Edward Bulwer Lytton

The Right HonourableThe Lord Lytton

PC

Secretary of State for the ColoniesIn oce

5 June 1858 11 June 1859Monarch VictoriaPrime Minister The Earl of DerbyPreceded by Lord StanleySucceeded by The Duke of Newcastle

Personal detailsBorn 25 May 1803

LondonDied 18 January 1873

(aged 69)Torquay

Nationality BritishPolitical party Whig

ConservativeSpouse(s) Rosina Doyle Wheeler

(18021882)

Edward Bulwer-LyttonFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaEdward George Earle Lytton Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton PC (25 May1803 18 January 1873), was an Englishnovelist, poet, playwright, and politician.He was immensely popular with thereading public and wrote a stream ofbestselling novels which earned him aconsiderable fortune. He coined thephrases "the great unwashed",[1] "pursuitof the almighty dollar", "the pen ismightier than the sword", "dweller on thethreshold", as well as the infamousopening line "It was a dark and stormynight".[2]

Contents1 Life2 Career3 Literary works4 Legacy

4.1 Quotations4.2 Theosophy4.3 Contest4.4 Operas4.5 Magazines4.6 Translations4.7 Place names4.8 Portrayal on television

5 Works by Edward Bulwer-Lytton5.1 Novels5.2 Verse5.3 Plays

6 See also7 References8 Further reading9 External links

Edward Bulwer-Lytton - Wikipedia, the free encyc... http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwar...

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Alma mater Trinity College,CambridgeTrinity Hall, Cambridge

LifeBulwer-Lytton was born on 25 May 1803to General William Earle Bulwer ofHeydon Hall and Wood Dalling, Norfolk and Elizabeth Barbara Lytton, daughter ofRichard Warburton Lytton of Knebworth, Hertfordshire. He had two elderbrothers, William Earle Lytton Bulwer (17991877) and Henry (18011872), laterLord Dalling and Bulwer.When Edward was four his father died and his mother moved to London. He was adelicate, neurotic child and was discontented at a number of boarding schools.But he was precocious and Mr Wallington at Baling encouraged him to publish, atthe age of fteen, an immature work, Ishmael and Other Poems.[citation needed]In 1822 he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, where he met John Auldjo, butshortly afterwards moved to Trinity Hall. In 1825 he won the Chancellor's GoldMedal for English verse.[3] In the following year he took his B.A. degree andprinted, for private circulation, a small volume of poems, Weeds and WildFlowers.He purchased a commission in the army, but sold it without serving.In August 1827, against his mother's wishes, he married Rosina Doyle Wheeler(18021882), a famous Irish beauty. When they married his mother withdrew hisallowance and he was forced to work for a living.[4] They had two children, LadyEmily Elizabeth Bulwer-Lytton (18281848), and (Edward) Robert Lytton Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton (18311891) who became Governor-General and Viceroyof British India (18761880).His writing and political work strained their marriage while his indelityembittered Rosina;[5] in 1833 they separated acrimoniously and in 1836 theseparation became legal.[5] Three years later, Rosina published Cheveley, or theMan of Honour (1839), a near-libellous ction bitterly satirising her husband'shypocrisy.[5]In June 1858, when her husband was standing as parliamentary candidate forHertfordshire, she indignantly denounced him at the hustings. He retaliated bythreatening her publishers, withholding her allowance, and denying access to thechildren.[5] Finally he had her committed to a mental asylum.[5] But, after a publicoutcry she was released a few weeks later.[5] This incident was chronicled in hermemoir, A Blighted Life (1880).[6][7] For years she continued her attacks upon herhusbands character.The death of Bulwer-Lytton's mother in 1843 greatly saddened him. His own


