EERE Architect Guide WEB File

8/3/2019 EERE Architect Guide WEB File

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM

Building Energy Codes Resource Gui

COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS

for ArchitectsPrepared by:

Building Energy Codes Program (BECP) and

the American Institute o Architects (AIA).

The U.S. De partment o Energys (USDOE) Building Energy Codes Program (BECP

inormation resource on energy codes and standards or buildings. They work wit

government agencies, state and local jurisdictions, organizations who develop mo

and standards, and building industry to promote codes that will provide or energ

environmental benefts and help oster adoption and implementation o and com

with those codes.


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Introduction

So why produce an introductory guide to Energy Codes at this time

Because as an industry, and as a profession, we are at a crossroad

Prescriptive-based codes with tables and checklists are slowly being

o predicting successul outcomes and by evidence-based design. T

it aords us exibility to prove the perormance intent o a design. H

perormance in the use o buildings is vast; in terms o energy mode

maintenance or continued high perormance.

Another issue is that energy compliance technologies, such as sub-m

methodologies, like mandatory disclosure laws, are not yet widespre

assigned at the design phase and, worse, risks cannot be properly a

o a building, potentially leading to claims against design proession

This introductory guide to model energy codes sets the stage or th

resources on both energy and green codes, as they continue to evolv

u


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Whats Insideu

1.0 POLICY: Energy Codes Background ............................................

1.1 The Role o DOE and AIA in Building Energy Codes ....................

1.2 Codes and the Architect: An Introduction ................................. ........

1.2 .1 What Do Codes Mean or the Architect ..................................

1.3 Code Development .................................. ..................................... ...............

1.4 Code Adoption .................................... ..................................... .....................

1.4.1 The Adoption Process ................................... ..................................

2.0 CODES: Which One Applies and Why it Matters ............

2.1 Know the Local Codes .................................. ...................................... ........

2.2 Green Building Codes and Beyond Code Programs, and High

2.2 .1 High Perormance Buildings .................................. .....................

2.3 Federal Projects .................................. ..................................... .....................

2.4 Contracts ................................... ...................................... ..................................

3.0 DESIGN: Design/Energy Code Interface .................................

3.1 Energy Codes Impact Design ................................. ..................................

3.2 Daylighting ...................................... ..................................... ...........................3.3 Integrated Design and Delivery ................................... ...........................


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3.4 Design Tools .................................. ..................................... ...................................... ..................................... ..................................... ...........

3.4.1 Design Guides ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ...................................... .............................

3.4. 2 Energy Modeling ..................................... ..................................... ...................................... ..................................... .......................

3.4. 3 Energy Code Format and Impact on Design ................................ ..................................... ..................................... ...........

3.5 Compliance Tools .................................... ..................................... ..................................... ...................................... ...................................

3.6 Tax Incentives ..................................... ...................................... ..................................... ..................................... ...................................... ....

4.0 CONSTRUCTION: Building Construction and Commissioning .........................................................................

4.1 Building Construction .................................. ..................................... ..................................... ...................................... .............................

4.2 Building Commissioning ................................... ...................................... ..................................... ..................................... .......................

5.0 Additional Resources and Acronyms .........................................................................................................................................

Whats Inside (continued)


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POLICY:Energy Codes Background

1.0

1 The term building energy codes includes model codessuch as the IECC or IgCC, energy standards such as ASHRAE90.1, and laws and regulations, taris, incentive programs,and other vehicles that require or provide incentives or thedesign and construction o energy ecient buildings. Theterm energy codes is used throughout this document todescribe such criteria.

2 Commercial buildings in the IECC and considered all buildings other than onedwellings, townhouses, rowhouses, an(R-3 or R-4) or multi-amily residentialover 3 stories in height above grade.

Commercial buildings and residential

households consume nearly 40 percent o

the total primary energy used in the United

States. Buildings alone consume 70 percent

o our nations electricity. In 2007, lighting,

heating, cooling, cooking, rerigeration,

water heating, and other building services

produced 2517 metric tons o carbon dioxideemissions39 percent o the U.S. total and

8 percent o the global total.

Given these statistics, it is now more

important than ever to design and construct

buildings to the most current energy codes,1

and to seek client support or exceeding

these requirements. The benets will be elt

ar into the uture.

Because o their authority ov

design and construction, stat

jurisdictions are key players in

improve building energy ec

There are two primary baselin

that states and local jurisdictio

to regulate the energy ecienand construction o new build

International Energy Conser

(IECC), developed by the Inte

Council (ICC), and Standard

by the American Society o H

Rerigerating and Air Condit

(ASHRAE) and the Illuminati

Society (IES). The IECC addre

buildings in Chapter 4 and com

buildings in Chapter 5. Standa

only commercial buildings.


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NOTES

R e s o u r c e G u i d e o n E n e r g y C o d e s o r C o m m e r c i a l B u i l d i n g o r A r c h i t e c t2

1.1 The Role o DOE and AIAin Building Energy Codes

The Department o Energy (DOE) Building

Energy Codes Program (BECP) was ormally

established in 1993 in response to the Energy

Policy Act o 1992, although DOE has a long

history with energy codes that extends back

over 30 years to its support o the Model

Code or Energy Conservation in 1977. The

Energy Policy Act mandated that DOE

participate in the development o voluntary

sector energy codes and help states and local

jurisdictions adopt, implement, and support

compliance with progressive energy codes.

Since then, BECP has developed and

deployed many products, services, and

sotware, and has provided considerable

support or all aspects o energy codes.

The American Institute o Architects(AIA) has long advocated on behal o the

architectural proession in the codes and

standards arena. Since 1975, the Institute has

published research and mate

a single model building code,

instrumental in orming the IC

three legacy model code orga

(BOCA, ICBO, and SBCCI).

