EFFECT OF SQUARE HOLLOW SECTION ON THE ...umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/27708/1/Effect of square...3...

EFFECT OF SQUARE HOLLOW SECTION

ON THE STRENGTH OF FOAMED CONCRETE

BEAM WITH PROCESSED SPENT

BLEACHING EARTH AS PARTIAL

REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT

LEE SENG AIK

B. ENG(HONS.) CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that I have checked this thesis and in my opinion, this thesis is adequate

in terms of scope and quality for the award of the Bachelor Degree of Civil Engineering

_______________________________

(Supervisor’s Signature)

Full Name : Pn. Rokiah Binti Othman

Position : Lecturer

Date : 5 June 2018

STUDENT’S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work in this thesis is based on my original work except for

quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has

not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at Universiti Malaysia

Pahang or any other institutions.

_______________________________

(Student’s Signature)

Full Name : LEE SENG AIK

ID Number : AA 14221

Date : 5 June 2018

EFFECT OF SQUARE HOLLOW SECTION ON THE STRENGTH OF FOAMED

CONCRETE BEAM WITH PROCESSED SPENT BLEACHING EARTH AS

PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT

LEE SENG AIK

Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements

for the award of the

Bachelor Degree in Civil Engineering

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth Resources

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

JUNE 2018

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

A very great gratitude and appreciation expressed to all those who make a part to

the successful cease of this project with title “Effect of square hollow section on the

strength of foamed concrete beam with processed spent bleaching earth as partial

replacement of cement” which involved either directly or indirectly.

First and foremost, I need to thank to my supervisor, Pn. Rokiah Binti Othman

for her support, helps, encouragement and useful guidance which I need the most. I would

like to give special thanks to her for having trust and believe on me to finish this project

excellently.

I also want to thanks my entire friends who always at my side during this Final

Year Project for their ideas and support about the project and as well as helping me in

completing it.

Finally, to my beloved family, which supports me from the times, giving

motivation, advices and finance support so that I can finish doing this project.

iii

ABSTRAK

Rasuk berongga diperkenalkan untuk mengurangkan kos projek pembinaan serta

penggunaan bahan dan formwork. Processed Spent Bleaching Earth (PSBE) adalah SBE

yang telah dirawat dan boleh digunakan sebagai pengganti sebahagian untuk simen dalam

konkrit berbuih disebabkan oleh kesan pozzolanicnya. Kepekatan konkrit berbuih direka

untuk mendapatkan ketumpatan 1600 kg/m³. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk

menentukan beban maksimum rasuk lenturan, pesongan rasuk lenturan dan mod

kegagalan rasuk lenturan dengan menggunakan lenturan ujian empat titik. Empat jenis

balok telah disediakan iaitu balok FC dikawal sebagai balok pepejal (Beam 1) tanpa

bahagian berongga, balok berongga (Beam 2) dengan saiz pembukaan (50mm x 50mm),

balok berongga (Beam 3) dengan saiz pembukaan (60mm x 60mm), dan rasuk berongga

(Beam 4) dengan saiz pembukaan (70mm x 70mm). Kesemua rasuk itu dipancarkan

dengan 30% PSBE sebagai pengganti simen separa. Setiap jenis rasuk disediakan untuk

3 unit rasuk (150mm x 200mm x 1500mm) untuk mencari nilai purata beban maksimum

dan pesongan. 4 unit Linear Variable Displacement Transducer (LVDT) digunakan untuk

mengukur pesongan rasuk. Corak retak bagi rasuk diperhatikan sepanjang eksperimen

dan retak kemudian dianalisis dengan sewajarnya. Dari hasil ujikaji, antara saiz bahagian

berongga, Beam 2 menghasilkan beban maksimum yang lebih tinggi dengan 3.94 kN,

kekuatan lenturan dengan 0.79 N/mm2 dan pesongan dengan 0.30mm. Hasil kajian

menunjukkan kekuatan lenturan rasuk menurun ke tahap tertentu sebanyak 12.7%,

37.3%, dan 51.1% bagi Beam 2, Beam 3, dan Beam 4. Selain itu, hasil untuk pesongan