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Bulwer-Lytton in later life

"exhauston of toil and study had been completedby great anxiety and grief", and by "about theJanuary of 1844, I was thoroughly shattered".[8][9]In his mother's room, Bulwer-Lytton "hadinscribed above the mantelpiece a request thatfuture generations preserve the room as hisbeloved mother had used it"; it remainsessentially unchanged to this day.[10]On 20 February 1844, in accordance with hismother's will, he changed his surname from'Bulwer' to 'Bulwer-Lytton' and assumed the armsof Lytton by royal licence. His widowed motherhad done the same in 1811. But, his brothersremained plain 'Bulwer'.By chance he encountered a copy of "CaptainClaridge's work on the 'Water Cure,' as practisedby Priessnitz, at Graefenberg", and "makingallowances for certain exaggerations therein",pondered the option of travelling to Graefenberg,

but preferred to nd something closer to home, with access to his own doctors incase of failure: "I who scarcely lived through a day without leech or potion!".[8][9]After reading a pamphlet by Doctor James Wilson, who operated a hydropathicestablishment with James Manby Gully at Malvern, he stayed there for "some nineor ten weeks", after which he "continued the system some seven weeks longerunder Doctor Weiss, at Petersham", then again at "Doctor Schmidt's magnicenthydropathic establishment at Boppart" (at the former Marienberg Convent atBoppard), after developing a cold and fever upon his return home.[8]When King Otto of Greece abdicated in 1862, he was oered the crown of Greece,which he declined.[11]In 1866 Bulwer-Lytton was raised to the peerage as Baron Lytton.The English Rosicrucian society, founded in 1867 by Robert Wentworth Little,claimed Bulwer-Lytton as their 'Grand Patron', but he wrote to the societycomplaining that he was 'extremely surprised' by their use of the title, as he had'never sanctioned such'.[12] Nevertheless, a number of esoteric groups havecontinued to claim Bulwer-Lytton as their own, chiey because some of hiswritingssuch as the 1842 book Zanonihave included Rosicrucian and otheresoteric notions. According to the Fulham Football Club, he once resided in theoriginal Craven Cottage, today the site of their stadium.Bulwer-Lytton had long suered with a disease of the ear and for the last two or


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three years of his life he lived in Torquay nursing his health.[13] Following anoperation to cure deafness, an abscess formed in his ear and burst; he enduredintense pain for a week and died at 2am on 18 January 1873 just short of his 70thbirthday.[13] The cause of death was not clear but it was thought that the infectionhad aected his brain and caused a t.[13] Rosina outlived him by nine years.Against his wishes, Bulwer-Lytton was honoured with a burial in WestminsterAbbey.[14]His unnished history Athens: Its Rise and Fall was published posthumously.

CareerBulwer-Lytton began his career as a follower of Jeremy Bentham. In 1831 he waselected member for St Ives in Cornwall, after which he was returned for Lincolnin 1832, and sat in Parliament for that city for nine years. He spoke in favour ofthe Reform Bill, and took the leading part in securing the reduction, after vainlyessaying the repeal, of the newspaper stamp duties. His inuence was perhapsmost keenly felt when, on the Whigs dismissal from oce in 1834, he issued apamphlet entitled A Letter to a Late Cabinet Minister on the Crisis.[15] LordMelbourne, then Prime Minister, oered him a lordship of the admiralty, which hedeclined as likely to interfere with his activity as an author.In 1841, he left Parliament and didn't return to politics until 1852; this time,having diered from the policy of Lord John Russell over the Corn Laws, he stoodfor Hertfordshire as a Conservative. Lord Lytton held that seat until 1866, whenhe was raised to the peerage as Baron Lytton of Knebworth in the County ofHertford. In 1858 he entered Lord Derby's government as Secretary of State forthe Colonies, thus serving alongside his old friend Disraeli. In the House of Lordshe was comparatively inactive. He took a proprietary interest in the developmentof the Crown Colony of British Columbia and wrote with great passion to theRoyal Engineers upon assigning them their duties there. The former HBC FortDallas at Camchin, the conuence of the Thompson and Fraser Rivers, wasrenamed in his honour by Governor Sir James Douglas in 1858 as Lytton, BritishColumbia.[16]

Literary worksBulwer-Lytton's literary career began in 1820with the publication of a book ofpoemsand spanned much of the nineteenth century. He wrote in a variety ofgenres, including historical ction, mystery, romance, the occult, and sciencection. He nanced his extravagant life with a varied and prolic literary output,sometimes publishing anonymously.[5]


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1849 printing of Pelham with Hablot K. Browne(Phiz) frontispiece: Pelham's electioneering visitto the Revd. Combermere St Quintin, who issurprised at dinner with his family.