AIA members have helped to

codes standards at the state a

at the national level through sproposed code changes and a

meetings throughout the Unit

participating on Boards and C

the local and s tate levels.

1.2 What Do Codesor the Architec

Architects are required by t

practice to comply with app

4 Codes in this context include building, mechanical, plumbing, electrical, zoninand regulations applicable to buildingsnational, state, and or local level.


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An energy code adds to that challenge, not

only because it is an additional code, but

because compliance with energy codes

requires careul review to ensure continued

compliance with other applicable codes.

Energy codes aect the design o all

building systems separately and collectively.

Designing or energy efciency can impactthe look, eel, and unction o the building.

For example, lighting and window design

can impact cooling loads, window impact

lighting, and so on.

To minimize the initial cost or a project

and be most eective, an integrated design

process is critical. The architect must

ideally rst employ sensible passive design

strategies, then collaborate extensively

with the HVAC and lighting designers, and

others who will aect the perormance o

the building both in the design phase andater construction, to optimize the building

design. For more inormation on passive

design, see the AIAs 50to50.

Energy codes also infuence t

and placement o o building

example, by requiring glazing

thermal properties, proper in

and lighting controls that me

the code.

A benet to the owner is a m

property due to increased oc

comort and reduced utility c

inormation on design and t

code, see Section 3.

1.2.1 The Model Energ

The IECC and Standard 90.1

considered the minimum acc

eciency criteriaaddress r

or the design, specication,

o the materials, products, sy

equipment used in nearly all

and additions and renovationbuildings. Their goal is to imp

overall energy eciency o a

and reduce the energy neede


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NOTES


U

Advocates

Federal

Academia

5 An important distinction between the ICC and ASHRAE processesis that, while in the ICC process all proposals are published andconsidered at a public hearing beore a balanced committee,the nal decision on the acceptance o any proposal occurs at a

second public hearing at which only governmental members o ICCcan vote. Approvals in the ASHRAE process are always throughvoting members o ICC which represent enorcement jurisdictions;however, there are no public hearings and the only changes thatare available or public review and comment are those approved orreview by the committee assigned to the particular standard.

1.3 Code Development

All ICC model codes and ASHRAE standards

are revised every three years through open

consensus processes that include stakeholders

rom across the building industry.5 The

transparency o these processes is critical to

widespread code acceptance, implementation,

and compliance. AIA sta, chapters, andindividual members have participated in the

development o the model codes and standards

or many years. Because these codes are

typically adopted by ederal, state, or local

agencies, involvement at the national level

through organizations such as ASHR AE and

ICC helps ensure that the design community


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Building

Energy

Code

State

Government

Local

Government

will support code adoption and will not be

adversely aected. The alternative is to

amend these documents at each ederal,

state, or local point o adoption.

Outcome-based codes are on the horizon.

They will provide the architect more

reedom to creatively design a code-

compliant building. Current codes are

reerred to as prescriptive or perormance.

A prescriptive code can restrict reedom

because o specic requirements or

building components and perormance.

Outcome-based codes would prescribe

a certain annual operational expectation,

leaving the designer ree to creatively

design to that perormance level.

1.4 Code Adoption

Code adoption can be manda

voluntary. Voluntary adoption

without any mandatory requi

and typically occurs through

program, a corporate decisio

certain provisions in a code, o

decision. Mandatory adoptioninclude voluntary adoption o

beyond the minimum, or exa

corporate decision to adopt t

a state-mandated minimum c

6 Codes Task Force Report C 3 Comprehensive-Coordinated-Contemporary , AIA, no date available.


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NOTES


RESOURCES

Energy Codes 101

www.energycodes.gov/becu

Provides contractors,architects, and trainerswith building code relatedtraining and certifcation

opportunities.

Policy MakerResource Guide

www.energycodes.gov/publications/resourceguides/policymaker.stm

uDirectly through legislative

actionWhen codes are adopted

through legislation, a committee

may be appointed to provide

recommendations and/or drat the

legislation.

uBy regulatory actionWhen

codes are adopted through a

regulatory process, states and localgovernments oten appoint an

advisory body o representatives o

the design, building construction,

and enorcement communities. This

advisory panel recommends codes or

adoption and revision. In basing their

recommendations on model codes, the

advisory panel considers modications

to the model codes to account or local

preerences and construction practices.

The panel also may provide inormation

during the adoption process. Their

recommendations then enter a public

review process.

Adoption processes vary dep

whether the energy code is a

legislation or regulation and

or local level.

Once adopted, codes apply t

and construction o buildings

in the scope o the adopting

regulations. That scope o ad

range rom only new state-oto all new buildings in certain

within a state, to all new and

buildings in a state.

6
http://www.energycodes.gov/becuhttp://www.energycodes.gov/becuhttp://www.energycodes.gov/publications/resourceguides/policymaker.stmhttp://www.energycodes.gov/publications/resourceguides/policymaker.stmhttp://www.energycodes.gov/publications/resourceguides/policymaker.stmhttp://www.energycodes.gov/publications/resourceguides/policymaker.stmhttp://www.energycodes.gov/publications/resourceguides/policymaker.stmhttp://www.energycodes.gov/becuhttp://www.energycodes.gov/publications/resourceguides/policymaker.stmhttp://www.energycodes.gov/publications/resourceguides/policymaker.stmhttp://www.energycodes.gov/publications/resourceguides/policymaker.stmhttp://www.energycodes.gov/publications/resourceguides/policymaker.stmhttp://www.energycodes.gov/becuhttp://www.energycodes.gov/becu


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Visit BECPs Status

o State Energy Codes

web page or more

inormation oncode adoption.

www.energycodes.gov/states/index.stm

CODES:Which One Applies and Why It Mat

2.0

2.1 Know the Local Codes

Code adoption can occur at all levels o

government and through dierent agencies.

