Journal of Agricultural Science; Vol. 10, No. 11; 2018 ISSN 1916-9752 E-ISSN 1916-9760

Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education

280

Effect of Hydroxy (HHO) Gas Injection in a Gasoline Electric Generator for Rural Areas

Laís Fernanda Juchem do Nascimento1, Vander Fabio Silveira1, Jair Antonio Cruz Siqueira1, Samuel Nelson Melegari de Souza1, Carlos Eduardo Camargo Nogueira1, Hélcio Alexandre Rodrigues Zilotti1,

Emmanuelle Albara Zago1, Luciene Kazue Tokura1, Everton Ortiz Rocha1 & Félix Augusto Pazuch1 1 Graduation Program, Master’s in Engineering of Energy in Agriculture, State University of West Paraná, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil

Correspondence: Laís Fernanda Juchem do Nascimento, Graduation Program, Master’s in Engineering of Energy in Agriculture, State University of West Paraná, Rua Universitária, 2069, Jardim Universitário, CEP: 85819-110, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil. Tel: 55-(45)-3220-3151. E-mail: laisfjuchem@gmail.com

Received: July 12, 2018 Accepted: August 15, 2018 Online Published: October 15, 2018

doi:10.5539/jas.v10n11p280 URL: https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n11p280

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate how the HHO gas injection from an electrolyser, conventional bipolar type, works inside a motor-generator fueled with gasoline for utilization in rural areas. After the injection of HHO gas together with gasoline, the parameters of exhaust gases, exhaust temperature, pollution expelled, specific consumption of the engine and excess air, were checked and compared. The main results allowed the evaluation of the engine, when it was fueled with gasoline and HHO gas, which had a better performance than that when fed only with gasoline. The results showed that the engine consume less gasoline and generate fewer pollutant gases when in operation with the injection of HHO gas without the need of radical changes in the engine design.

Keywords: HHO gas, specific consumption, motor-generator

1. Introduction

There are in Brazil approximately 25 million people living outside urban areas. Among them, 15% still live without access to the electricity in their homes and the vast majority lives in rural communities or in areas of difficult access. It has been estimated that there are 100,000 rural properties still without electricity in our country, depending, in large majority, on diesel generators for the production of electricity. To provide electric power for this population it would be necessary transport this energy in long transmission lines, but the cost of doing it, is too expensive. A solution for this impasse would be the generation of electric energy on a small scale, through distributed generation, supplied by small local hydroelectric plants or even internal combustion generators (Walter, 2000).

In places where there is no power grid from distributed generation and nor centralized generation, generation systems are used by internal combustion engines, also called motor-generator, where each unit generates from a few kilowatts to hundreds of watts, usually powered by gasoline, diesel, natural gas and others (Walter, Faaij, & Bauen, 2000). These motor-generators are also very common in rural areas where biodigester systems are used to that produce fuel gas for production of electric energy (Oliveira, 1997). However, these systems can produce harmful and pollutant gases to the environment, which can contribute to the reduction of the ozone layer of the planet.

The increasing demand for oil-based fuels and the reduction around the world of its production has led to the increase of the prices, promoting the search for other solutions that did not depend on hydrocarbons (Souza et al., 2003; Maizonnasse, Plante, & Laflamme, 2013). Researchers seek for an alternative fuel that can be used in engines without the need for major mechanical changes (Bose, Banerjee, & Deb, 2011). An alternative, would be gaseous hydrogen, pressurized, to be used as fuel for internal combustion engines (Saravanan & Nagarajan, 2011) or hydrogen from electrolytic reactions by separation of the water molecules (Verhelst & Wallner, 2009; Vandenborre, Sierens, & Greenbus, 1996; Rimkus et al., 2013).

According to recent studies, there are some advantages, such as improved engine power, reduction in pollutant concentrations expelled in the exhaust and the reduction in specific consumption (Maken, 2003). An alternative

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2. Materia

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ameter × course)

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cle is to verifyhe water, thro

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sockets

M

Type/Phases

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ual Frequency

e; CA = Alterns; h = Height;

att (W) were uson by independ

y the motor-geure 1.

1. Motor-gene

Agricultural Sci

281

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s have no sepa06).

f mixture of thess of electrolythe reaction o

generator (Al-R

motor-generated by the manu

tor

OR

ower CA 1.2 KVA

CA 1 KVA

ge 115 V

in CA 9.5 A

2 × 115 V

single-ph

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60 HZ

nating CurrentW × L × H = W

sed as the chardent switches,

enerator a vol

erator, Toyama

ience

called electrolyhis reaction, ouel (gasoline, aration of oxyg

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tor Toyama, mufacturer (Toy

GROUP

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Vol. 10, No. 11;

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(Figure 1) an

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Agricultural Sci

282

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Vol. 10, No. 11;

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Agricultural Sci

283

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ator linked witoriginal structudetermine consinsertion of thtion engine du

on rod had to b), as shown onr to keeping there made (Figu

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act area; 2-Rotisplay: Displaycombustion an-control of fun

th a combustioure, which wasumption in shhe HHO gas inuring the tests

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100 ml capacied, and this prno load), 100

used in the ey, the density in g/kWh.