menunjukkan bahawa Beam 2, Beam 3, dan Beam 4 dibelokkan kurang berbanding Beam

1 dengan penurunan masing-masing 9.09%, 17.27% dan 25.76%. Kekuatan lenturan

rasuk bergantung kepada momen inersia kedua manakala momen inersia kedua

bergantung pada kawasan permukaan balok. Beban maksimum balok dengan bahagian

berongga berkurang disebabkan oleh dimensi yang semakin meningkat pada bahagian

berongga. Oleh sebab rasuk tidak diperkuat, rasuk-rasuk gagal tanpa sebarang keretakan

kecil. Retakan menegak dipanggil retak utama. Oleh itu, kekuatan lenturan dan pesongan

seksyen berongga segi empat semakin berkurangan apabila saiz rongga semakin

meningkat.

iv

ABSTRACT

Hollow beam is introduced to reduce the cost of the construction project by reducing the

use of materials and formworks. Processed Spent Bleaching Earth (PSBE) is the SBE that

has been treated and can be used as a partial replacement for cement in the foamed

concrete due to its pozzolanic effect. Density of foamed concrete was designed to get

1600 kg/m³ density. The objective of the study is to determine the maximum load of the

flexural beam, the deflection of the flexural beam, and the mode of failure of the flexural

beam by using 4 point bending test. Four types of beams were prepared which namely

controlled FC beam as known as solid beam (Beam 1) without the hollow section, hollow

beam (Beam 2) with the opening size of (50mm x 50mm), hollow beam (Beam 3) with

the opening size of (60mm x 60mm), and hollow beam (Beam 4) with the opening size

of (70mm x 70mm). All the beams were casted with 30% of PSBE as a partial cement

replacement. Each type of the beams were prepared for 3 units of beams (150mm x

200mm x 1500mm) to find the average value of maximum load and deflection. The 4

units of Linear Variable Displacement Transducer (LVDT) were used to measure the

deflection of the beams. The crack pattern of beams were observed throughout the

experiment and the cracking were then analysed accordingly. From the experimental

result, in most of the size of hollow section, Beam 2 produced greater maximum load

with 3.94 kN, flexural strength with 0.79 N/mm2 and deflection with 0.30mm. The result

showed that the flexural strength of the beams decreased to certain degree of percentage

of 12.7%, 37.3% and 51.1% for Beam 2, Beam 3 and Beam 4 respectively. Also, result

for deflection showed that Beam 2, Beam 3 and Beam 4 deflected less compared to Beam

1 with decrement of 9.09%, 17.27%, and 25.76% respectively. The flexural strength of

the beams depends on the second moment of inertia while second moment of inertia

depends on the surface area of the beams. The maximum loading of beam with hollow

section decreased due to the increasing dimension of hollow section. Since the beams

were un-reinforced, therefore, they failed without any appearance of tiny crack. The

vertical crack was called ultimate crack. Hence, the flexural strength and deflection of

square hollow section decreased as the size of hollow increased.

