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Total Development Solutions
Emergency First AidPlease note - this presentation has been adapted from an
instructor-led training session
it is not designedspecifically for self-learn
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
To enable you to:
Administer basic life saving skills
Deal with sudden injury or illness
Manage a first aid incident effectively
Course Aims
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
To be able to identify correct responses to:
Emergency situations
Non-breathing casualty
Bleeding, burns, fractures, shock
Other sudden injury or illness
Objectives
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Total Development Solutions
1. Introduction
Emergency First Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
First Aidis the initial assistance or treatment
given to someone who is injured
or suddenly taken ill.
What is First Aid?
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Principles of First Aid
Preserve Life
Prevent Condition from getting Worse
Promote Recovery
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Stay Within Your Training!
YOU ARE NOT ADOCTOR!
YOU ARE NOT APHARMICIST!
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
First Aider Role
Assess First Aid Situation Danger
Treatment Required
Administer First Aid
Effectively call the Medical Services
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Care with Confidence
Every casualty needs to feel secure and in safe
hands. Create an air of confidence and
assurance by:
Being in control of your own actions
reaction to the problem.
Acting calmly and logically.
Being gentle but firm. Speaking to the casualty kindly
and in a clear and purposeful way.
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Signs & Symptoms
Signs:Use your Senses
See
Feel
Hear Smell
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Symptoms:
Casualty Reported Sensations
Pain
Lack of Movement
Nausea
Signs & Symptoms
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Age Group Definitions
Adult 7 years +
Child 12 months to 7 years
Infant
Birth to12 months
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
The Golden Hour
Casualties of life-threatening trauma orillness, have a greater chance of survival if
treated within the first hour.
If the heart stops, Brain Damage can occur
after just 3-4 minutes.
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Personal Safety & Hygiene
Physical danger
Hepatitis B/C
HIV
Risk Management
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
What is the Hazard?
What is the Risk?
Hazard & Risk
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
The horse kicking him is the hazard, his position and actionsincrease the likelihood of risk of him being kicked.
The recoil from the rifle is the hazard, his lack of proficiency inhandling the rifle increases risk of injury from the recoil.
Hazard & Risk
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
1. Hazard Identification
2. Risk Assessment who is at risk
3. Risk Control how can we control risk?
4. Risk Elimination can we eliminate risk?
5. Decision Benefits weigh-up
6. Action / No Action - go or no-go?
Applying this risk management process to an
emergency incident throughout the duration of
the event will actively lead to risk reduction.
Dynamic Risk Assessment
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Evaluate
Select Action
Assess Action
Risks versusBenefits
Add Control
Measures?
Re-Assess
Action
Do Not
Proceed
Consider
AlternativeProceed
YES
YES NO
Dynamic Risk Assessment
(Based on: HM Fire Inspectorate 1998)
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Dynamic Risk Assessment
An accident justwaiting to happen!
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Personal Safety & Hygiene
Hepatitis B/C
HIV
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Total Development Solutions
2. Casualty Assessment
Emergency First Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Emergency Call
On the scene of an Accident your aim is to:
Assess Diagnose
Treat
Dispose
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Actions at an Accident Scene
D Danger R Response
A Airway
B Breathing
C Circulation D Disability
Think:
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Multiple Casualties
Be sure to assess ALL casualties:
Those making the most noise are more
likely to survive theyre breathing!
Look for those who are SILENTNon-breathing
Shock
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Primary Survey
Conscious
or
Unconscious?
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
The Conscious Casualty
HISTORY
What happened?
When did it happen? How did it happen?
Has it happened before?
Signs & Symptoms Medication
Inform relatives
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
The Unconscious CasualtyWhy?
Fainting Infantile Convulsions
Shock Heart Attack Stroke Head Injury Asphyxia Poisoning Epilepsy Diabetes
F
I
S
H
S
H
A
P
E
D
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Emergency Actions - Summary
Assess the situation Risk Assessment
Check Casualty All of them!
Check Response Call Help Open Airway (if required)
Breathe for Casualty (if required)
Assess Circulation
Commence CPR (if required)
Treat other injuries Prioritise
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Total Development Solutions
3. CPR
Emergency First Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
CPR Protocols
Adult
1st Priority 30 Compressions
Adult Drowning orChild /Infant
1st Priority 5 Rescue Breathes
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
CPR Protocols
Adult 30:2 Mouth-Mouth Normal Lung Capacity
Child 30:2 Mouth-Mouth 50% Normal Lung Capacity
Infant 30:2 Mouth-Mouth & Nose Like blowing out a candle
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Rescue Breaths - Adult
Is the casualty breathing?
Look rise & fall of chest
Listen
put your ear to their mouth & nose Feel place your hand on their chest
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
CPR - Adult
If not breathing, apply 30 chest compressionsimmediately, followed by 2 rescue breaths
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Rescue Breaths - Child & Infant
E Fi Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
CPR - Child
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E Fi t Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Secondary Survey
Treat other Injuries
Bleeding Burns
Bones
SHOCK
E Fi t Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Recovery Position
E Fi t Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Recovery Position
E Fi t Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Recovery Position
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Total Development Solutions
4. Bleeding
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Bleeding
Types of Bleeding
Arterial Bright Red - Spurting Venous Dark Red - Flowing
Capillary Medium Red - Trickling
Emergency First Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Types of Wound
INCISED
PUNCTUREDLACERATED
ABRASION
Emergency First Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Treatment
P - Position
E - Examine
E - Elevate
P - Pressure
Emergency First Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Wash hands
Rinse wound with clean water
Dry with towel / lint-free cloth
Cover with sterile dressing
If a foreign object is embedded in thewound, dress around the object
Treatment
Emergency First Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Eye Injuries
Support the Head
Dress Injured Eye
Hospital
Emergency First Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Other Types of Bleeding
Nose Bleeds
Mouth Bleeds
Emergency First Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Shock
Dont forget SHOCK!