The architect is responsible or knowing

which minimum codes apply to the project,

whether ederal, state, local, or those adopted

by others such as utilities. A project mayhave ederal, state, and local requirements

that must be satised and, at each o

those levels, requirements rom dierent

agencies. The adoption o national model

codes and standards is intended to minimize

the potential or multiple, duplicative, or

conficting provisions, but it can still occur.

2.2 Green Building Cand Beyond CodPrograms, and HPerormance Bu

Beyond the minimum energ

are green building codes an

certication programs. By dcodes are mandatory, and rat

are voluntary. However, in rec

both have been adopted on a

and voluntary basis. They ma

adopted on a voluntary or ma

by the local jurisdiction, state

agency- or they may be the d

client. Building energy is an im

eature o these codes and pr

may include design elements

u Green roos

u Orientation

u Siting

u Hardscape eatures
http://www.energycodes.gov/states/index.stmhttp://www.energycodes.gov/states/index.stm


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NOTES


Use o a green building code or building

certication program is an opportunity

or architects to demonstrate their

knowledge o high perormance buildings

and act as a resource to both their clients

and their jurisdiction.

The U.S. Green Building Councils

Leadership in Energy and Environmental

Design (LEED) building certication

program is widely used in both the public

and the private sector. The codes and LEED

address comprehensive stainability issues

such as site use, water, indoor environments,

and materials.

New on the horizon are the ANSI/

ASHRAE/IES/USGBC7 189.1-10 and the

ICC International green Construction Code

(IgCC) (to be published Spring, 2012),

developed in collaboration with AIA and

American Society or Testing

(ASTM). Both codes cover the

construction o high-peroma

commercial buildings, with pr

are 10 to 15 percent more ene

than the IECC and Standard 9

Architects can learn about en

compliance through training p

sponsored by the AIA. The AI

continuing education provide

education resources on going

promote integration o energ

sustainable design into new b

Owners and developers make

decisions that determine the

or success on their projects-

design process, assembling a

deciding which contract to us

Each decision has implication

7 American National Standards Institute (ANSI), Illuminating Engineering Society (IES), U.S. Green Building Co


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collaboration, and ultimately, integrated

project delivery (IPD).

2.2.1 High Perormance Buildings

Veriying that a building complies with an

energy code is one o the nal steps in the

building process. Eorts to veriy compliance

are generally termed enorcement activities

when compliance is mandated by law, rule,

or regulation and compliance is veried by

an independent third party. Like the other

steps on the pathenergy code development,code adoption, and code implementation

through compliant design and construction

enorcement is key to veriying compliance

and to realizing energy ecien

intended by the code. The ow

developer and their agents (ar

engineers, contractors, supplie

responsible or energy code co

while code enorcement is the

o the states or jurisdictions w

adopted the code or the utiliti

insurers, or even corporate oadopted the code and tie com

penalty or an incentive.

Education and communication

the ensuring compliance with

energy code.

Traditional enorcement strate

state or local level vary accord

state or local governments re

authority, resources, and man

may include all or some o the

listed below. These activities m

undertaken by third parties inensuring code compliance or

parties who will internally doc

rate o compliance so they can

For more on IPD, see

the AIAs Center or

Integrated Practice.

www.aia.org/CIP
http://www.aia.org/CIPhttp://www.aia.org/CIPhttp://www.aia.org/CIP


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NOTES


Building perormance is becom

increasingly valuable to client

users, regardless o codes or o

requirements.

Progressive states and local ju

that ocus on energy ecienc

sustainability are increasingly

the baseline energy codes and

green, sustainable, or more st

either as minimum codes or as

o a program that provides inc

compliance. These codes all h

eciency in common; althoug

more rigorous requirements t

energy codes or address addi

covered in the energy codes.

Designers still need to thoroug

the underlying baseline energ

working with criteria that go b

minimum energy code.

Most o the states and local ju

that go beyond the minimum

IECC and/or Standard 90.1 as

sel-certiy that their buildings are designed

and constructed to code.9

u Review o plans

u Review o product, material, and

equipment specications

u Review o tests, certication reports,

and product listings

u Review o supporting calculations

u Inspection o the building and its

systems during construction

u Evaluation o materials substituted in

the eld

u Inspection immediately prior to

occupancy

9 Integrated Project Delivery For Public and Private Owners,a Joint Eort o the National Association o State Facilities

Administrators (NASFA); Construction Owners Associationo America (COAA); APPA: The Association o HigherEducation Facilities Ocers; Associated General Contractorso America (AGC); and American Institute o Architects(AIA), published in 2010. Website is http://www.aia.org/aiaucmp/groups/aia/documents/pd/aiab085586.pd .
http://www.aia.org/aiaucmp/groups/aia/documents/pdf/aiab085586.pdfhttp://www.aia.org/aiaucmp/groups/aia/documents/pdf/aiab085586.pdfhttp://www.aia.org/aiaucmp/groups/aia/documents/pdf/aiab085586.pdfhttp://www.aia.org/aiaucmp/groups/aia/documents/pdf/aiab085586.pdf


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additional requirements. Adopting entities are

both mandating these programs and oering

incentives to those who voluntarily comply.

They vary widely in scoperom a simple

requirement to comply 10 percent above the

current IECC to comprehensive programs such

as LEED or Green Globes (a product o the

Green Building Initiative).