v

TABLE OF CONTENT

DECLARATION

TITLE PAGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii

ABSTRAK iii

ABSTRACT iv

TABLE OF CONTENT v

LIST OF TABLES viii

LIST OF FIGURES ix

LIST OF SYMBOLS x

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xi

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background of Study 1

1.2 Problem Statement 2

1.3 Objectives 3

1.4 Scope of Study 3

1.5 Significance of Study 3

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2.1 Introduction 5

2.2 Foamed Concrete 5

2.2.1 Application of Foamed Concrete 6

2.3 Constituent Materials of Foamed Concrete 6

vi

2.3.1 Cement 6

2.3.2 Sand 7

2.3.3 Water 7

2.3.4 Foaming Agent 8

2.4 Effect of Pozzolanic Material 8

2.5 Processed Spent Bleaching Earth 9

2.5.1 Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE) 10

2.5.2 Processed Spent Bleaching Earth (PSBE) 10

2.6 Compressive Strength 11

2.7 Hollow Beam 12

2.8 Bending 12

2.9 Deflection 13

2.10 Mode of Failure 14

2.11 Bending Test 14

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 15

3.1 Introduction 15

3.2 Research Planning 16

3.3 Specimen Preparation 17

3.3.1 Formwork Preparation 17

3.3.2 Ordinary Portland Cement 19

3.3.3 Silica Sand 20

3.3.4 Protein Foaming Agent 20

3.3.5 Processed Spent Bleaching Earth (PSBE) 21

3.3.6 Water 22

3.4 Mix Design 22

vii

3.5 Casting, Moulding and Unmoulding of the Specimens 23

3.6 Curing Process 24

3.7 Painting 25

3.8 Testing Method 25

3.8.1 Four Point Bending Test 25

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 27

4.1 Introduction 27

4.2 Flexural Strength 27

4.3 Deflection Profile 29

4.4 Crack Pattern 37

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 38

5.1 Introduction 38

5.2 Conclusion 38

5.3 Recommendations 39

REFERENCES 40

APPENDIX A CALCULATION (FLEXURAL STRENGTH) 44

APPENDIX B CALCULATIONS (THEORETICAL DEFLECTION) 45

viii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Properties of SBE and PSBE 11

Table 3.1 Mix Proportion of foamed concrete 22

Table 4.1 Maximum loading and Flexural Strength of Beams 28

Table 4.2 Deflection Data for Beam 1 30




Table 4.6 Deflection Profile Comparison 36

Table 4.7 Cracking Pattern of Beams 37

ix

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1 Research Experimental Works Flow 16

Figure 3.2 Preparation of Formwork 18

Figure 3.3 Square Hollow Section Formwork 18

Figure 3.4 Ordinary Portland Cement ‘Orang Kuat’ 19

Figure 3.5 Silica Sand 20

Figure 3.6 Protein Foaming Agent 21

Figure 3.7 Processed Spent Bleaching Earth 22

Figure 3.8 Casting of the Specimen 23

Figure 3.9 Curing Process 24

Figure 3.10 Painting of the Beams 25

Figure 3.11 Testing Set Up of the Beam 26

Figure 3.12 Position of LVDT 26

Figure 4.1 Maximum Loading and Flexural Strength of Beams 28

Figure 4.2 Relationship of Force against Deflection for Beam 1 32




Figure 4.6 Deflection Profile for Beam 1 34




x

LIST OF SYMBOLS

%

σ

δ

Percentage

Flexural Strength

Deflection

xi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ASTM

C-H

CIDB

C-S-H

GHG

IBS

American Society for Testing and Materials

Calcium Hydroxide

Construction Industry Development Board

Calcium Silica Hydrate

Greenhouse Gases

Industrialised Building System

LVDT

NGOs

PSBE

SBE

linear variable displacement transducer

Non-Governmental Organizations

Processed Spent Bleaching Earth

Spent Bleaching Earth

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

Over the past several decades, Malaysia is still unfamiliar with the usage of

Industrialised Building System (IBS) although it is implemented in early 1960’s. The

practise of IBS has been widely promoted by Construction Industry Development Board

(CIDB) in Malaysia Construction Industry since 1998. It is widely used when Cabinet of

Ministers endorsed IBS Strategic Plan as the blueprint for the total industrialisation of the

construction sector. The objectives of using IBS is to slowly decrease the usage of foreign

labours, improve quality of project and increase productivity (Mohamad, Zawawi, &

Nekooie, 2009). IBS also simplified construction work by reducing the time and as well

reducing the cost of the construction.

For the construction of first floor beam, hollow beam is introduced to reduce the

cost of the construction project by reducing the use of formwork when casting the

secondary beam. As the hollow beam with reduced weight can be supported by lesser

formwork during the process, lesser formwork is required to support the structure until

the end of curing system. On the other hand, improper supervision and control of

formwork systems can possibly affect the construction schedule and consequently impact

the total cost of construction (Mansuri et al., 2017). Lightweight foamed concrete has a

lot of advantages. Besides it is easily made, it is also lightweight which is easy to handle

and also lightweight foamed concrete is a good heat insulator (Jones & McCarthy, 2005).

The idea of making hollow beam is the same as the introduction of concrete

hollow-core panels which widely used for parking structures, bridges and concrete

buildings (Baran, 2015). By referring to the law of second moment of inertia, there is an

effect on the shear resistance and bending moment of beam when the surface area is

2

reduced. Hence, this study is to investigate the effect of square hollow section on the

strength of foamed concrete beam with processed spent bleaching earth as a partial

replacement of cement.

