• EEU, NAFTA, CAFTA • TPP (Trans Pacific Partnership)

– Major corporations benefit– Consumer & worker protections lessened– Environmental standards weakened

• Internet – Outsourcing

• Colonialism– Cash cropping

• Global economy– Interconnected international, national, & local economies– Global flows of goods, labor, finance, information

Globalization

Economic Globalization

• Capitalist expansion into non-capitalist (moral) economies• Economists’ vs. anthropologists’ assessments• 3 major transformations:

– Increased commercial production,decrease in subsistence production

– Recruitment & exploitation in industrialized sector

– Dispossession of land & resource base• Unemployment, displacement

• Loss of local knowledge• Deregulation greater inequality

– Wages, working conditions– Environmental destruction– Gap between haves and have-nots

• Subsidies– E.g. U.S. cotton & corn

Distribution of income for each 1/5 of the world’s population

Kinship Terminology Prefixes & Suffixes

• Patri-• Matri-

– lineal = descent (related by blood)• Patrilineal = through fathers• Matrilineal = through mothers• Unilineal = one side (matrilineal or patrilineal)• Ambilineal = either/or

– lateral = sides of family • Father’s side = patrilateral = all related by blood only to one’s father• Mother’s side = matrilateral = all related by blood only to one’s mother• Bilateral = both sides = all of one’s blood relatives

– local = residence (where couple lives after marriage)• Patrilocal = with groom’s family • Matrilocal = with bride’s family• Neolocal = new (neither set of parents)• Ambilocal = either husband’s or wife’s parents

– archy = power (patriarchy, matriarchy)

Kinship Relations

Consanguineal = related by blood

Affinal = related by marriage

Fictive = not related by blood or marriage, but called by kinship terms

Descent = related by blood

Specific Kin Designations

1 2 3 4 5 6

7 8 9 10 1211

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

22 23 24 25 26 27 28

29

Ego

30 31 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 39 40 41 42 42 43

Patrilateral Kinsmen= RED

Ego’s father’s blood relatives only

1 2 3 4 5 6

7 8 9 10 1211

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

22 23 24 25 26 27 28

29

Ego

30 31 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 39 40 41 42 42 43

Matrilateral Kinsmen = BLUE

Ego’s mother’s blood relatives only

Bilateral DescentAll blood relatives of Ego

1 2 3 4 5 6

7 8 9 10 1211

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

22 23 24 25 26 27 28

29

Ego

30 31 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 39 40 41 42 42 43

Patrilineal Kinsmen = GREEN

PatrilinealDescent only

through fathers

Patrilineal Descent

1 2 3 4 5 6

7 8 9 10 1211

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

22 23 24 25 26 27 28

29

Ego

30 31 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 39 40 41 42 42 43

Matrilineal Kinsmen = RED

MatrilinealDescent only

through mothers

Matrilineal Descent

Unilineal Descent Groups• Tribes, chiefdoms, some states, esp. Asia & Middle East• Patrilineal (40% of world’s societies) • Matrilineal (20%)• Corporate groups

– Lineages• ~10 or fewer generations• Known ancestor• Patrilineages or matrilineages

– Clans• More than 10 generations• Cannot trace all the way back

to original ancestor• Matriclans or patriclans• Larger, more loosely structured• Totems

– Phratries• 2 or more clans• rare

– Moieties• 2 unilineal descent groups• Exchange marriage partners, rituals

Moiety

(Phratry)

Clan

Lineage

Lineage

Clan

Lineage

Lineage

(Phratry)

Clan

Lineage

Lineage

Clan

Lineage

Lineage

Tribe

Moiety

Bilateral Kinship Network: KindredEgo equally related to both mother’s and father’s sides

(Note: This chart only shows ego’s blood relatives, not affinal kin)

6 Basic Kinship Classification/Terminology Systems:

Sudanese Hawaiian Eskimo Iroquois Omaha Crow

English Kin Terms

Specific Kin Designations

English Kin Terms Designated by Kin Type:Kin Term Kin Type

Father (Fa)Mother (Mo)Son, Daughter

FMS, D

Brother (Br)Sister

BZ

Uncle (U)Aunt (A)

FB, MBFZ, MZ

Cousin (Cu)  FBS, FBD, FZS, FZD  MBS, MBD, MZS, MZD  FFBSS, Etc.

