EFFECT OF CARBONATED BEVERAGES AND SODIUM BICARBONATE ON PERCENT BODY FAT ESTIMATION IN THE BOD POD

EFFECT OF CARBONATED BEVERAGES AND SODIUM BICARBONATE ON PERCENT BODY FAT ESTIMATION IN THE BOD POD

Bill Coburn

Introduction

IntroductionMany ways to assess body composition, The BOD POD is oneValid when controlling body hair, clothing and temperatureSodium bicarbonate and carbonated beverages can cause bloating and gas in the stomach from carbon dioxide gas No one has researched the effects of extra gas in the stomach on the BOD POD measurements

HypothesisTherefore, it is reasonable to hypothesize that percent body fat as estimated by the BOD POD in subjects who ingest Sprite or Alka-Seltzer will be overestimated as compared to the percent body fat estimates of a control group at the p.05 level. Therefore carbonated beverage intake will not be permitted before BOD POD testing. The null hypothesis is that beverage ingestion will have no effect on percent body fat estimation in the BOD POD.

Purpose of the StudyThe purpose of the study is to measure the percent body fat of 10 college students using the BOD POD and compare results after ingesting Sprite or Alka-Seltzer.

Research Questions1.What are the effects of Sprite ingestion on the estimation of percent body fat as measured by the BOD POD?2.What are the effects of Alka-Seltzer ingestion on the estimation of percent body fat as measured by the BOD POD?3.Does stomach gas significantly affect the estimation of percent body fat by the BOD POD?4.Is the BOD POD at East Stroudsburg University reliable?

Significance of the StudyThe BOD POD is a quick, valid way of assessing body composition. It is a form of appeal for wrestlers wanting to wrestle at a lower weight than their initial assessment allows. This study will investigate the effects of carbonation on the estimation of percent body fat as measured by the BOD POD.

Assumptions1.Isothermal effects have been identified (clothing, hair, thoracic gas volume, and body surface area2.Subjects avoid exercise for 4 hours3.Subjects avoid other substances that cause stomach gas as well as food for 4 hours

Limitations1.This study will be limited by the population. The population consists of college students aged 22-322.The body compositions of the population will not be controlled. 3.We will use a predicted lung volume instead of measured

DelimitationsAll subjects will wear compression clothing and swim caps.Subjects faces will be clean shaven.Subjects skin will be dry.

DefinitionsAir-displacement plethysmographyA method of estimating body volume by the amount of air displaced.Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)A method of estimating bone density and the bone mineral, fat, and mineral-free lean tissue of the body by x-ray attenuation.Hydrostatic weighingA method of estimating body volume by measurement of weight loss when the body is submerged in water. It is also called underwater weighing or hydrodensiometry. Compartment modelMethods of dividing the body into its component make up. Two compartments separate the body into fat mass and fat free mass. Four compartment models divide the body into fat, mineral, lean tissue, and fluid.Adibiatic airAir that changes temperature from a pressure change.

Review of Literature

BackgroundBoyles law: volume of a confined body of gas varies inversely as the absolute pressure, provided the temperature remains unchangedSince the BOD POD is under adibiatic conditions, Poissons law is used is the ratio of the specific heat of the gas at constant pressure to that at constant volume

Previous AttemptsEarly 19th century Germans used air displacement to measure body volumeSiri improved on this with a chamber and helium dilution but biological and mechanical factors caused errorsFomon followed that attempt with one for infants. He failed to account for residual lung volume.Helium methods failed to measure lung volume accurately

Previous AttemptsGnaedinger devised an air displacement method based on animal research. His chamber was too large for the subjectsTaylor devised a 2 chamber system to account for temperature changes and breathing. Errors came from movement and air trapped in the gut and lungs

The BOD POD More practical and functionalTwo Chambers with a seat that divides the chambers450L front subject chamber and 300L rear reference chamberDiaphragm between chambers acts as volume perturbation, as one side increases in volume the other side decreases2 point calibration process prepares for human testing with 50L calibration cylinder

Human MeasurementAir trapped within skin, hair and closing causes isothermal conditions. Isothermal air is more compressible and can cause the surrounding tissue to show up as negative volumeWearing tight compression clothing and a swim cap controls for this.