1.2 Problem Statement

Cement is the basic element in construction field. Cement binds concrete particles

tightly. Cement is mass-produced for construction purposes. Cement industry is also an

energy intensive industry which contributes for greenhouse gases (GHG), CO2, and other

gases emission, NOx and SOx. About 6-8% of carbon production is responsible to cement

industry and around 12-15% of total industrial energy consumed by cement industry (Ali,

Saidur, & Hossain, 2011).

Spent bleaching earth (SBE) is a waste material which is derived from the refining

process of crude edible oil. The past reports showed that Malaysia palm oil mills produce

a significant sum of SBE yearly as a by-product of manufacturing process (Tan, Ahmad,

& Hameed, 2009). Due to the huge amount produced each year, SBE is hard to manage

because of the lack of technique to recover it (Krzyśko-Łupicka et al., 2014).

Formwork is actually cost a lot in a construction project. Formwork can possibly

account for as much as 15% of the total construction cost and 33% of the cost of the

concrete structure (Ko, Wang, & Kuo, 2011). The reduction of beam weight can

definitely decrease the use of formwork to save the overall cost of the project.

3

1.3 Objectives

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of square hollow section on

the strength of foamed concrete beam with processed spent bleaching earth as a partial

replacement of cement and the objectives are shown as below:

i. To determine the maximum load of the flexural beam by using four point

bending test.

ii. To determine the deflection of the flexural beam.

iii. To determine the mode of failure of the flexural beam.

1.4 Scope of Study

In this study, the experiments were conducted in small scale laboratory test basis.

American Society of Testing Material (ASTM) was used as reference standards for the

laboratory tests involved in this study. To obtain the maximum load, deflection and mode

of failure of the solid beam and hollow beam, four point bending test was conducted.

Through this study, we worked on determining the maximum load, deflection and mode

of failure of the flexural beam by using four point bending test. All the solid beam and

hollow beam were tested to compare the maximum load that applied on the beams. The

deflection of beams were determined and the mode of failure were identified. Therefore,

in the end of this study, the feasibility of using hollow beam in reducing the cost and

formwork used were verified.

1.5 Significance of Study

Government and NGOs are generally promote the implementation of

sustainability issue in construction field and the construction industry is working hard to

exercise it in their projects. By following the concept, both the social responsibility and

economic growth were satisfied by construction industry to protect the environment. To

adopt the usage of construction wastes in other construction activities, which will not

only reduce the weight of beam, but also reduce the cost of construction by reducing the

use of formwork, it will also reduce the waste disposal rate to landfills significantly, and

it can be interpreted as an effort in preserving the environment. Recycling construction

waste materials to be used in construction activities will also minimize the exploitation

40

REFERENCES

-N parthiban, M. N. (2017). Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beam With.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology(IRJET), 4(4), 2263–2274.

Retrieved from https://www.irjet.net/archives/V4/i4/IRJET-V4I4573.pdf

Al-Azzawi, A., & Mahdy, A. (2010). Finite element analysis of deep beams on nonlinear elastic

foundations. Journal of the Serbian, 4(2), 13–42. Retrieved from

http://www.singipedia.com/attachment.php?attachmentid=2372&d=1306496315

Alex, S., & Tiwari, A. (2015). Properties and Applications — A Review. Construction &

Building Materials, 15(3), 1869–1894. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2015.9718

Ali, M. B., Saidur, R., & Hossain, M. S. (2011). A review on emission analysis in cement

industries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(5), 2252–2261.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.02.014

Alnuaimi, A. S., Al-Jabri, K. S., & Hago, A. (2008). Comparison between solid and hollow

reinforced concrete beams. Materials and Structures/Materiaux et Constructions, 41(2),

269–286. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-007-9237-x

Amran, Y. H. M., Farzadnia, N., & Ali, A. A. A. (2015). Properties and applications of foamed

concrete; A review. Construction and Building Materials, 101, 990–1005.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.112

