. Determination of cryoscopic constant of solid solvent using a solute of known

molecular mass.

2. Determination of molecular mass of the solute using a solvent of known cryoscopic

constant.

Solid solvents: Naphthalene, biphenyl, camphor. Solutes: Naphthalene, biphenyl, 1,4

dichlorobenzene, diphenylamine, acetanilide, benzophenone.

Module III: Transition Temperature

1. Determination of molal transition point depression constant (Kt) of salt hydrate

using solute of known molecular mass.

2. Determination of molecular mass of the solute using a solvent of known molal

transition point depression constant (Kt).

Salt hydrates: Na2S2O3.5H2O. CH3 COONa.3H2O. Solutes: Urea, Glucose

Module IV: Phase Rule and distribution law

1. Construction of phase diagram and determination of eutectic composition and

eutectic temperature. Naphthalene-biphenyl system, Naphthelene-diphenyl amine

system, Biphenyl–diphenylamine system.

2. Influence of KCl impurity on miscibility temperature of phenol–water system and

determination of concentration of a given KCl solution.

3. Determination of distribution coefficient of iodine between water and carbon

tetrachloride.

56

Module V: Refractometry

1. Determination of composition of glycerine– water mixture by refractive index

method.

2. Determination of Refractive indices of KCl solutions of different concentration and

concentration of unknown KCl solution.

Module VI: Electrochemistry

1. Conductometric titrations of strong acid x strong base

2. Conductometric titrations of mixture of acids (strong and weak) x strong base

Module VII: Potentiometry

1. Potentiometric titrations of strong acid- strong base.

2. Potentiometric titrations of weak acid-strong base

Module VIII: pH metry

1. Preparation of alkaline buffer solutions.

2. pH metric titration of weak acid with strong base and calculation of dissociation

constant.

Module IX: Kinetics

1. Determination of specific reaction rate of the hydrolysis of methyl acetate catalysed

by hydrogen ion at room temperature.

2. Determination of overall order of saponification of ethyl acetate.

Module X: Colorimetry

1. Verification of Beer-Labert law for KMnO4, K2Cr2O7 and determination of the

concentration of the given solution.

2. Colorimetric determination of iron.

3. Colorimetric determination of chromium.

Note:

A minimum number of 10 experiments should be done, covering the nine modules.

57

References

1. Alexander Findlay and J.A. Kitcher. Practical Physical Chemistry.

2. J. B. Yadav, Advanced Practical Physical Chemistry, Goel Publications, 1989.

3. D.P. Shoemaker and C.W.Garland Experiment Physical Chemistry Mc Graw Hill.

4. W. G. Palmer: ‘Experimental physical chemistry’, Cambridge University Press.

5. R.C. Das and B. Behra; ‘Experiments in Physical Chemistry’ , Tata McGraw hill.

6. K.K. Sharma : ‘An Introduction of Practical Chemistry’: Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi

58

SEMESTER VI – CORE COURSE PRACTICAL VI

CHE6B05P: GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS


1. Determination of water of hydration in crystalline barium chloride.

2. Determination of water of hydration in crystalline Magnesium sulphate.

3. Determination of Ba2+ as BaSO4

4. Determination of SO42- as BaSO4

5. Determination Fe3+ as Fe2O3

6. Determination Ca2+ as CaCO3

7. Determination Ni2+ as Nickel dimethyl glyoximate

8. Determination Cu2+ as Cuprous thiocyanate

9. Determination Mg2+ as Magnesium oxinate

References

1. B J. Bassett, R.C.Denney, G.H. Heffery and J Mendham, Vogel’s Textbook of

quantitative Inorganic Analysis, (revised), ELBS.

2. O.P. Pandey, D.N Bajpai, S. Gini, Practical Chemistry, for I, II & III BSc Students. S.

Chand & Company Ltd reprint 2009.

3. V.K. Ahluwalia, Sunitha Dhingra, Adarsh Gulate College Practical Chemistry,

Universities Press (India) Pvt Ltd. 2008 (reprint).

59

SEMESTER V – PROJECT WORK

CHE5B03Pr: PROJECT WORK (36 Hours)


Guidelines

1. Students should undertake the project work related to Chemistry only.

2. The UG level project work is a group activity, maximum number of students being limited

to five. However each student should prepare and submit the project report separately.

3. Head of the Department may provide the service of a teacher for supervising the project

work of each group. A teacher can guide more than one group, if necessary.

4. The students can do the project in the 5th semester. However the evaluation of the

project report will be carried out in the 6th semester.

5. Project work can be experimental, theoretical or both.

6. No two groups in the same institution are permitted to do project work on the same

problem. Also the project should not be a repetition of the work done by students of

previous batches.

7. Each student should submit a copy of the report to the department on or before the last

working day of Semester VI. Besides each group should submit a copy to keep in the

Department.