In 1828 Pelham brought himpublic acclaim and established hisreputation as a wit and dandy.[5]Its intricate plot and humorous,intimate portrayal of pre-Victoriandandyism kept gossips busytrying to associate public gureswith characters in the book.Pelham resembled BenjaminDisraeli's recent rst novel VivianGrey (1827).[5]Bulwer-Lytton admiredBenjamins father, Isaac D'Israeli,himself a noted author. Theybegan corresponding in the late1820s and met for the rst timein March 1830, when IsaacD'Israeli dined at Bulwer-Lyttonshouse (also present that eveningwere Charles Pelham Villiers andAlexander Cockburn. The young Villiers was to have a long parliamentary career,while Cockburn became Lord Chief Justice of England in 1859).Bulwer-Lytton reached the height of his popularity with the publication ofGodolphin (1833). This was followed by The Pilgrims of the Rhine (1834), TheLast Days of Pompeii (1834), Rienzi, Last of the Roman Tribunes (1835),[5] andHarold, the Last of the Saxons (1848).[5] The Last Days of Pompeii was inspired byKarl Briullov's painting, The Last Day of Pompeii, which Bulwer-Lytton saw inMilan.[17]He also wrote the horror story "The Haunted and the Haunters" or "The Houseand the Brain" (1859).[18] Another novel dealing with a supernatural theme was AStrange Story (1862), which was an inuence on Bram Stoker's Dracula.[19]Bulwer-Lyton penned many other works, including The Coming Race or Vril: ThePower of the Coming Race (1871), which drew heavily on his interest in the occultand contributed to the birth of the science ction genre.[20] Its story of asubterranean race waiting to reclaim the surface of the Earth is an early sciencection theme. The book popularised the Hollow Earth theory and may haveinspired Nazi mysticism.[citation needed] His term "vril" lent its name to Bovril meatextract.[21] Adopted by theosophists and occultists since the 1870s, "vril" woulddevelop into a major esoteric topic, and eventually become closely associated withthe ideas of an esoteric neo-Nazism after 1945.[22]


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His play, Money (1840), was rst produced at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket,London, on 8 December 1840. The rst American production was at the Old ParkTheater in New York on 1 February 1841. Subsequent productions include thePrince of Wales's Theatre's in 1872 and it was also the inaugural play at the newCalifornia Theatre in San Francisco in 1869.[23]Among Bulwer-Lytton's lesser-known contributions to literature is that heconvinced Charles Dickens to revise the ending of Great Expectations to make itmore palatable to the reading public, as in the original version of the novel, Pipand Estella do not get together.[24]

LegacyQuotationsBulwer-Lytton's most famous quotation, "the pen is mightier than the sword", isfrom his play Richelieu where it appears in the line

beneath the rule of men entirely great, the pen is mightier than thesword

In addition, he gave the world the memorable phrase "pursuit of the almightydollar" from his novel The Coming Race.[25]He is also credited with "the great unwashed". He used this rather disparagingterm in his 1830 novel Paul Cliord:

He is certainly a man who bathes and lives cleanly, (two especialcharges preferred against him by Messrs. the Great Unwashed). [26]

The Last Days of Pompeii has been cited as the rst source, but inspection of theoriginal text shows this to be wrong. However, the term "the Unwashed" with thesame meaning, appears in The Parisians: "He says that Paris has grown so dirtysince the 4 September, that it is only t for the feet of the Unwashed." TheParisians, though, was not published until 1872, while William MakepeaceThackeray's novel Pendennis (1850) uses the phrase ironically, implying it wasalready established. The Oxford English Dictionary refers to "Messrs. the GreatUnwashed" in Lytton's Paul Cliord (1830), as the earliest instance.Bulwer-Lytton is also credited with the appellation for the Germans "Das Volk derDichter und Denker", that is, the people of poets and thinkers.TheosophyAlso the writers of theosophy were inuenced by his work. Annie Besant and


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especially Helena Blavatsky incorporated his thoughts and ideas from particularlyThe Last Days of Pompeii, Vril, the Power of the Coming Race and Zanoni in herown books.[27][28]

ContestFurther information: Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Contest

Bulwer-Lytton's name lives on in the annual Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Contest, inwhich contestants think-up terrible openings for imaginary novels, inspired by therst line of his novel Paul Cliord:[29]

It was a dark and stormy night; the rain fell in torrentsexcept atoccasional intervals, when it was checked by a violent gust of windwhich swept up the streets (for it is in London that our scene lies),rattling along the housetops, and ercely agitating the scanty ame ofthe lamps that struggled against the darkness.