Baran, E. (2015). Effects of cast-in-place concrete topping on flexural response of precast

concrete hollow-core slabs. Engineering Structures, 98, 109–117.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.04.017

Behzad, M., Ebrahimi, A., & Meghdari, A. (2008). A new continuous model for flexural

vibration analysis of a cracked beam. Polish Maritime Research, 15(2), 32–39.

https://doi.org/10.2478/v10012-007-0062-5

Benitez, B. M. A., Darwin, D., Fellow, Z., & Donahey, R. C. (1998). DEFLECTIONS OF

COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH WEB OPENINGS By Manuel A. Benitez; Member, ASCE,

David Darwin,:Z Fellow, ASCE, and Rex C. Donahey,3 Member, ASCE, 124(October),

1139–1147.

Beshara, A., & Cheeseman, C. R. (2014). Reuse of spent bleaching earth by polymerisation of

residual organics. Waste Management, 34(10), 1770–1774.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.04.021

Campione, G., & Minafò, G. (2012). Behaviour of concrete deep beams with openings and low

shear span-to-depth ratio, 41, 294–306.

41

Coker, E. B., Sadiku, S., Aguwa, J. I., & Abdullahi, M. (2016). Study of the Strength

Characteristics of Protein-Based Lightweight Foamed Concrete With Cement. Nigerian

Journal of Technology, 35(4), 699–706.

Ding, Y., You, Z., & Jalali, S. (2010). Hybrid fiber influence on strength and toughness of RC

beams. Composite Structures, 92(9), 2083–2089.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2009.10.016

El Maaddawy, T., & Sherif, S. (2009). FRP composites for shear strengthening of reinforced

concrete deep beams with openings. Composite Structures, 89(1), 60–69.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2008.06.022

Foo, K. Y., & Hameed, B. H. (2012). Dynamic adsorption behavior of methylene blue onto oil

palm shell granular activated carbon prepared by microwave heating, 203, 81–87.

Hasdemir, S., Tuʇrul, A., & Yilmaz, M. (2016). The effect of natural sand composition on

concrete strength. Construction and Building Materials, 112, 940–948.


Hesami, S., Modarres, A., Soltaninejad, M., & Madani, H. (2016). Mechanical properties of

roller compacted concrete pavement containing coal waste and limestone powder as

partial replacements of cement. Construction and Building Materials, 111, 625–636.


Jabbar, S., Hejazi, F., & Mahmod, H. M. (2016a). Effect of an opening on reinforced concrete

hollow beam web under torsional, flexural, and cyclic loadings. Latin American Journal of

Solids and Structures, 13(8), 1576–1595. https://doi.org/10.1590/1679-78251828

Jabbar, S., Hejazi, F., & Mahmod, H. M. (2016b). Effect of an Opening on Reinforced Concrete

Hollow Beam Web Under Torsional, Flexural, and Cyclic Loadings . Latin American

Journal of Solids and Structures . scielo .

Jones, M. R., & McCarthy, A. (2005). Preliminary views on the potential of foamed concrete as

a structural material. Magazine of Concrete Research, 57(1), 21–31.

https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.2005.57.1.21

Jones, M. R., McCarthy, A., & Booth, A. P. P. G. (2006). Characteristics of the ultrafine

component of fly ash. Fuel, 85(16 SPEC. ISS.), 2250–2259.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2006.01.028

Joy, J., Rajeev, R., & Student, P. G. (2014). Effect of Reinforced Concrete Beam with Hollow

Neutral Axis. IJSRD -International Journal for Scientific Research & Development|,

2(10online), 2321–613. Retrieved from www.ijsrd.com

Kearsley, E. ., & Wainwright, P. . (2001). The effect of high fly ash content on the compressive

42

strength of foamed concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 31(1), 105–112.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00430-0

Ko, C., Wang, W., & Kuo, J. (2011). Improving Formwork Engineering Using the Toyota Way.

Journal of Engineering, Project, and Production Management, 1(1), 13–27.