Initially a proving ground or new provisions,

more stringent provisions, and new ormats

or provisions, documents that go beyond

minimum codes are used to improve

eciency. Over time these provisions

become more widely supported and are oten

submitted or consideration in minimum

energy codes and standards.

For example, high-ecacy lighting systems

or residential homes have been included in

incentive programs or some time and are

now required in the IECC. A secondexample is the New Building Institutes

Core Perormance Guide, which has also

been codied and was approved or the

To achieve high-perormance buteams must use integrated systeincluding architectural system e(such as siting, massing, landscabuilding envelope).


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NOTES


2012 IECC to improve the commercial

building eciency.

For ederal buildings, leadership in this

area is provided by FEM P. FEMP sponsors

a ederal portal to the High-Perormance

Buildings Database, which contributes to

the exchange o inormation about ederal

agency sustainable design activities as

demonstrated in high-perormance ederalbuilding projects. The High-Perormance

Buildings Database, research sponsored by

DOE, seeks to improve building perormance

measuring methods by collecting data on

actors that aect building perormance,

such as energy, materials, and land use.

The database includes inormation rom

buildings around the world, ranging rom

homes and selected commercial building

loads to large buildings and even whole

campuses and neighborhoods. Architectural

and engineering rms can use this toolto assist with design eatures and can

contribute completed energy ecient

projects to the database.

As development cycles or b

codes evolve, todays beyond

programs become tomorrow

Ultimately, the minimum ene

begin to converge with the g

with zero energy use. AIA ha

with industry partners to cod

energy eciency requiremen

the Institutes goal o carbon

built environment by 2030.

2.3 Federal Projects

Projects that are completely

ederal agencies are not bou

or local codes. Instead, they m

the codes adopted by the ed

While each agency generally

specic model codes and sta

ICC, NFPA, Institute o Amer

and Mechanical Ocials (IAP

American Society o Mechan(ASME), ASHRAE), they may

codes. Then the application o

at each acility (e.g., ederal p


21/44

acility, presidential library, post oce)

is addressed by the national agency

headquarters and each acility manager

in dierent ways. With respect to energy

codes, ederal agencies are subject to

several statutory requirements, executive

orders, and other policies surrounding

sustainable buildings and campuses.

Some ederal projects are owned in theprivate sector but leased to the ederal

agency or licensed to qualiy or certain

ederal programs such as Medicare and

Medicaid. This can become complicated,

as these projects are not only subject

to the ederal requirements but also the

applicable state and local codes. When the

ederal requirements dont neatly overlay

the state and local codes and simply

provide more stringent provisions or

criteria, it may be challenging to determine

and apply the criteria to a design. Whenthe ederal provisions and the state or

local code directly confict, it can pose a

signicant problem or architects and their

clients. One such confict occ

care acilities, where the local

may require a variance to the

that allows the ederal require

satised and authorizes a co

the state code.

2.4Contracts

Well drated contracts, subc

and consultant agreements w

project participants clearly d

roles and responsibilities nec

code compliance and succes

completion. The AIA publishe

standard orm agreements th

critical roles and responsibilit

in the design and constructio

across a variety o delivery m

The AIA also publishes AIA D

D503-2011 Guide for Sustainaincluding Agreement Amend

and Supplementary Conditio

assist the participants in sust


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NOTES


AIA Public Policies on Codes and Standards

Building Codes and Standards

The AIA supports regulation by a single set o comprehensive, coordinated, and

contemporary codes and standards, which establish sound threshold values o h

and the protection o the public welare throughout the United States. To that en

espouses the development and adoption o model building codes that:

uInclude participation by architects and the public in a consensus process;

uAre the product o inormed education and research;

uAre without avoritism or bias to any special interest;

uInclude provisions or a prompt appeals procedure or all that might be aggrie

uAre cost-eective in relation to public benet; and

uPromote building code provisions that set perormance rather than prescriptiv

Accessible Environment

The AIA supports governmental policies, programs, and incentives that ensure a

environment that meets the reasonable needs o people with disabilities through

rules and guidances that are clear, certain, and consistent. Physically disabled ind

should be aorded the means to participate in society to the extent that they arethrough the elimination o physical barriers in a manner that balances the interes

physically disabled, the public good, and cost eectiveness.

DESIGN:3 0


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DESIGN:Design/Energy Code Interace

3.0

Architects blend their creative talents and

technical knowledge to design buildings

that satisy the needs o their clients. In

doing so, they must work within the ederal,

state, or local rules and regulations or

buildings as well as any additional criteria

rom utilities, lenders, insurance carriers,

and their client. These criteria cover allaspects o the building, rom siting and

height to the number o required accessible

lavatories, and include requirements or

energy ecient design and construction

(and possibly commissioning).

Traditional design and constr

that occur in a series o events

by a separate trade, are giv

approaches that oster collab

better utilize inormation tech

3.1 Energy Codes

Impact Design

Building design encompasses

system designs, including:

u Thermal envelope asse

orm, materials, and me

or construction

u Lighting system design

control, and integration

opportunities as well as

the installed lighting so

Vestibules can be an important d

O


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NOTES


10 Building thermal envelope reers to

that separate the conditioned space othe exterior o the building or uncondiconditioned spaces in the building. Thbuilding envelope, which is generallyassemblies that comprise the exterior subjected directly to all outdoor weath

a comortable and unctional indoor

environment or the building occupants.