Entrants in the contest seek to capture the rapid changes in point of view, theorid language, and the atmosphere of the full sentence.[citation needed] Theopening was popularized by the Peanuts comic strip, in which Snoopy's sessionson the typewriter usually began with It was a dark and stormy night.[30] The samewords also form the rst sentence of Madeleine L'Engles Newbery Medal-winning novel A Wrinkle in Time. Similar wording appears in Edgar Allan Poe's1831 short story, The Bargain Lost, although not at the very beginning. It reads:

It was a dark and stormy night. The rain fell in cataracts.OperasSeveral of Bulwer-Lytton's novels were made into operas, one of which, Rienzi,der Letzte der Tribunen (1842) by Richard Wagner, eventually became morefamous than the novel. Leonora (1846) by William Henry Fry, the rst European-styled "grand" opera composed in the United States of America, is based onBulwer-Lytton's play The Lady of Lyons, as is Frederic Cowen's rst opera Pauline(1876). Verdi rival Errico Petrella's most successful opera, Jone (1858), was basedupon Bulwer-Lytton's The Last Days of Pompeii, and was performed all over theworld until the First World War.MagazinesIn 1831 Bulwer-Lytton became the editor of the New Monthly but he resigned thefollowing year. In 1841, he started the Monthly Chronicle, a semi-scienticmagazine. During his career he wrote poetry, prose, and stage plays; his lastnovel was Kenelm Chillingly, which was in course of publication in Blackwoods


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Magazine at the time of his death in 1873.TranslationsBulwer-Lytton's works of ction and non-ction were translated in his day andsince then into many languages, including Serbian (by Laza Kostic), German,Russian, Norwegian, Swedish, French, Finnish, and Spanish. In 1879, his ErnestMaltravers was the rst complete novel from the West to be translated intoJapanese.[31]

Place namesThe township of Lytton, Quebec (today part of Montcerf-Lytton) was named afterhim.[32] Lytton, British Columbia, is also named after him.Portrayal on televisionBulwer-Lytton was portrayed by the actor Brett Usher in the 1978 television serialDisraeli.

Works by Edward Bulwer-LyttonNovels

Leila: or The Siege of GranadaCalderon, the CourtierThe Pilgrims of the RhineFalkland (1827)[5]Pelham: or The Adventures of a Gentleman (1828)[5]The Disowned (1829)Devereux (1829)Paul Cliord (1830)Eugene Aram (1832)Godolphin (1833)Falkland (1834)The Last Days of Pompeii (1834)Rienzi, the last of the Roman tribunes (1835)[5]The Student (1835)Ernest Maltravers (1837)Alice (1838)Night and Morning (1841)Zanoni (1842)


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The Last of the Barons (1843)Lucretia (1846)Harold, the Last of the Saxons (1848)[5]The Caxtons: A Family Picture (1849)[5]My Novel, or Varieties in English Life (1853)[5]The Haunted and the Haunters or The House and the Brain (novellette,1859)What Will He Do With It? (1858)[5]A Strange Story (1862)The Coming Race (1871), republished as Vril: The Power of the Coming RaceKenelm Chillingly (1873)The Parisiens (1873 unnished)[5]

VerseIsmael (1820)[5]The New Timon (1846), an attack on Tennyson published anonymously [5]King Arthur (18489) [5]

PlaysThe Lady of Lyons (1838)Richelieu (1839), adapted for the 1935 lm Cardinal RichelieuMoney (1840)Not So Bad As We Seem, or Many Sides to a Character (1851)

See alsoHollow earth theoryLytton, Queensland

References^ #Quotations1.^ rst seven words of his novel Paul Cliord (1830)2.^ "Bulwer [post Bulwer-Lytton], Edward George [Earle] Lytton (BLWR821EG)"(http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search.pl?sur=&suro=c&r=&ro=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&tex=%22BLWR821EG%22&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50). A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.

3.