60

SEMESTER V – OPEN COURSE

CHE5D01T: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY (36 Hours)


Module I: Environment (3 hrs)

Concept and scope of environmental chemistry –Environmental pollution: Concepts and

definition – Pollutant, contaminant, receptor and sink – Classification of pollutants - Global,

regional, local, persistent and non-persistent pollutants – Some Environmental movements:

Chipco movement, Silent Valley movement and Plachimada.

Module II: Air Pollution (6 hrs)

Major regions of atmosphere – Tropospheric pollution and stratospheric pollution – Major

air pollutants – (Oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur- Hydrocarbons - Particulates –

Smog: London smog and photochemical smog - Chlorofluorocarbons) – Effects of Air

pollution (Acid rain, Green house effect, Depletion of Ozone) – Automobile pollution -

Control of air pollution - Alternate refrigerants - Bhopal Tragedy (a brief study).

Module III: Water Pollution (9 hrs)

Hydrological cycle – Importance of water - Aquatic pollution – Visible signs of aquatic

pollution - Water pollution due to human activity – Pollution due to sewage and domestic

wastes – Industrial effluents – Agricultural discharge – Pollution due to soaps and

detergents – Types of water pollutants (biological agents, Chemical agents, Physical agents)

– Eutrophication – Biological magnification and bioaccumulation- Water quality parameters

(DO, BOD, COD, Alkalianity, Hardness, Chloride, fluoride and nitrate) – Toxic metals in water

(Cadmium, Lead and Mercury ) and its effects- Minemata disaster (a brief study).

Water born diseases: Cholera and typhoid – Symptoms and medicines.

Module IV: Other forms of Pollution (6 hrs)

Soil pollution - House hold, municipal and industrial solid waste – Source, effects and control

measures of pollution due to plastics, pesticides, biomedical waste and E waste – Non-

degradable, degradable and biodegradable wastes - Noise pollution, Thermal pollution and

61

Radioactive pollution – Effects and control measures - Hiroshima, Nagasaki and Chernobil

accidents (Brief study).

Module V: Pollution Control Measures (12 hrs)

Air pollution control measures – Gravitational settling chamber, fabric filter, wet scrubber,

catalytic converters, stacks and chimneys, cyclone collectors, Cottrell electrostatic

precipitator, extraction ventilator, zoning and green belt.

Method to control water pollution - Aerobic and anaerobic oxidation - Sedimentation,

coagulation, filtration, disinfection, desalination and ion exchange. Primary treatment,

secondary treatment - trickling filters, activated sludge process, sludge digestion - Tertiary

treatment - USAB process and deep well injection - Reverse osmosis - Desalination.

Solid waste management: Recycling, Incineration, Digestion, Dumping, Land treatment and

composting.

Introduction to Green chemistry (elementary ideas only) - Pollution Control Board – Duties

and responsibilities.

Note: Structure and chemical reactions not required.

References


2. S.E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, CRC Press, London.

3. P.K. Goel, Water Pollution, Causes, Effects and Control, New Age International.

4. Kochu Baby Manjooran, Modern Engineering Chemistry, Kannatheri Publications.

5. A.K. Ahluwalia Environmental Chemistry , Ane books India, 2008.


62


CHE5D02T: APPLIED CHEMISTRY (36 Hours)


Module I: Dyes & Pharmaceuticals (6 hrs)

Dyes: Classification based on mode of application to the fabric - Applications of dyes

(general study). Ancient and modern colours – Mention of indigo and alizarin.

Pharmaceuticals: Drug - Chemical name, generic name and trade names with examples –

Terminology – Prodrug, pharmacology, pharmacognosy, pharmacodynamics,

pharmacokinetics (Elementary idea only) - Antipyretics, analgesics, antacids, antihistamines,

antibiotics, antiseptics, disinfectants, anaesthetics, tranquilizers, narcotics, antidepressants

and psychedelic drugs (definition and examples).

Module II: Polymers (6 hrs)

Types of polymers – natural, semi synthetic & synthetic polymers, examples - Cotton fibre,

Silk, jute and wool – Plastics: Thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics with examples –

Characteristics - Applications of LDPE, HDPE, polypropene, polystyrene, PAN, Poly vinyl

acetate, saran, dynel, PMMA, PVC, Teflon, Nylon 66, Nylon 6, bakelite, melmac, terylene,

Kevlar, nomex, lexan, synthetic rubbers (Buna, Buna S, Buna N, Neoprene & Butyl rubber)

and silicones – Natural silk and artificial silk – Advantages of vulcanized rubber – Uses of

cellulose - Plastic identification codes – Applications of Biodegradable polymers (PGA, PLA,

PHBV) - Importance of plastic recycling.