BUILDING THERMAL ENVELOPE

Local climate infuences the energy code

requirements or the materials and techniques

used to construct a buildings thermal

envelope.10 Energy code requ

the insulation levels in the opa

the foor, ceiling, and walls, an

to limit air leakage through th

Some air leakage requiremen

the methods and materials to

others speciy a maximum all

leakage rate that is veried b

All current model codes inclu

or installing materials and pr

manuacturers instructions. In

code compliance is not ensured

and specications, but by ma

materials and products are p

Designers can reinorce this b

that construction must meet

installation instructions and a

quality assurance criteria, andThe energy efciency levels o enestration(doors, windows, skylights) vary according tothermal and light transmittance properties, whileopaque assembly insulation levels depend on

local climate. Orientation and exterior shadingplay critical roles in ensuring glazing does notincrease cooling loads.


25/44

client retain them during construction to

veriy that their design and specications

are properly implemented.

LIGHTING

The building lighting system provides

adequate light levels or occupants, provides

or saety and security, and enhances the

buildings interior and exterior aesthetics.

Because lighting is oten the p

energy load on a typical comm

good lighting design can save

Good lighting design rst emp

where possible to minimize lo

best use o available lighting t

The selection o light sources t

needs o the space takes into

o both minimum ootcandle rand lighting eciency. Good l

also makes best use o lighting

either turn o lights when not

automatically dim lights when

system is coupled with dayligh

or the building envelope. Aut

controls can save signicant e

such as private oces, coner

lunch rooms. Con trols on exte

save energy by turning o ligh

daylight hours.

For example, lighting designehigher ecacy T-8 lamps fuo

over less ecient products to

lighting levels in oce spaces

Codes regulate lighting based on watts per square

oot, giving the designer the fexibility to select

the light source based on design goals. Lighting

ecacy and surace refectivity are tools or

increasing lighting levels while remaining within

the lighting budget.

NOTES


26/44

NOTES


high bay lighting in large warehouse-type

stores can be replaced with T-5 fuorescent

lights that can provide more ootcandles at

the work surace while meeting the maximum

watts per square ootor the space. Codes

also provide additional allowances or display

lighting in retail spaces where higher levels o

lighting are required to showc

These lighting allowances are

type o product to be displaye

ne china, kitchen appliances)

Codes regulate lighting power

exterior by providing lighting b

areas such as walkways, parki

building entrances, and additio

or eatures like automated telwhere saety and security are

place requirements on the typ

controls installed in the buildin

goal o shutting lights o whe

The designer has the f exibility

combination o both manual a

controls to meet lighting need

daylight areas are accounted

best use o the lights ins talled

glazing or skylights.

Because lighting systems can

cooling loads or a building, dHVAC sizing, it is important o

ocus on system eciency, co

lighting source ecacy and li

Lighting design should also consider vertical

glazing and skylights to use o daylighting within

the space. It is important to coordinate lighting

design with the design o the building envelope and

the HVAC system to reduce the overall buildingenergy use while providing a suitable spaceor occupants.


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HEATING, VENTILATING, AND

AIR CONDITIONING

HVAC systems maintain comortable

temperature and humidity and bring

healthy levels o outside air into buildings.

HVAC systems use electricity to move air

through ducts (ans) and liquids through

pipes (pumps), convert electricity to heat

(electric resistance heaters), move heat rominside a building to outside (air conditioners

and chillers), and move heat rom outside

a building to inside (heat pumps). HVAC

systems also use energy rom ossil uels to

release heat in urnaces and boilers through

the process o combustion.

Codes regulate the use o energy by HVAC

systems in several ways. They reduce

the energy used by ans and pumps by

requiring ecient motors and reduced fow

o air and liquids during o peak operation

(using variable requency drives), and by

minimizing the resistance to fow in ducts

and pipes.

Codes reduce energy used by

conditioners, urnaces, and H

by setting minimum ecienc

codes require controls such a

thermostats, temperature de

between heating and cooling

the automatic use o out side

ree cooling when available

Codes also regulate the size osystems relative to the dema

they serve based on the princ

systems running nearer to u

typically more ecient than s

grossly oversized.

HVAC design is highly depend

design o other building syste

changes to the lighting system

thermal envelope aect HVAC

WATER HEATING

Water heating energy ecienequipment, delivery, and ope

Energy codes provide minimu

eectively heat and deliver ho

Shutterstock Image #

NOTES


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NOTES


3.2 Daylighting

Daylighting is the use o strategically placed

enestration to bring sunlight into buildings,

eliminating or minimizing the use o articial

light. In commercial buildings, daylighting

can provide higher quality light, support

productivity and health, and

energy savings. The availabili

energy ecient enestration

advances in lighting design ha

designers to eciently use e

reduce the need or articial l

daylight hours without causin

cooling problems.

A light color ceiling will refethe daylight so it lls the roo

States, south-acing window

because they let in the most

winter, but little direct sun in

North-acing windows are al

daylighting because they let

light with little glare and little

East- and west-acing windo

good or daylighting. They pr

light in the morning and ate

oten comes with lots o glar

heat during the summer.

The most recent editions o e

include daylighting control r

Daylighting combines the type and thermal

properties o enestration installed, placement,shading o the enestration during the year and

the interior design o the building to control theamount o sunlight that enters the space.


29/44

that are now (or soon are likely to

be) required or commercial building

projects. For example, ASHRAE Standard

90.1-2010includes detailed requirements

or daylighting control and skylights to

achieve recommended lighting levels

in commercial buildings. Day

additions to the code require

o general lighting over two t

spaces: 1) daylight areas und

or roo monitors that exceed

and 2) sidelighted areas next

exceeding 250 t2. Control m

multi-level photo with at leas

levels (0-35 percent and 50-7or continuous dimming. Ther

exceptions where daylight sp

be very small or sunlight will

Functional testing (calibrated

programmed) o lighting con

required within 90 days o oc

o the building. This testing m

perormed by individuals not

in design, manuacture, or in

the lighting systems. This tes

verication that all perorma

are met and conrmation tha

controls eectively control e

in response to daylight.