^ World Wide Words (http://www.worldwidewords.org/index.htm) Unputdownable4.^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Drabble, Margaret (2000). The OxfordCompanion to English Literature (sixth edition) pp.147. Oxford, New York: Oxford

5.


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University Press. ISBN 0-19-866244-0.^ Lady Lytton (1880). A Blighted Life (http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Blighted_Life).London: The London Publishing Oce. Retrieved 28 November 2009. (Online text atwikisource.org)

6.

^ Devey, Louisa (1887). Life of Rosina, Lady Lytton, with Numerous Extracts from herMs. Autobiography and Other Original Documents, published in vindication of hermemory (http://www.archive.org/details/liferosinaladyl00devegoog). London: SwanSonnenschein, Lowrey & Co. Retrieved 28 November 2009. Full text at InternetArchive (archive.org)

7.

^ a b c Lord Lytton (Published posthumously, 1875). "Confessions of a Water-Patient"(http://www.archive.org/stream/pamphletsandsket00lyttuoft#page/48/mode/2up). inPamphlets and Sketches (Knebworth ed.). London: George Routledge and Sons.pp. 4975. Retrieved 28 November 2009. Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)

8.

^ a b Bulwer (April 1863). "Bulwer's Letter on Water-Cure"(http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015066610265;q1=captain;start=1;size=100;page=root;view=image;seq=141;num=149). In R.T. Trall (ed.). The Heraldof Health, and The Water-cure journal (see title page of January edition, pp.5). 3536.New York: R.T. Trall & Co. pp. 149154 (see pp.151). Retrieved 26 November 2009.

9.

^ "Mrs. Bulwer-Lytton's Room" (http://www.knebworthhouse.com/specialtours/antiquephotos/page7.html), Knebworth House Antique Photographs, retrieved 28November 2009

10.

^ The Alexander Romance in Persia and the East (http://books.google.no/books?id=gDPgh3IQumAC&pg=PA133&lpg=PA133&dq=%22Bulwer+Lytton,+a+noted+Hellenophile%22&source=bl&ots=LvhDZLCI6g&sig=ts-YBv7Aa_leTHFzRLUxeXiBUjg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jiIKUseGLsOn4ASI-YHYBQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22Bulwer%20Lytton%2C%20a%20noted%20Hellenophile%22&f=false)

11.

^ R. A. Gilbert, 'The Supposed Rosy Crucian Society', in Caron et al. (eds.),sotrisme, Gnoses et Imaginaire Symbolique, Leuven: Peeters, 2001, pp. 399.

12.^ a b c Mitchell, Leslie George (2003). Bulwer Lytton: The Rise and Fall of a VictorianMan of Letters. London, New York: Hambledon Continuum. ISBN 1-85285-423-5.

13.^ Westminster Abbey monuments and gravestones (http://www.westminster-abbey.org/history-research/monuments-gravestones/people/32932)

14.^ Lord Lytton (Published posthumously, 1875). "The Present Crisis. A Letter to a LateCabinet Minister" (http://www.archive.org/stream/pamphletsandsket00lyttuoft#page/viii/mode/2up). Pamphlets and Sketches (Knebworth ed.). London: George Routledgeand Sons. pp. 948. Retrieved 28 November 2009. Full text at Internet Archive(archive.org)

15.

^ The Canadian Press (17 August 2008). "To and prof to duke it out in literaryslugfest" (http://www.cbc.ca/arts/books/story/2008/08/17/writing-bad.html). CBCNews. Retrieved 18 August 2008.

16.

^ Harris, Judith (2007). Pompeii Awakened: A Story of Rediscovery(http://books.google.com/?id=8cmm4bvaVVYC). I.B. Tauris. p. 166.ISBN 978-1-84511-241-7.

17.

^ This story is included in Isaac Asimov's anthology, Tales of the Occult. IsaacAsimov; Martin Harry Greenberg (1989). Asimov, Isaac, ed. Tales of the Occult.

18.