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Vol. 10, No. 11;

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Agricultural Sci

284

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e and carbureto

gure 8. Compler-generator ga

zer; 3-Electric gake HHO; 7-A

way to ensure turing that HHOble wastes of thugh the main i

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Vol. 10, No. 11;

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fy the exhaust haust, in ordere combustion c

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nd HHO gas. ides (NOx), ca

and Discussi

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mixture of gaso

consumption dt as the simulas consumption/kWh to the mFigure 9.

g to Musmar anngines, the obts have their fo

hors report thon is increased

Figure

gases, an emisr to collect onlchamber.

collecting datator, as when thThus, determi

arbon dioxide (

on

rved that the spWh supplied to

harge corresponoline and HHO

difference, whted charge inc

n when fed witmotor-generator

nd Al-Rousan tained results, cus on the eng

hat when hyd(Akansu, 2004

9. Specific mo

Figur

Journal of A

ssion and comly the gases th

a throughout thhe engine was ining the varia(CO2), excess

pecific fuel cono motor-genernded to 8.3% l

O gas.

hen the motor-reased. To eacth gasoline anr fed, respectiv

(2011) in a stwhere the spe

gine speed.

drogen or HH4).

otor-generator

re 10. Tempera

Agricultural Sci

285

mbustion analyzat really were

he experiment,fueled only by

ation on the gaair (EA) and t

nsumption at nrator, respectivless fuel consu

-generator wasch 800 W, the snd HHO gas, wvely, with gaso

tudy conductedecific consump

HO gases were

consumption d

ature range in e

ience

zer was used, present in the

, quantifying ty gasoline, as

ases released fremperature of

no-charge modvely, with gasoumption for th

s fueled by gaspecific consumwith specific cooline only, and

d in order to eption of gasolin

e inserted into

depending on t

engine exhaust

V

with the gas ine exothermic re

the amount of when fueled w

from the enginf exhaust gases

de, which meanoline and gasole motor-gener

asoline and HHmption of fuelonsumption vad gasoline with

evaluate the effne was reduced

o the engines

the load applie

t

Vol. 10, No. 11;

nput inserted ieaction occurr

gas in each chwith the mixtue. Variations i

s were measure

ns 0 W chargeline with gas Hrator when sup

HO gas, was l, correspondedalues of 8.6 g/h HHO gas, a

ffect of HHO gd by 20%, how

s, its efficienc

ed

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n the ed in

harge ure of n the ed.

, was HHO. plied

more d to a /kWh s can

gas in wever,

cy in

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As shown found thro106 °C forthis chargeof gasoline

It was obsHHO gas bof the exhaand 127 °Cremained a

Musmar aconductedvariations

When the after insertexhaust gaobserved t(800 W).

org

in Figure 10,oughout the grr powered “moe correspondede and HHO ga

served that thebecame more aust gases hadC for powered about the same

and Al-Rousand with the obje

in temperature

motor-generattion HHO, thisases are shownthroughout the

the temperaturaph, from the otor-generator”d to 6.2% less

as.

e difference besignificant wh

d 6.6% lower tmotor-generat

e throughout th

n (2011), Al-Jective of evalue of the exhaus

tor works withs amount was

n, it was founde graphic from

Fi

Fig

Journal of A

ure was less wcharge in the

”, with pure gas than the temp

etween the temhen connected than when fed tor, respectivelhe experiment,

Janabi and Aluate the effect st gases found

h fuel in the u20 ppm, repre

d that when insm the load to th

igure 11. Nitro

gure 12. Carbo

Agricultural Sci

286

when inserted empty mode,

asoline and gasperature of mo

mperature whento charges 100with gasoline ly, with gas an, as can be see

l-Baghdadi (19of hydrogen i, however with

uncharged modesenting a reduserted HHO gahe unloaded m

ous oxide exhau

on dioxide exha

ience

HHO gas withmeaning that

soline with HHotor-generator

n the motor-ge0 to 800 W. Toand HHO gas

nd gasoline anden in Figure 10

999), and Thuin gasoline engh engine speed

de (0 W), the uction of 41%.as together witmode until the

ustion data

austion data

V

h gasoline. Thit was empty,

HO, respectiver when supplie

enerator is fedo the load 100 s with temperad HHO gas, wh

0.

urnheer et al. gines, obtaine

d-related appro

amount of NO. As seen in Fith the gasolinee equivalent lo

Vol. 10, No. 11;

his behavior ca it was 113 °C

ely. The variatied with the mi

d with gasolineW the temper

ature values 13here this differ

(2009) in a sd similar resu

oach.