Windows manuactured today are extremelyenergy efcient and can actually insulate the

space while still letting the light in. And somespecial electrochromic windows change colorwith the brightness o the sunlight like polarizedsunglasses do.

NOTES


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NOTES


From Integrated Project Delivery: A Guide, 2007, AIA/AIACC.http://network.aia.org/centerorintegratedpractice/home/.
http://network.aia.org/centerforintegratedpractice/home/


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Encouraged by the design community, most

owners are determining, on a project-by-

project basis, the potential benets and

tradeos o a higher level o integration.

Integration o project teams is improving

results. Though practices that are now

labeled as integrated have been used

beore, many are now taking a resh look at

how owners can use contract incentives toencourage teams to collaborate and ocus

on the projects best interest. Whether

with a multi-party contract or under

alternative project delivery methods, both

new practices and updated approaches are

helping owners increase the value o their

investments in capital assets. AIA assists

with IPD through their Center or Integrated

Practice, established in 2009, which provides

resources related to project delivery,

technology, architectural practice, and

stakeholder relationships.

AIA supports collaboration, collects and

conducts project delivery outcomes and

research, and develops resou

or members, the proession,

Another technology that aci

building inormation modelin

sotware allows essentially al

data to be placed in an electr

or the entire project team to

traditional paper-based mate

the same inormation, the abi

apply such paper-based ino

limited, even i only two peop

at the same time. An electron

provide a virtual building whe

be evaluated or cost, schedu

systems space, visual atmosp

use, and code compliance, to

3.4 Design Tools

There are several tools archit

to design buildings that mee

and to document that the de

with the code.

NOTES


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NOTES


These include design guides, energy

modeling sotware, and compliance

tools that help designers and builders

understand and implement energy codes,

which positions them to go beyond the

minimum code requirements.

3.4.1 Design Guides

ASHRAE has created a series o

advanced energy design guides that

recommend ways to achieve 30 percent

energy savings over the minimum

requirements o ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA

Standard 90.1-1999. This is the rst step

toward achieving a net-zero energy

building (i.e., a building that annually

provides as much energy as it consumes

rom outside sources by using on-site,

renewable energy sources). The guides

were developed in collaboration with

AIA, BECP, IES, and the USGBC.

The ollowing ree guides can

rom www.ashrae.org/aedg :

uAdvanced Energy Desig

or Small Oce Buildin


or Small Retail Building


or K-12 School Building


or Small Warehouses a

Sel-Storage Buildings


or Highway Lodging


or Small Hospitals and

Healthcare Facilities
http://www.ashrae.org/aedghttp://www.ashrae.org/aedg


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ASHRAE and its collaborators are also

working on another series o design guides

or 50 percent energy savings compared to

buildings that meet the minimum requirements

o Standard 90.1-2004. One o these guides

the ASHRAE 50% Advanced Energy Design

Guide or Small to Medium Oce Buildingsis

complete and can be downloaded or ree rom

the ASHRAE website.

3.4.2 Energy Modeling

Architects are in a unique position to help

clients make design and construction

decisions that will produce energy ecient

buildings that cost less to operate and are

thus perceived as worth more in the market.

Building energy modeling is a key tool in this

eort. Energy modeling is most oten used to

1) comply with mandatory requirements, such

as the equivalent perormance paths in the

IECC, IgCC, 90.1, or 189.1; and 2) comply with

program requirements or desired outcomes

(e.g., LEED certication, qualication or tax

incentives, qualication or utility incentives).

Using energy modeling early

throughout the design proc

architect maintains control o

while meeting building ener

set by minimum codes or cli

Energy modeling predicts buil

based on assumptions about

operations, not actual energy

energy use depends on actorpatterns, maintenance, occupa

the weather, making it as hard

actual uel eciency o a car o

Three types o energy models

currently used:

REGULATORY (OR COMPL

ENERGY MODELING is the m

commonly used. This modelin

development o a whole-build

model o the proposed desig

then used to compare the ene

building as designed to that o

building model. The baseline

according to strict rules set b

NOTES


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simpler, partial building areas, systems,

or components, they are much easier and

quicker to develop, making them useul

during the early stages o design (when a less

complicated approach and comparison o

multiple alternatives is needed).

CALIBRATED ENERGY MODELING

is currently used primarily in building

commissioning or measurement and

verication. These models are completed

ater a building is occupied and are calibrated

using measured data. Calibrated energy

models should closely predict actual building

energy use; however, minor modeling

inaccuracies are inherent in the process.

Presently, this type o modeling is used

inrequently because it requires substantial

resources and time; however, it will become

increasingly important and prevalent as we

move toward outcome-based design.

Note: An additional type o modeling,

PROJECT RESOURCE MODELING, may

sometimes be proposed or encountered. This

type o modeling includes energy modeling

(as one o the precious resour

but also includes estimates o

the building project might a

water, waste, land-developm

Energy models are built dier

answer specic questions at d

o design, and must be adapt

inormation needed and avail

sketches and drawings. Energ

requires modeling skills and a

both building and building-sy

perormance. Modeling tools

and becoming easier to use, a

is becoming increasingly seam

While energy modeling or co

compliance may be required

commissioning, achieving hig

buildings requires design-per

energy modeling to inorm de

throughout the process. To g

agree to the additional eort

design-perormance modelin

must be able to articulate the

type o energy modeling.


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The major beneft o design-perormance

modeling is that it can enable the design

team and client to make strategic and

best value decisions about designs based

on actors such as cost and energy use.

Energy modeling requires modeling skills

and a knowledge o both building and

building-system design and perormance.