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Total Development Solutions
5. Burns
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Burns
Treatment
Cool Burn AreaApply COOL WATER 10 mins at least
Remove Constrictions (if possible)
DO NOT pull away burnt clothing
Cover burn with STERILE dressing
Hospital
Emergency First Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Burns
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Total Development Solutions
6. Bones
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Fractures
Emergency First Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Treatment
Steady and Support
Protect
Hospital
Fractures
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Total Development Solutions
7. Shock
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
There are many causes of shock:
Heavy loss of Fluids BurnsBad News Spinal Cord Injury
Injury Severe Reactions
Blood Loss Hypo/Hyperthermia
Drug Overdose HypoglycaemiaInfection Heart Attack
Shock
Emergency First Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Signs
Rapid Pulse
Pale, Cold & Clammy Skin
Sweating
Shock
Emergency First Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Shock
Treatment:
Lay Down
Loosen Clothing Elevate Legs
Nil By Mouth
No Smoking
Cover with Blanket Medical Assistance
Monitor
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Total Development Solutions
8. Other Injuries & Illnesses
Emergency First Aid
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Emergency First Aid
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e ge cy st d
Emergency First Aid
Heart Attack
Treatment
Comfort Casualty Call Emergency services
Give Medication
Monitor
Emergency First Aid
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g y
Emergency First Aid
Choking
Signs & Symptoms
General symptoms and signs of asphyxia.Casualty will be unable to speak or breathe and may
be gripping the throat. They may be completely silent.
Congestion of the face and neck with the veinsbecoming prominent, blueness of the lips and mouth.
Possible unconsciousness.
Emergency First Aid
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g y
Emergency First Aid
Choking
Look in Mouth - Get the child to cough ifunsuccessful, give 5 back slaps.
Check their mouth
If unsuccessful:
Give up to 5 Abdominal thrusts
If unsuccessful send for help.
Repeat back slaps and check mouth.
Emergency First Aid
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g y
Emergency First Aid
Choking - Adult
Emergency First Aid
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g y
Emergency First Aid
Choking - Child
Emergency First Aid
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g y
Emergency First Aid
Choking - Infant
Emergency First Aid
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g y
Emergency First Aid
Asthma
Signs
Wheezing
Difficulty Speaking
Gray Blue Skin
Loss of Consciousness
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Emergency First Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Hyperventilation
Treatment:
Be Firm BUT Reassuring Keep Casualty Quite
Try To Restore Normal Breathing
Paper Bag Seek Medical Advice
Emergency First Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Seizures - Convulsions & Fits
Adult (Epilepsy)
Child (Infections)
Infant (Infections)
Emergency First Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Adult Protect Casualty
Ease Fall
Protect Head
Loosen Tight Clothing
Recovery Position Maintain Casualty Dignity
Seizures - Convulsions & Fits
Emergency First Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Child and Infant (Infection Related)
Protect from Injury
Cool Child/Infant (Cool gradually)
Sponge with Tepid Water
Recovery Position Medical Assistance
Seizures - Convulsions & Fits
Emergency First Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Head Injuries
Concussion
Cerebral Compression
Skull Fracture
There may be possible Neck Injury
Emergency First Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Signs and Symptoms
Blow / injury to the head
Dizziness
Nausea
Loss of memory
Headache
Concussionbrief impaired consciousness Pupils unequal size
Drowsiness / Disorientation
Head Injuries
Emergency First Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Treatment
Check Responsiveness
Monitor
DO NOT allow to eat, drink or smoke
Hospital
Head Injuries
Emergency First Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Treat ALL head injuries as Serious
There is risk of Brain Damage
Head Injuries
Emergency First Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Associated with the Softer Structures around Bonesand Joints. Usually Sporting Injuries.
Strains & Sprains
Emergency First Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Strains & Sprains
Treatment:
R REST
I ICE
C COMPRESS
E ELEVATE
Emergency First Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Stings
To relieve pain and swelling apply a cold compress,
surgical spirit or a solution of bicarbonate of soda,
or rub a slice of potato on it (Starch = Alkali). For
jellyfish stings, smooth calamine lotion into the
affected area.
Emergency First Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Stings
FOR STINGS IN THE MOUTH OR THROAT
To reduce the swelling give the casualty ice to suck.
Alternatively, rinse the mouth with cold water or a
solution of water and bicarbonate of soda (oneteaspoon to a glass tumbler).
Emergency First Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Stings
TREATMENT FOR STINGS IN THE SKIN
If the sting has been left deeply embedded
in the skin, LEAVE IT as further attempts
to remove may in fact increase the flow ofpoison. Seek medical assistance.
DO NOT squeeze the poison sac because thiswill force the remaining poison into the skin.
Emergency First Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Stings
If breathing becomes difficult, place casualty in the
Recovery Position.
Call Emergency Services immediately
Anaphylactic Shock
Emergency First Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Swallowed Objects
Reassure the casualty and the parents if the casualty
is a child.
Call Emergency Services immediately
DO NOT give the casualty anythingby mouth.
Emergency First Aid
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Emergency First Aid
Summary
Safety first! Risk Assessment
Remember DR ABCD
Summary
Total Development Solutions
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Total Development Solutions
Emergency First Aid
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