Module III: Fuels (6 hrs)

Definition and classification of fuels – Characteristics of good fuel – Combustion - Calorific

value – Wood – Coal: Origin of coal – Classification based on carbon content – Fractional

distillation products of coal and uses of various fractions – Petroleum: Origin – Fractional

distillation – Different fractions, their composition and uses - Petrol - Octane number –

Aviation fuel - Diesel - Cetane number – Flash point –Natural gas, Biogas & LPG:

Composition and uses - Pollution due to burning of fossil fuels - Batteries and fuel cells –

Different types – Applications in modern life – Solar energy and solar cells (application only).

63

Module IV: Agriculture (6 hrs)

Fertilizers: Essential nutrients for plants – NPK value - Natural and synthetic fertilizers -

Nitrogenous, phosphatic and potash fertilizers (examples) – Impact of excessive use of

fertilizers on environment – Bio fertilizers – Plant growth hormones - Soil pH.

Pesticides: Classification - Insecticides, herbicides, rodenticides and fungicides (definition

and examples only) – Non-degradable pesticides – Pesticide pollution and its impact on

environment – Pheromones.

Module V: Cleansing agents and Cosmetics (6 hrs)

Cleansing agents: Soaps - Composition of soap – Hard and soft soaps - Toilet and

transparent soaps – Alkali content – TFM - Detergents (classification) – Cleaning action -

Advantages and disadvantages of soaps and detergents - Shaving creams - Shampoos:

Ingredients – Functions - Different kinds of shampoos – anti-dandruff, anti-lice, herbal and

baby shampoos. Tooth paste: Composition and fluoride level.

Cosmetics: Hair dye: Chemicals used and its harmful effects. Face and skin powders:

Ingredients, functions - Different types. Cleansing creams and lotions: Cold creams,

vanishing creams and bleach creams – Perfumes – Antiperspirants - Sun screen preparations

- UV absorbers - Skin bleaching agents – Depilatories - Turmeric and Neem preparations -

Vitamin oil. Nail polishes: Nail polish preparation, nail polish removers. Lipsticks, rouges,

eyebrow pencils, eye liners - Ingredients and functions – Harmful effects of cosmetics.

Module VI: Advanced Materials (6 hrs)

Nanotechnology: Definition, Overview of different nanomaterials available (brief study),

Potential uses of nanomaterials in electronics, robotics, computers, sensors in textiles,

sports equipment, mobile electronic devices, vehicles and transportation - Medical

applications of nanomaterials - Nanoelectronics - Nanosensors.

Rocket propellants: Characteristics and classification – Solid, liquid and hybrid propellants -

Uses of Remote sensing and communication satellites – Google mapping (brief study).

Conducting polymers: Polyacetylene – Applications.


64

References

1. Sharma, B.K., Polymer Chemistry, Goel Publishing House, Meerut, 1989.

2. Arora M.G., Singh M. and Yadav M.S., Polymer Chemistry, 2nd Revised edition,

Anmol Publications Private Ltd., New Delhi, 1989.

3. Gurudeep R Chatwaal, Synthetic Drugs, Himalaya Publishing house, Mumbai.

4. M.S. Yadav: Synthetic drugs

5. Alexander Findlay: Chemistry in the service of man

6. Vanessa Good ship: Introduction to plastic recycling

7. Randy Schmetter and Perry Romanoswski: Beginning cosmetic chemistry.

8. Gobala Rao.S , Outlines of chemical technology, Affiliated East West press,1998.

9. Sawyer.W, Experimental cosmetics, Dover publishers, New York, 2000.

10. CNR Rao, Understanding Chemistry, Universities Press.

65


CHE5D03T: FOOD SCIENCE & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (36 Hours)


Module I: Food Preservation and Adulteration (9 hrs)

Common adulterants in different foods – Milk and milk products, vegetable oils, and fats,

spices and condiments, cereals, pulses, tea, coffee powder, chilli powder, turmeric powder

and beverages - Contamination with toxic chemicals, pesticides and insecticides.

Methods of preservation: Classification - Low and high temperature - Dehydration - Osmotic

pressure - food irradiation - Nitrogen preservation and packing of fruit juices.

Packaging of foods – Classification - Materials used for packaging – Harmful effects.

Module II: Modern Food Habits (9 hrs)

Snack foods, Fast foods, Instant foods, Junk foods and Dehydrated foods. Soft drinks, soda,

fruit juices and alcoholic beverages (Types and content of alcohol) – Carbonation - Addiction

to alcohol. Cirrhosis of liver - Social problems - Composition of soft drinks - Excessive use

leading to urinary bladder stones - Coconut water - Artificial sweeteners: saccharin,

cyclomate, asparatame, alitame, sucralose and dulcin – Comparison of sweetness with sugar

- Antioxidants and food preservatives - Permitted and non-permitted food colours - Taste

enhancers – Monosodium glutamate - Vinegar – Artificial ripening of fruits and its side

effects - Harmful effects of modern food habits.