Krzyśko-Łupicka, T., Cybulska, K., Wieczorek, A., Możdżer, E., & Nowak, M. J. (2014). The

effect of spent bleaching earth ageing process on its physicochemical and microbial

composition and its potential use as a source of fatty acids and triterpenes. Environmental

Science and Pollution Research, 21(18), 10765–10774. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-

014-3021-6

Loh, S. K., Cheong, K. Y., & Salimon, J. (2017). Surface-active physicochemical

characteristics of spent bleaching earth on soil-plant interaction and water-nutrient uptake:

A review. Applied Clay Science, 140, 59–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2017.01.024

Loh, S. K., James, S., Ngatiman, M., Cheong, K. Y., Choo, Y. M., & Lim, W. S. (2013).

Enhancement of palm oil refinery waste - Spent bleaching earth (SBE) into bio organic

fertilizer and their effects on crop biomass growth. Industrial Crops and Products, 49,

775–781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.06.016

Mana, M., Ouali, M. S., de Menorval, L. C., Zajac, J. J., & Charnay, C. (2011). Regeneration of

spent bleaching earth by treatment with cethyltrimethylammonium bromide for

application in elimination of acid dye. Chemical Engineering Journal, 174(1), 275–280.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.09.026

Mansuri, D., Chakraborty, D., Elzarka, H., Deshpande, A., & Gronseth, T. (2017). Building

Information Modeling enabled Cascading Formwork Management Tool. Automation in

Construction, 83(July), 259–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2017.08.016

Mi, Z., Hu, Y., Li, Q., & An, Z. (2018). Effect of curing humidity on the fracture properties of

concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 169, 403–413.


Mohamad, M. I., Zawawi, M., & Nekooie, M. a. (2009). I Mplementing I Ndustrialised B

Uilding S Ystem ( Ibs ) in. Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering, 21(2), 219–234.

Mohammed, J. H., & Hamad, A. J. (2014). Materials, properties and application review of

Lightweight concrete, 37(2), 10–15.

Nambiar, E. K. K., & Ramamurthy, K. (2006). Influence of filler type on the properties of foam

concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 28(5), 475–480.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2005.12.001

Namiq, Z. F. (2012). Design of Beam As a Hollow Cross Section By Using Steel Fiber Under,

43

(February).

Pan, Z., Li, H., & Liu, W. (2014). Preparation and characterization of super low density foamed

concrete from Portland cement and admixtures. Construction and Building Materials, 72,

256–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.08.078

Panesar, D. K. (2013). Cellular concrete properties and the effect of synthetic and protein

foaming agents. Construction and Building Materials, 44, 575–584.


Prasad, B. K. R., Saha, R. K., & Gopalakrishnan, A. R. (2010). Fracture behavior of plain

concrete beams – experimental verification of one parameter model, 14(3), 65–83.

Saad, S. A., Nuruddin, M. F., Shafiq, N., & Ali, M. (2015). Pozzolanic Reaction Mechanism of

Rice Husk Ash in Concrete – A Review, (July), 1143–1147.

https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.773-774.1143

Salaman, T. S. (2015). Reinforced Concrete Moderate Deep Beams with Embedded PVC Pipes.

Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences, 3(1), 19–29.

Shaikh, F. U. A., & Supit, S. W. M. (2015). Compressive strength and durability properties of

high volume fly ash (HVFA) concretes containing ultrafine fly ash (UFFA). Construction

and Building Materials, 82, 192–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.02.068

Tan, I. A. W., Ahmad, A. L., & Hameed, B. H. (2009). Fixed-bed adsorption performance of oil

palm shell-based activated carbon for removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. Bioresource

Technology, 100(3), 1494–1496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.08.017

Tikalsky, P. J., Pospisil, J., & MacDonald, W. (2004). A method for assessment of the freeze-

thaw resistance of preformed foam cellular concrete. Cement and Concrete Research,

34(5), 889–893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.11.005

Zhang, C. Y., Han, R., Yu, B., & Wei, Y. M. (2018). Accounting process-related CO2emissions

from global cement production under Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. Journal of

Cleaner Production, 184, 451–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.284

EFFECT OF SQUARE HOLLOW SECTION ON THE ...umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/27708/1/Effect of square...3...

Documents

Transcript of EFFECT OF SQUARE HOLLOW SECTION ON THE ...umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/27708/1/Effect of square...3...