O was 34 ppmigure 11, where, this behavioroad the rated m

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an be C and on in xture

e and rature 36 °C rence

study lts to

, and re the r was motor

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When anawhen the mHHO insewith gasolrated moto

It is observat regular g

These resustudy condsimilar resto these authe motor.(2007) reaconditions

As the reaadded HHcomposed

If the carbcomprises Al-Baghda

As can be and was co

The followW for the a

Table 2. Su

Type o

Regula

Gasoli

Regula

Gasoli

Regula

Gasoli

Regula

Gasoli

Regula

Gasoli

org

alyzed CO2 emmotor-generatoertion this amoline, this behavor load (800 W

ved in Figure gasoline has sl

ults were compducted with thsults to variatiouthors carbon d. According toached values cs.

ading of the dHO gas in the c

of gas enriche

bon dioxide rthe gases tha

adi, 1999).

seen in Figureompatible such

wing Table 2 suapplied load, a

ummary table

of Fuel

ar Gasoline

ine + HHO

ar Gasoline

ine + HHO

ar Gasoline

ine + HHO

ar Gasoline

ine + HHO

ar Gasoline

ine + HHO

missions, showor worked withount was only vior can be see

W).

12 the carbon light variations

pared to Musmhe objective oons of nitrous odioxide reductio Sulatisky, Hclose to this w

data collected combustion ched with hydrog

release is low,at constitute th

e 13, there wash as the reduct

ummarizes theand maximum

of results foun

Journal of A

Figure 13. V

wn in Figure 12h fuel in the em4.6 ppm, a re

en in virtually

dioxide has a ms and remains

mar and Al-Rof evaluating thoxides and carion was 40%, ill, and Lung

work with redu

from the comhamber togethegen.

, consequentlyhe atmospheric

s a reduction ition of CO2 pre

e main values fvalues for wh

nd by applied l

0 W

4.83 g/kWh

4.40 g/kWh

116 °C

106 °C

34 ppm

20 ppm

6.1 ppm

4.6 ppm

133.8 %

113.7%

Agricultural Sci

287

Variation of exc

2, the behaviompty mode (0eduction of 24all the graphic

more constantmore constant

ousan (2011),he effect of thrbon dioxide exhowever, thes(2006), Sarav

uction of CO a

mbustion analyer with fuel, as

y, slower is thc air as CO2, O

n excess air inesented in Figu

found in the suhen the applied

load

Applied Load

800 W

8.6 g/k

7.2 g/k

162 °C

153 °C

72 ppm

42 ppm

7 ppm

4.9 pp

104.3%

92.8%

ience

cess air

or was similar W), the amou

4%. It was fouc from the load

t behavior fromt from the load

and Yilmaz, Uhe HHO gas inxhaled during e authors have

vanan and Nagand NOx, the

yzer, the motors shown in Fig

he release of O, N (Moham

n the engine ruure 12.

urvey. In it is pd load is of 800

W

kWh

kWh

C

C

m

m

m

pm

%

%

V

after insertionunt of CO2 wasund that when d to the empty

m 400 W of pod 500 W.

Uludamar, andn combustion combustion, i

e a related apprgarajan (2009)values 20 to

r worked withgure 13 becaus

excess air, simmadia et al.,

unning on gaso

present the min0 W, respective

Parameter Studi

Specific Fuel Co

Extraust Temper

NOx

CO2

Execess Air

Vol. 10, No. 11;

n of the HHOs 6.1 ppm, and

inserted HHOmode (0 W) t

ower, while run

d Aydin (2010)engines, obta

in which, accorroach to rotatio), and Huang 28% under sim

h excess fuel wse it was a mi

ince the exces2007; Al-Jana

oline and HHO

nimum results el.

ied

onsumption

rature

2018

O gas, after

O gas to the

nning

) in a ining rding on of et al. milar

when xture

ss air abi &

O gas,

for 0

jas.ccsenet.org Journal of Agricultural Science Vol. 10, No. 11; 2018

288

Results with gasoline with HHO addition were satisfactory for all the parameters verified in the study. It is worth noting the reduction of specific fuel consumption when adding HHO gas in gasoline.

4. Conclusion

They were obtained in this study the effects of HHO gas to be injected into a Toyama motor-generator, model TF1200. The gas was generated through an electrolyser and inserted directly into the intake valve with the aid of a gas gun. The gases expelled by the engine were quantified by gas analyzer, which enabled the following conclusions:

There was increasing the engine speed after insertion of the HHO gas, due to the increase of the calorific value of the fuel mixture, air and HHO.

There was an increase in combustion efficiency, while reducing specific fuel consumption reached 16.6%.

In conclusion, there was a reduction in the temperature of the exhaust gases.

After insertion, HHO decreased concentration of the exhaust gases.

With HHO gas injection engine remain in working arrangements with excess fuel or rich burning.

HHO gas when injected into a Toyama motorcycle generator TF1200 is a good alternative for rural areas, especially in isolated regions.

It is suggested that in motors with mechanical control system be made the adjustment of the carburetor to achieve the reduction in specific consumption.

References

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Maizonnasse, M., Plante, J.-S., Oh, D., & Laflamme, C. B. (2013). Investigation of the degradation of a low-cost untreated biogas engine using preheated biogas with phase separation for electric power generation. Renewable Energy, 55, 501-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2013.01.006

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