Test ProcedureSubject is weighedCalibration with cylinder followsSubject is introduced and breathes ambient airDoor is opened and closed for second trial. If those vary too much a third trial is performedVolume measurements must be within 150mL of each otherThoracic gas volume can be measured or estimated

Validity to DEXADual-energy x-ray absorptiometryDEXA higher for childrenBOD POD higher in adult menEqual in Mexican elderlyMore closely related to each other than hydrostatic weighing

Validity to Hydrostatic WeighingBOD POD has tendency to overestimateSubjects prefer the BOD PODDisagreement among athletic populations. Valid for some invalid for othersDisagreement on person to person basis

Factors Affecting ValidityHospital gowns cause 5.5% underestimation in women and 9% in both sexesT-shirt underestimates 4.1% in men and 2.9% in womenA t-shirt and track-suit pants causes an underestimation of percent body fat by 11.8% in men and 10.2% in women Males in cotton shorts underestimates by 3%Scalp hair led to a 2.3% underestimation while facial hair led to a 1% underestimationExcess heat and moisture will also lead to a small but significant underestimation of percent body fat by 1.8%

ReliabilityIntra-device reliability is highInter-device reliability is variable depending on locationDifferent units in the same lab are highUnits in different locations have low reliability

Predicted vs Measured Thoracic Gas VolumeMcRory found no difference but recommended measured for researchPredicted method caused overestimation in some populations

Carbonated Beverage and Sodium Bicarbonate IntakeIngestion of Sprite can cause bloating and belching after ingestion of 300mL. This ingestion did not affect the physiological functions Ingestion of sodium bicarbonate will also cause carbon dioxide gas production. The full expected amount would take over three hours after ingestion of 1.8g of baking soda

Methods

Participants10 ESU graduate and undergraduate students were usedAge 23-32All in good healthRandomized into which treatment they received at the first testing session

InstrumentationBOD POD Gold Standard model BOD POD 2007A used for collection of dataQuality control measures performed before each session

ProceduresQuality control measuresSubjects randomized into which treatment they received on the first testEach session began with a baseline test. We used estimated thoracic gas volume because the breathing tube was not availableSubjects ingested beverage as fast as possible after the baseline test12 ounce can of Sprite or 4 ounces of water with 2 Alka-Seltzer tablets dissolved in solutionSubjects were not to expel any gasBOD POD measurements repeated 10 and 30 minutes after ingestionSecond testing session occurred between 24 and 96 hours after the first testing session

Beverage Ingestion

BOD POD Testing

Results

Statistical AnalysisSPSSTwo-way ANOVAT-TestPearson correlation

Descriptive StatisticsDescriptive StatisticsGroupMeanStandard DeviationNSprite Baseline27.054.5993410Sprite 10 Minutes27.554.6270310Sprite 30 minutes27.524.2798810Alka Seltzer Baseline27.84.8846710Alka Seltzer 10 minutes28.094.5836510Alka Seltzer 30 minutes28.024.634610Table 1. Descriptive statistics of the groups

ANOVA results

None of the results were significantFailed to reject the Null HypothesisBeverage Ingestion does not affect percent body fat measurements in the BOD POD

Reliability ResultsT-Test result was 0.370043. This is not significantPearson Correlation Coefficient was 0.8611935. This is a strong correlationThe East Stroudsburg University BOD POD is reliable

Discussion

Purpose of StudyMeasure effect of stomach gas on body fat percentage estimationNo effectTest reliability of the BOD POD at East Stroudsburg UniversityIt is reliable

ReliabilityWe demonstrated strong reliability from day to day in contrast to the Anderson study. Previously only within day was reliable

Estimated Thoracic Gas VolumeBiggest limitationNot available, probably lostOverestimation may be seen with measured thoracic gas volumeWe were attempting to artificially inflate the gas volumeBOD POD correction equations may counteract the attempted inflation

Non-compliance with delimitationsOne subject had facial hair which can cause 1% underestimation, but the facial hair was the same for both testing sessionsMale subjects did not shave body hair which can cause 3% underestimation. The body hair level was the same for both sessionsOne subject had decorations on her bathing suit which could have trapped air. The same bathing suit was worn for both sessions

SummationFuture testing should look at using the measured thoracic gas volume.Varied results on reliability and validity of the system

References

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