Module III: Medicinal Chemistry (18 hrs)

Clinical Health and Biochemical Analysis: Definition of Health, WHO standard, Sterilization of

surgical instruments - Biochemical analysis of urine and serum – Blood: Composition,

grouping and Rh factor - Blood transfusion.

Common Drugs: Drug - Chemical name, generic name and trade names with examples –

Terminology – Prodrug, pharmacy, pharmacology, pharmacognosy, pharmacodynamics,

pharmacokinetics (Elementary idea only) - Routes of drug administration: Topical, enteral,

Parenteral - Antacids, Antibiotics, Antipyretics, Analgesics, Antiseptics, Disinfectants,

Antihistamines, Tranquilizers, Narcotics, Antidepressants and hallucinogenic drugs -

66

Definition, Examples, uses and side effects – Drug addiction and treatment - Anti cancer

drugs – cisplatin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin – Significance.

Vital Ailments and Treatment: Blood pressure - hypertension and hypotension, Kidney

stone, Diabetes, Heart Attack, AIDS - Causes, symptoms and medicines. Lipid profile - HDL,

LDL cholesterol, lipid lowering drugs.

Indian Medicinal Plants: Kizharnelli, Thumbai, Hibiscus, Adadodai, Nochi, Thulasi, Aloevera,

Neem plant - Chemical constituents and medicinal uses.

Essential oils: Extraction by steam distillation – Source and medicinal uses of eucalyptus oil,

sandal wood oil and lemon grass oil.

First Aid and Safety: Treatment of shock, hemorrhage, cuts, wounds and snake bite - Burns -

classification and first aid.

Biochemistry: Vitamins: Name, Source, Function and deficiency diseases. Enzymes:

Classification, characteristics, role and examples. Hormones: classification, organ of

secretion and functions. Nucleic acids: Introduction- role in life process.

Nano chemistry: Medical applications of nano materials.

Radiotherapy: Applications of radioactive isotopes - Radio diagnosis: benefits and risks.

Biodegradable polymers: Sutures (PGA PLA), stents and specialty packaging materials (PHBV)

– Advantages and disadvantages.

Replacement of fractured bones with metal rods (a brief study) – Merits and demerits.


References:

1. Jayashree Ghosh, Pharmaceutical chemistry, S. Chand and Company Ltd., 2006, New

Delhi.

2. S.C Rastogi, Biochemistry, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., 1993.

3. Rasheeduz Zafar, Medicinal Plants of India - CBS Publishers and Distributors, 2000.

4. B.L Oser, Hawks, Physiological Chemistry, Tata-McGraw - Hill Publishing Co. Ltd.

5. A.H Beckett and J.B Stenlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol. I, CBS

Publishers and Distributors, 2000.

6. Lilian Hoagl and Meyer, Food Chemistry, CBS Publishers & Distributors, 2004.

67

7. Brian A Fox, Allan G Cameron, Edward Arnold, Food Science, Nutrition and Health,

London.

8. G. R. Chatwal, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol. II, Himalaya Publishing House,

Bombay.

68

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT CURRICULUM FOR B.Sc. PROGRAMME

CHEMISTRY Complimentary Course Structure (Total Credits: 12) (Internal 20%; External 80%)

Semester Code No Course Title Hrs/

Week

Tot

al

Hrs

Credit

I CHE1C01T Complimentary Course I: General Chemistry 2 36 2

CHE1C01P Complimentary Course Practical 2 36 -*

II CHE2C02T Complimentary Course II: Physical Chemistry 2 36 2


III CHE3C03T Complimentary Course III: Organic Chemistry 3 54 2


IV CHE4C04T

Complimentary Course IV: Physical & Applied

Chemistry 3 54 2

CHE4C01P Complimentary Course Practical 2 36 4* * Exam will be held at the end of 4th semester

69

SEMESTER I – COMPLIMENTARY COURSE I

CHE1C01T: GENERAL CHEMISTRY (36 HOURS)


Module I: Basic Chemical Concepts (9 hrs)

Evolution of Chemistry- Ancient speculations on the nature of matter - Early form of

Chemistry – Alchemy - Origin of Modern Chemistry.

Modern periodic law – Long form periodic table – Periodicity in properties - Atomic, ionic

radii - Ionization enthalpy - Electron affinity (electron gain enthalpy) – Electronegativity

(Pauling Scale).

Atomic mass - Molecular mass - Mole concept – Molar volume - Oxidation and reduction –

Oxidation number and valency - Equivalent mass - Methods of expressing concentration –

molality, molarity and normality.

Theory of acids and bases: Bronsted theory, Lewis theory, Lux flood theory, Usanovich

theory.

Module II: Analytical Chemistry (6 hrs)

Theory of volumetric analysis – Acid base, Redox and complexometric titrations – Acid-base,

Redox and complexometric indicators.