Modeling tools are improving and becomingeasier to use, and the process is becoming

increasingly seamless.

While specics o each jurisdiction are likely

to vary, in general, code ocials look or

documentation that demonstrates how the

proposed buildings energy use perormance

compares to a standard or baseline building.

(As most architects will attest, it is always

useul to start an early dialogue with the

projects code ocial about what type o

modeling and compliance orms will be

required.) Additionally, it is in the architect s

best interest to orm and document a

clear understanding o the many modeling

assumptions most likely to di

rom the actual buildings ope

To avoid surprises (or both t

ocial and the architect) tha

in rework (and additional cos

energy modeler, the architec

uAsk the code ocial what

documentation is requireto demonstrate energy e

compliance and get agree

starting the modeling pro

uInclude the modeling assu

documentation. I the act

energy use doesnt meet

energy use, dierences b

and assumed values (incl

use schedules) may be th

uDiscuss whether the code

accept building energy us

savings results as a range

single number.

NOTES


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3.4.3 Energy Code Format

and Impact on Design

An energy codes ormat can signicantly

infuence design, sometimes more than

the actual requirements. A prescriptive

code clearly states what does and does

not apply, but may limit design reedom

and oster the view that the bu ilding is

composed o separate, non-related systems.

A perormance-based code provides more

design reedom and can lead to innovative

design, but involves more complex energy

simulations and tradeos between systems.

Smaller buildings with singular HVAC,

service hot water, and lighting systems

are more likely to be designed using a

prescriptive approach. Larger buildings that

have multiple systems or varied uses and

loads provide more opportunities to ollow

a perormance-based code. The ollowing is

a summary o how criteria are presented in

current or past energy codes.

Prescriptive provisions are s

metrics that individual comp

the building must satisy (e.g

insulation R- value, maximum

U-actor or SHGC).

Component perormance re

perormance o a particular c

system, or sub-system o a b

the total wall Uo shall not exclighting system is limited to X

square oot connected load)

Equivalent perormance rela

expected perormance o the

building as designed compar

the same building would per

complied with all provisions o

(e.g., Section 506 o the IECC

o 90.1).

Outcome-based perorman

to equivalent perormance, b

than evaluating compliance d

based on equivalency, the en

establishes a perormance g


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orm o a singular energy use intensity

or all buildings o a particular type, and

compliance is determined ater occupancy

based on actual metered energy use (e.g.,

55,000 Btu/t2/yr).

Peak energy capacity provides or a

maximum ability to use energy via installed

systems, but does not necessarily regulate

the time or period o use (e.g., publicassembly buildings shall have a peak

connected load or all purposes o 5.1 watts

per square oot o gross foor area).

3.5 Compliance Tools

BECP provides several tools or assessing

and documenting code compliance. Some

are simple pencil and paper documents and

others involve sotware.

Compliance Checklists

BECP developed checklists or Standard 90.1

and the IECC. Each checklist summarizes

the requirements in each doc

provides a way to veriy or d

compliance at each stage o

rom plan submittal to nal in

These checklists are availabl

can be adapted by any archit

to guide design compliance

compliance or state or local

COMcheck

BECPs easy-to-use code com

sotware, COMcheck, allows

to demonstrate compliance w

codes or commercial buildin

Chapter 5 o the IECC and St

Using inormation about the

and specications, the sotwa

compliance and generates a

report that can be submitted

and specications. The sotw

the consideration o designs

necessarily meet all the prov

code but overall are code com

allows or fexibility and trade

NOTES


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R e s o u r c e G u i d e o n E n e r g y C o d e s o r C o m m e r c i a l B u i l d i n g o r A r c h i t e c t30 R e s o u r c e G u i d e o n E n e r g y C o d e s o r C o m m e r c i a l B u i l d i n g o r A r c h i t e c t

components. For example, a designer may

compensate or a larger glass area on a wall

in a view corridor by increasing insulation

levels elsewhere.

A companion application to COMcheckthat

enables perormance-based code compliance

using DOEs EnergyPlus modeling sotware

is scheduled or initial release in late 2011.

This application will accept an externallygenerated building model, collect code

inormation about that model, create a code

equivalent model, and provide compliance

results and reports.

3.6 Tax Incentives

179D Tax Deduction

The Energy Ecient Commercial Building

Tax Deduction, or 179D, is a little-known

tax deduction that encourages commercial

building owners to strive or high

perormance buildings. In cases where

the owner o the building is a

the deduction may be allocat

primarily responsible or the d

energy ecient property. Thi

allows the designer to claim u

per square oot as a deductio

property that is at least 50 pe

energy ecient than ASHRA

90.1-2001. Many o these proj

schools, military acilities, andstate, and ederal buildings. A

architecture rms are eeling

depressed design and constr

many architects have relied o

to boost their bottom line.

CONSTRUCTION:B ildi C i d C i

4.0


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Building Construction and Commiss

4.1 Building Construction

Each stage o the design and construction

process is important to ensure a successul

new building or renovation project.

Typically, an architects responsibility extends

rom the design phase through the end o the

construction phase, including the installationo some or all o the buildings systems.

For some projects, the architects

responsibility ends at design. For others,

where the architect is retained during

construction, the architect may oversee

the construction and installation o some

or all building systems. In still others, the

architects role may actually extend into the

operations phase o the acility.

Wisconsin and other states require the

architect or engineer o record to conrm

that the building meets the adopted code, in

which case the architect or engineer may be

involved in oversight o construction.

Future ormats o energy cod

outcome-based codes, also p

opportunity or the architect t

construction and beyond to ve

This section highlights the im

o proper construction and in

o technologies to ensure tha

eciency is maximized and iresources available rom BEC

to proper construction.