Nephew (Ne)Niece (Ni)

BS, ZSBD, ZD

Sudanese Kin Terms – 9% Most descriptive

Assigns a different kin term to each distinct relative

Hawaiian Kin Terms - 36% Least descriptive

Lumps many different relatives into a small number of categoriesNuclear family submerged in larger kin group

Eskimo Kin Terms – 11% Bilateral emphasis

No distinction between patrilineal & matrilineal relatives Emphasis on nuclear family

Iroquois Kin Terms – 29% Ego lumps father with father's brother, and mother with mother's sister,

and parallel cousins with brothers and sisters.Cross-cousins preferred marriage partners

Parallel and Cross Cousins

Omaha Kin Terms – 9% Parallel cousins are lumped with siblings, but cross-cousin terms cut across generational divisions, lumps relatives within ego’s mother's

patrilineage. Found in societies that have a strong patrilineal emphasis

Crow Kin Terms – 6%Mirror image of the Omaha, lumps relatives within ego’s father's

matrilineage. Found in societies with strong matrilineal emphases

6 Terminology Systems

English Kin Terms

Ju/’hoansi Kin Terms

___________________________________________________

Ju/'hoan Kin Terms for Older Siblings & Cousins

Ju/'hoan Kin Terms for Younger Siblings & Cousins

Tsu Tsu Tsu TsuGaGa Ga Ga

Alternating GenerationsChart shows terms for older cousins

Younger cousins called same as grandchildren (Kuma & Tuma)

Ju/’hoansi Kinship• Eskimo system, bilateral descent• Age and gender• Alternating generations• Joking and avoidance

– Joking/casual: siblings and cousins of same sex, grandparents, grandchildren, spouses, spouses’ same-sex siblings and their same-sex spouses (husband’s brother, husband’s brother-in-law; wife’s sister, wife’s sister-in-law), all children’s spouses’ parents

– Avoidance/respect: parents, children, siblings of opposite sex, aunts and uncles, parents-in-law, spouses’ opposite-sex siblings and in-laws (husband’s sister and sister-in-law, wife’s brother and brother-in-law)

• Namesake relationships – Treat people with same name as kin– Create large network of relationships

• Wi – older people can rename younger people

Joking and Avoidance Kin

Tsu Tsu Tsu TsuGa Ga Ga Ga Blue = JokingRed = Avoidance (respect)

Kin TermsAlternating Generations

– Emphasizes nuclear family – Bilateral descent Flexible– Extends kinship network– Stability and flexibility– Reflects egalitarian society– Kinship = central organizing principle

Ju/’hoansi Kinship

Marriage and the Family

• Cultural universal• Variations

– Monogamy– Polygyny, Polyandry– Same-sex– Residential patterns

• Men’s/children’s houses– Kawelka,Trobriands, Indian tribals

• Matrilineal households– e.g., Nayar, Na

• Functions of Marriage– Stable relationships– Regulate sexual reproduction– Raise children– Regulate sexual division of labor

• Often exploits women’s labor– Alliances between groups

• Mate Selection– Rules of exclusion

• Incest taboo– Rules of preference

• Cousin marriage

Suffixes and Prefixes

• -gamy = marriageExo = outsideEndo = insideMono = onePoly = more than one

• -local = residencePatri = with groom’s parentsMatri = with bride’s parentsAvuncu = with uncleNeo = newAmbi/Bi = either

Marriage RulesWhom one can or should marry

• Exogamy – outside– Kin group

• Lineage• Clan

– Village• Endogamy – inside

– Caste– Village– Race– Class– Ethnicity

• Arranged

Arranged Marriage

• Hierarchical corporate descent groups– Lineages– Clans– Castes

Patrilineage

Arranged Marriage

• Hierarchical corporate descent groups– Lineages– Clans– Castes

• Rules– Exogamy– Endogamy

• Alliances• Preservation of:

– purity– status – property

Bilateral Kinship

- No corporate group- Nuclear family- Choice of residence

- Neolocal- Ambilocal

- Focus on individuals

Preferential Cousin Marriage: Cross & Parallel

Kinship Symbols Male Sibling link Either sex

Marital link

Adopted Cohabitation

Deceased

Divorce EGO

= Marriage

M or Mo = Mother F or Fa = Father Z or Si = Sister

B or Br = Brother D or Da = Daughter

S or So = Son W = Wife

H = Husband Co = Cousin

P or Pa = Parent Ch = Child

Sib = Sibling

=

Sexual relationship

Descent or P-Ch link Female

English Cousin System

Degrees of Relatedness