Principles in the separation of cations in qualitative analysis - Applications of common ion

effect and solubility product.

Accuracy & Precision (Mention only).

Module III: Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding (9 hrs)

Bohr atom model, Limitations - de Broglie equation - Heisenberg uncertainty principle -

Schrodinger equation (mention only) - Atomic orbitals - Quantum numbers and significance.

Lattice energy of ionic compounds, applications – Born-Lande equation (derivation not

required).

VSEPR theory - Application to BeCl2, BF3, SnCl2, CH4, NH3, H2O, PCl5, SF4, ClF3, XeF2, IF5 and

IF7.

Hybridisation involving s, p, d orbitals – sp (acetylene), sp2 (ethylene), sp3 (methane), dsp2

[Ni(CN)4]2-, sp3d (PCl5), sp3d2 (SF6) and sp3d3 (IF7).

70

Molecular orbital theory, LCAO – Electronic configuration of H2, B2, C2, N2, O2, CO and NO –

Calculation of bond order – Explanation of bond length and bond strength.

Intermolecular forces - Hydrogen bonding in H2O, organic molecules and biomolecules -

dipole-dipole interactions.

Module IV: Nuclear chemistry (6 hrs)

Nuclear forces - n/p ratio- Nuclear stability - Mass Defect - Binding energy - Exchange forces

in nucleus - Isotopes, Isobars, Isotones with examples - Detection of isotopes by Astons

mass spectrograph - Separation of isotopes by diffusion methods - Nuclear fission and fusion

- Application of radio isotopes (radio diagnosis and therapy, C-14 dating).

Module V: Bioinorganic chemistry (6 hrs)

Metal ions in biological systems - Biochemistry of iron – Haemoglobin, myoglobin

and chlorophyll - Mechanism of O2, CO2 transportation - Photosynthesis and respiration -

Elementary idea of structure and mechanism of action of sodium potassium pump -

Biochemistry of zinc and cobalt.

References


Distributors, 2008.

2. CNR Rao, University General Chemistry.

3. Manas Chanda, Atomic structure and chemical bonding, Tata Mc.Graw Hill, 2007.


5. H.J. Arnikar, Essentials of Nuclear Chemistry, 4th edition, New age International, New

Delhi, 1995.

71

SEMESTER II – COMPLIMENTARY COURSE II

CHE2C02T: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY (36 HOURS)


Module I: Thermodynamics (9 hrs)

System and Surrounding - First law of Thermodynamics - Internal energy - Significance of

internal energy change – Enthalpy - Second law of Thermodynamics - Entropy and

Spontaneity - Statement of second law based on entropy - Entropy change in Phase

transitions (derivation not required) - Entropy of fusion, vaporization and sublimation.

The concept of Gibbs's free energy - Physical significance of free energy - Conditions for

equilibrium & spontaneity based on ΔG values - Effect of temperature on spontaneity of

reaction - Third law of Thermodynamics.

Module II: Gaseous and Solid States (9 hrs)

Gaseous state: Kinetic Molecular Model of gases – Maxwell distribution of velocities – Its

use in calculating molecular velocities – Average velocity, RMS velocity and Most probable

velocity (Derivation not required) – Boyle’s law – Charle’s law – Ideal gas equation –

Behaviour of real gases – Deviation from ideal behavior - Vander Waals equation

(derivation not required).

Solid State: Isotropy and anisotropy, symmetry elements in crystals, The 7 crystal systems –

Miller indices - Bravais lattices – Bragg’s equation (derivation required) – Applications

(Mention only) - Defects of crystals: Non stoichiometric and stoichiometric defects -

Extrinsic and intrinsic defects - Liquid crystals –Types of liquid crystals - Application of liquid

crystals, Examples.

Module III: Liquid state and Solutions (6 hrs)

Liquid state: Vapour pressure, surface tension, viscosity – Explanation of these properties on

the basis of intermolecular attraction.

Solutions: Colligative properties- Osmotic Pressure, Laws of osmotic pressure, Measurement

of osmotic pressure - Berkeley Hartley’s method, Determination of molecular mass using

colligative properties - Reverse osmosis and its applications.

72

Module IV: Electrochemistry (12 hrs)

Specific, equivalent and molar conductances - Determination of conductance and cell

constant - Variation of conductance with dilution - Kohlrausch's law - Degree of ionization

of weak electrolytes - Application of conductance measurements – Conductometric

titrations - Ostwald's dilution law –Hydrolysis of salts - Buffer solutions – Henderson's

equation – Applications of Buffers.

Galvanic cells - Measurement of EMF by Poggendorff's compensation method – Cell and

Electrode potentials - IUPAC sign convention – Reference electrodes – SHE and calomel

electrode – Standard Electrode Potential - Nernst equation - Cation and Anion reversible

electrodes - Redox electrode with examples – Quinhydrone Electrode – H2-O2 fuel cell.