Building energy codes ocus o

energy eciency and, thereo

rom traditional building, re,

plumbing, and electrical code

adopted and enorced to prot

saety. But, building energy c

to the building and building s

components, in many cases c

with those other codes.

Building and re codes gover

construction o the building a

such as a wall, or instance, w

NOTESNOTES


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R e s o u r c e G u i d e o n E n e r g y C o d e s o r C o m m e r c i a l B u i l d i n g o r A r c h i t e c t32 R e s o u r c e G u i d e o n E n e r g y C o d e s o r C o m m e r c i a l B u i l d i n g o r A r c h i t e c t32

re resistance o the materials in the wall.

Energy codes, on the other hand, govern

the thermal perormance requirements

or the same assemblies and materials. As

another example, plumbing codes govern

piping system size, location, and design,

while energy codes require a certain level o

insulation on some piping.

Architects generate the plans and drawingsrelated to the physical and unctional

characteristics o the building design systems

that will be installed. Speciers, who are

oten the architects, as well, develop detailed

specications or the materials to be used

and how those materials and components are

to be assembled in making the nal building.

Contractors need to understand the plans

and specications that the architects provide

so they know how to assemble the building

rom its individual components. As such, they

can be condent that the building eaturescalled or in the drawings are correctly

integrated into the building and that the

right equipment, controls, and

installed to meet the design s

This activity, coupled with bu

commissioning, will ensure th

achieves its energy eciency

4.2 Building Commi

Commissioning is the system

ensuring that all building syst

individually and collectively a

the contract, the design inten

buildings operational needs o

been installed on site. An indu

is evolving as to the nature an

building commissioning servi

Since 1993, the National Con

Building Commissioning has s

orum or experts rom privat

utilities, and government to dmost recent trends and deve

in the commissioning, operat


41/44

maintenance o buildings. In addition,

guidelines and standards on commissioning

have been developed by ASHRAE and

others. The advent o these documents

and the increased recognition that building

perormance may not be guaranteed through

a code ocused on design and construction.

However new code language, building

certication programs and green building

codes requiring buildings be commissioned

as a caveat or building approval and an

occupancy permit.

In the past, it was relatively easy to determine

whether a building was operating correctly.

I no visible problems were observed and

the plumbing, lighting, electrical, and HVAC

systems seemed to work as expected, then

the building was considered to be nished.

But these days it is much more dicult

to ensure that all systems are installed,

programmed, and operating correctly untilthe occupants observe system operations

during daily use.

Commissioning is becoming a

construction projects, and it i

requirement o the LEED prog

the 2012 IECC.

Energy costs are a key comp

buildings operating expense

saving eatures and equipme

these expenses. Decreasing e

by increasing energy ecienor the environment and or t

owners bottom line. Studies

that building commissioning

reduce energy costs.

Energy-saving measures are o

to implement, and unding m

rom local utilities and/or gov

agencies. In addition, energy

commissioning continue to sa

years ater the process is com

For design/build contracts, thmay oversee the commission

all building systems. The prop

NOTES

NOTES


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Additional Resources and Acronym5.0


43/44

uAIA online documents/links

AIAs Codes Advocacy home page

AIAs IGCC toolkit

AIAs energy codes home page

AIA Codes & Standards LinkedIn Group

AIA public policies on codes and standards

Paper outlining AIA one-code policy

Follow AIA on Twitter: @AIACodes

Like AIA on Facebook

uAIA Conerence Publications

uAIA Pod Casts

uBECP Setting the StandardNewsletter

uBECP Code Notes

uFEMP Source:

http://emp.buildinggreen.com

Acronyms

ANSI American National St

ASHRAE American Society

IESNA Illuminating Enginee

ICC International Code Cou

IECC International Energy C
http://www.aia.org/advocacy/http://www.aia.org/advocacy/AIAB085336http://www.aia.org/advocacy/AIAB086655http://www.linkedin.com/groups?mostPopular=&gid=3526465http://www.aia.org/aiaucmp/groups/aia/documents/pdf/aiab080469.pdfhttp://www.aia.org/aiaucmp/groups/aia/documents/pdf/aiab080470.pdfhttp://twitter.com/#!/AIACodeshttp://www.facebook.com/AIANational?ref=tshttp://www.aia.org/about/publications/http://www.aia.org/about/publications/http://www.aia.org/practicing/AIAPodnet/index.htmhttp://www.aia.org/practicing/AIAPodnet/index.htmhttp://www.energycodes.gov/publications/STS/http://www.energycodes.gov/publications/STS/http://www.energycodes.gov/publications/STS/http://www.energycodes.gov/publications/STS/http://www.energycodes.gov/help/notes.stmhttp://www.energycodes.gov/help/notes.stmhttp://femp.buildinggreen.com/http://femp.buildinggreen.com/http://www.energycodes.gov/help/notes.stmhttp://www.energycodes.gov/publications/STS/http://www.aia.org/practicing/AIAPodnet/index.htmhttp://www.aia.org/about/publications/http://www.facebook.com/AIANational?ref=tshttp://twitter.com/#!/AIACodeshttp://www.aia.org/aiaucmp/groups/aia/documents/pdf/aiab080470.pdfhttp://www.aia.org/aiaucmp/groups/aia/documents/pdf/aiab080469.pdfhttp://www.linkedin.com/groups?mostPopular=&gid=3526465http://www.aia.org/advocacy/AIAB086655http://www.aia.org/advocacy/AIAB085336http://www.aia.org/advocacy/


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www.eere.energy.gov/informationcenter

For inormation on Buildin

visit www.energycodes.g
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