References


2008.

2. Gordon M. Barrow, Physical Chemistry, Tata McGraw Hill Edition, 1992, Vth ed.



5. Rajaram and Kuriakkose, Thermodynamics, East-West, 1986.

73

SEMESTER III – COMPLIMENTARY COURSE III

CHE3C03T: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (54 HOURS)

CREDITS 2 (3 HOURS/WEEK)

Module I: Organic Chemistry - Basic Principles (9 hrs)

Origin of Organic Chemistry – Uniqueness of Carbon - Nomenclature of alkyl halides,

alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and amines - Structural isomerism (chain,

position, functional and metamerism) - Hybridisation in organic molecules (a brief study) -

Curved arrow formalism - Homolysis and heterolysis of bonds - Electrophiles and

nucleophiles - Electron displacement effects: Inductive effect (Explanation of substituent

effect on the acidity of aliphatic carboxylic acids) - Mesomeric effect (Comparison of

electron density in the ring of nitrobenzene, aniline and chlorobenzene by writing the

resonance forms) – Hyperconjugation (Comparison of stability of Butenes) - Electromeric

and steric effects - Reaction intermediates - Carbocation, carbanion and free radicals (Type,

hybridization and structure).

Module II: Organic Reaction Mechanism (9 hrs)

Mechanism of SN1 and SN

2 reaction of alkyl halides – Effect of Substrate and Stereochemistry

- Mechanism of Markownikov’s and Anti-Markownikov’s addition of HBr to alkenes -

Mechanism of E1 and E2 reactions of alkyl halides – Mechanism of dehydration of alcohols -

Mechanism of Aromatic Electrophilic substitution (nitration, halogenation, sulphonation and

Friedel Crafts reactions) - Orientation effect of substituents.

Module III: Stereochemistry & Aromaticity (9 hrs)

Conformations: Conformations of ethane, cyclohexane and methyl cyclohexane -

Explanation of stability.

Geometrical isomerism: Definition – Condition – Geomatrical isomerism in 2-Butene and

But-2-ene-1,4-dioic acid.

Optical isomerism: Optical activity – Chirality – Enantiomers - Meso compounds -

Diastereoisomers – Optical isomerism in Lactic acid and tartaric acid - Racemisation and

resolution – Resolution methods.

74

Aromaticity: Structure and stability of benzene – Kekule, Resonance and molecular orbital

description – Aromaticity and Huckel's rule - Application in Non benzenoid aromatic

compounds (tropylium cation and cyclopentadienyl anion) and heterocyclic compounds

(pyrrole, furan, pyridine and indol).

Module IV: Chemistry of functional groups (12 hrs)

Halogen compounds: Preparation from alcohols - Allylic bromination of alkenes – Wurtz

reaction and Fittig’s reaction.

Alcohols: Preparation from RMgX - Preparation of ethanol from molasses - Wash, rectified

spirit, absolute alcohol, denatured spirit and power alcohol (mention only) - Acidity -

Haloform reaction - Luca’s test - Chemistry of methanol poisoning – Harmful effects of

ethanol in the human body.

Phenols: Preparation from chlorobenzene - Acidity – Substituent effects.

Ethers: Preparation by Williamson’s Synthesis – Acidic cleavage - Crown ethers (mention

only).

Aldehydes & Ketones: Preparation from alcohols - Comparison of nucleophilic addition rate

of aliphatic aldehydes and ketones – Importance of urotropine.

Carboxylic acids: Preparation from nitriles and Grignard reagent - HVZ reaction –

Decarboxylation - Kolb electrolysis - Esterification.

Nitrocompounds: Preparation of TNT – Reason for its explosive nature - Preparation of picric

acid from phenol.

Amines: Preparation from nitro compounds - Hofmann’s Bromamide reaction – Basicity -

Effect of substituents on basicity of aromatic amines (a brief study).

Diazonium salts: Preparation and synthetic applications of benzene diazonium chloride –

Preparation of Methyl orange.

Module V: Biomolecules (9 hrs)

Carbohydrates: Classification – Cyclic structures of glucose, fructose and sucrose - Starch

and cellulose (structure not expected) – Applications of carbohydrates.

Proteins: Amino acids – Classification – Zwitter ion formation - Polypeptides and proteins –

Peptide linkage - Primary, secondary and tertiary structure of proteins - Globular and fibrous

proteins – Denaturation of proteins – Enzymes: characteristics - catalytic action.

75

Lipids: Classification – Fats, oils and waxes – Saponification number and iodine number.

Nucleic acids: Structure of pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, nucleoside, nucleotide, DNA

and RNA - Differences between DNA and RNA – DNA fingerprinting – Applications.

Moldule VI: Natural Products (6 hrs)

Terpenes: Classification - Isoprene rule - Essential oils - Structure and uses of citral, geraniol

and natural rubber (structure elucidation not required) – Vulcanization and its advantages.

Vitamins: Classification, name, source and deficiency diseases (structure not required).

Alkaloids: General methods of isolation, general properties, structure and physiological

action of conine, morphine and nicotine (no structure elucidation required).

Hormones: Classification, name, organ of secretion and functions (structure not required).

References







2013.

5. C.N. Pillai, Organic Chemistry for undergraudates, Universities Press (India) Pvt Ltd,

2008.

6. I.L. Finar, Organic Chemistry Vol. I&II, 5th Edition, Pearson Education, New Delhi,

2013.

76

SEMESTER IV – COMPLIMENTARY COURSE IV

CHE4C04T: PHYSICAL & APPLIED CHEMISTRY (54 HOURS)

CREDITS 2 (3 HOURS/WEEK)

Module I: Colloidal Chemistry (6 hrs)

True solution, colloidal solution and suspension – Classification of colloids – Lyophilic,

lyophobic, macromolecular, multimolecular and associated colloids with examples –

Purification of colloids by electrodialysis and ultrafiltration - Properties of colloids: Tyndall

effect – Brownian movement – electrophoresis - Origin of charge and stability of colloids –

Coagulation - Hardy Schulze rule - Protective colloids - Gold number – Emulsions –

Application of colloids: Delta formation, medicines, sewage disposal, emulsification,

cleaning action of detergents and soaps.

Module II: Kinetics & Catalysis (9 hrs)

Chemical kinetics: Rates of reactions - Factors influencing rate of reactions - Order and

molecularity - Zero, first, second and third order reactions - Derivation of integrated rate

equations for first order and second order reactions (single reactant only) - Half life period

for first order reaction - Units of rate constants - Influence of temperature on reaction rates

- Arrhenius equation - Calculation of Arrhenius parameters - Collision theory of reaction

rate.

Catalysis: Types of catalysis – Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis - Theories of

catalysis: Outline of intermediate compound formation theory and adsorption theory.

Module III- Chromatography (6 hrs)

Introduction - Adsorption and partition chromatography - Principle and applications

of column, paper, thin layer and gas chromatography - Rf value – Relative merits of different

techniques.

Module IV- Spectroscopy (9 hrs)

Regions in Electromagnetic spectrum - Different units of energy - Interaction of radiation

with matter – Different types of energy levels in molecules – Rotational, vibrational and

electronic levels - Width and intensity of spectral lines – A brief discussion of microwave, IR,

77

UV-visible and NMR spectral techniques (principles and applications only, detailed study not

required).

Module V: Environmental Chemistry (6 hrs)

Introduction - Air pollution – Pollution by N, S and C oxides - Ozone layer, importance -

Effects of air pollution: Depletion of ozone, green house effect and acid rain.

Aquatic pollution - Sewage, industrial effluents, soaps and detergents, pesticides, fertilizers

and heavy metals – Eutrophication - Biological magnification and bioaccumulation – Effects

of water pollution - Water quality parameters – DO, BOD, COD (elementary idea only) –

Detection of F-, Cl-, SO42-, NO3

-, PO43-, acidity and alkalinity of H2O.

Pollution due to plastics – Radioactive pollution.

Soil pollution – Control measures - Solid Waste Management (Sanitary landfill and

composting).

Module VI- Polymers (6 hrs)

Classification of polymers - Types of polymerization – Addition and condensation polymers –

Thermoplasics and thermosetting plastics - Structure and applications of synthetic rubbers

(Buna-S, Buna N, Neoprene), Synthetic fibres (Nylon 66, Nylon 6, Dacron), thermoplastics

(polyethene, polystyrene, polypropylene, PVC, teflon) and thermosetting plastics (bakelite

and melmac) – Uses of Kevlar, Nomex and Lexan - Preparation and uses of silicones -

Biodegradable polymers (PGA-PLA and PHBV) – Applications.

Module VII: Chemistry in daily life (12 hrs)

Petrochemicals: Name, carbon range and uses of fractions of petroleum distillation –Octane

number –Cetane number – Flash point – LPG and CNG - Composition and uses.

Pharmaceuticals: Drug - Chemical name, generic name and trade names with examples –

Terminology – Prodrug, pharmacology, pharmacognosy, pharmacodynamics,

pharmacokinetics - Antipyretics, antibiotics, analgesics, antiseptics, antihistamines and

tranquilizers (definition and examples, structure not expected).

Food: Food additives – Food preservatives, Artificial sweeteners, Antioxidants (Definition

and examples, structure not required) - Permitted and non-permitted food colours (Name

78

only) - Junk foods and chocolates -Harmful effects of these in the human body - Structure of

BHT and BHA.

Soaps and detergents: Saponification of lipids – Hard and soft soaps – Detergents –

Classification – Examples - Advantages and disadvantages.

Cosmetics: Talcum powder, Perfumes, Deodorants, Creams, Nail polish, Lipstick

(composition and impact on human body).

Tooth paste: Composition – Fluoride level.

Cement: Manufacture, composition and setting.

Glass: Manufacture – Annealing - Types of glasses and uses.

Agriculture: Inorganic fertilizers: Essential nutrients for plants – Nitrogenous, phosphatic

and potash fertilizers – Pesticides: Insecticides, herbicides, rodenticides and fungicides

(definition and examples only) – Harmful effects - Structure of Endosulphan, DDT and BHC.

References

1. K.J. Laidler, Chemical Kinetics, Vol. I and II, Mc Graw Hill.

2. P.R. Singh & S.K. Dixit, Molecular Spectroscopy, S. Chand & Company.


2008.

4. Colin N. Banwell & E.M. Mc Cash, Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, Tata

McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi.


6. A.K. Ahluwalia Environmental Chemistry, Ane books India, 2008.

7. A. K. De., Environmental Chemistry, 6th Edition, New Age International.

8. Puri, Sharma and Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, Milestone Publishers and

Distributors, 2008.



10. Sharma B.K, Industrial chemistry, Goel publishing House, 2003, Meerut.

11. Gowariker V.R., Viswanathan N.V. and Jayader Sreedhar, Polymer Science, Wiley

Eastern Ltd., New Delhi. 2005

12. G. R. Chatwal, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol. II, Himalaya Publishing House,

Bombay.

79

SEMESTER IV: COMPLIMENTARY COURSE PRACTICAL

CHE1C01P, CHE2C01P, CHE3C01P, CHE4C01P: CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL

CREDIT 4 (2 HOURS/WEEK: I, II, III & IV SEMESTERS)

General Instructions

1. Micro method or Semi-micro method may be adopted for qualitative analysis (Micro

method is preferred).

2. For weighing, either electronic balance or chemical balance may be used (Electronic

balance is preferred).

3. For titrations conventional method or double burette titration method may be used

(Double burette titration method is preferred).

4. Reagents should be kept in small bottles with dropper.

5. Advice the students to wear apron, gloves and masks in the laboratory.

6. Practical examination will be conducted in the 4th semester.

Module I: LABORATORY SAFETY, FIRST AID AND TREATMENT OF FIRES

Importance of lab safety – burns – eye accidents – cuts – gas poisoning – electric shocks –

poisons – treatment of fires – precautions and preventive measures.

Module II: INORGANIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

1. Study of the reactions of Pb2+, Bi3+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Al3+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Co2+,

Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and NH4+

2. Systematic analysis of a solution containing any two of the cations from the above

list.

Module III: VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS

A: Introduction

8. Weighing using chemical balance and electronic balance.

9. Preparation of standard solutions.

B: Neutralisation Titrations

Estimation of (a) strong acids (b) strong bases (c) weak acids (d) weak bases.

C: Redox Titrations

80

a) Permanganometry: Estimation of (a) Fe2+/FeSO4.7H2O/Mohr’s salt (b) Oxalic acid

b) Dichrometry: Estimation of (a) Fe2+ using internal indicator (a) Fe2+ using external

indicator

c) Iodimetry and Iodometry: Estimations of (a) copper (b) potassium dichromate (c)

iodine

D: Complexometric Titrations

Estimation of (a) Zinc (b) Magnesium (c) hardness of water.

Module IV: GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS

1. Determination of water of crystallization in crystalline barium chloride

2. Estimation of barium as barium sulphate

3. Determination Ni2+ as Nickel dimethyl glyoximate

Module V: DETERMINATION OF PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

1. Determination of melting point

2. Determination of boiling point

Module VI: ORGANIC ANALYSIS & PREPARATION

A. Detection of Elements in Organic Compounds

B. Organic Preparations

1. p-Bromoacetanilide from acetanilide

2. Benzoic acid from benzaldehyde

3. Benzoic acid from benzamide

References

1. J. Mendham. R.C. Denney, J. D. Barnes and M. Thomas, Vogel’s Text Book of

Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 6th Edition, Pearson Education, Noida, 2013.

2. D. A. Skoog, D. M. West, and S. R. Crouch, Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 8th

edn, Brooks/Cole Nelson.

3. G. Svehla, Text Book of Vogel's Macro and Semi-micro Inorganic Analysis, revised,

Orient Longman.

81

4. V. V. Ramanujam, Inorganic Semi micro Qualitative Analysis, The National Publishing

Co., Chennai.

5. W. G. Palmer, Experimental Inorganic Chemistry, Cambridge

6. F. G. Mann and B. C. Saunders, Practical Organic Chemistry, Fourth Edition, Pearson

Education.

Effective from 2014 admission - University of Calicut · Module II: Quantum Chemistry - II (9 hrs)...

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