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Prometheus. ISBN 0-87975-531-8. It also appears in The Wordsworth Book of HorrorStories. Various; Wordsworth Editions, Limited (1998-01-05). The Wordsworth Bookof Horror Stories. Wordsworth Classics. ISBN 1-84022-056-2.^ The coming race / Edward Bulwer-Lytton ; edited with an introduction by DavidSeed (http://books.google.no/books?id=w3-xlc8edbEC&pg=PR36&lpg=PR36&dq=%22A+Strange+Story+(1861),+which+was+to+inuence+Bram+Stoker%27s+Dracula%22&source=bl&ots=_VVxBC3oeN&sig=rMueuqv0ZDnTAquK-G7zreOtPls&hl=en&sa=X&ei=p3L_UOKTPIWE4gTqkIGgBg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22A%20Strange%20Story%20(1861)%2C%20which%20was%20to%20inuence%20Bram%20Stoker's%20Dracula%22&f=false)

19.

^ May Day, 1871: The Day Science Fiction Was Invented (http://io9.com/5796919/may-day-1871-the-day-science-ction-was-invented)

20.^ "Bovril" (http://www.unilever.co.uk/brands/foodbrands/bovril.aspx). Unilever.co.uk.Retrieved 10 April 2012.

21.^ Julian Strube. Vril. Eine okkulte Urkraft in Theosophie und esoterischemNeonazismus. Mnchen/Paderborn: Wilhelm Fink 2013.

22.^ Don B. Wilmeth 2007) The Cambridge Guide to American Theatre23.^ John Forster's biography of Dickens24.^ Edward Bulwer Lytton Baron Lytton, The Coming Race (London, England: WilliamBlackwood and Sons, 1871), page 2 (http://books.google.com/books?id=LO8BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false).

25.

^ Edward Bulwer Lytton Baron Lytton; Eric Robinson (1838). Paul Cliord(http://books.google.com/books?id=jZtCAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PR5#v=onepage&q&f=false). Baudry's European Library. p. x, footnote.

26.

^ The Coming Race - Introduction by David Seed (http://books.google.no/books?id=w3-xlc8edbEC&pg=PR42&lpg=PR42&dq=%22The+Coming+Race+had+an+inuence+on+gures+like+Madame+Blavatsky%22&source=bl&ots=_VXvtB0qiU&sig=22O56HxmSUs0ESBLU3IsEp8d00g&hl=en&sa=X&ei=V7QFUu7VGMn24QT4zYDoAg&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22The%20Coming%20Race%20had%20an%20inuence%20on%20gures%20like%20Madame%20Blavatsky%22&f=false)

27.

^ The A to Z of Fantasy Literature (http://books.google.no/books?id=7JKw5FYA4GgC&pg=PA46&lpg=PA46&dq=%22Blavatsky+drew+a+good+deal+of+inspiration+from+Bulwer-Lytton's%22&source=bl&ots=VAIq8nwjTP&sig=7HcGE56chAEMfT7S_j8v60bg_f8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3bQFUpDsOKG04AS3-YCYBQ&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Blavatsky%20drew%20a%20good%20deal%20of%20inspiration%20from%20Bulwer-Lytton's%22&f=false)

28.

^ Edward Bulwer Lytton, Paul Cliord (Paris, France: Baudry's European Library,1838), page 1 (http://books.google.com/books?id=jZtCAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false).

29.

^ "It Was a Dark and Stormy Night" (http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/ItWasADarkAndStormyNight). Television Tropes & Idioms. Retrieved2012-10-24.

30.

^ Keene, Donald (1984). Dawn to the West: Japanese Literature of the Modern Era.31.


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New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 62. ISBN 0-03-062814-8.^ "Lytton" (http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/ToposWeb/che.aspx?no_seq=37667).Banque de noms de lieux du Qubec (in French). Commission de toponymie duQubec. Retrieved 16 May 2012.

32.

Further readingChristensen, Allan Conrad (1976). Edward Bulwer-Lytton: The Fiction of NewRegions. Athens, Georgia: The University of Georgia Press.ISBN 0-8203-0387-9.Christensen (Ed.), Allan Conrad (1976). The Subverting Vision of BulwerLytton: Bicentenary Reections. Newark, Delaware: The University ofDelaware Press. ISBN 0-87413-856-6.Escott, T. H. S. (1910). Edward Bulwer, First Baron Lytton of Knebworth; aSocial, Personal, and Political Monograph. London: George Routledge &Sons.Mitchell, L. G (2003). Bulwer Lytton: The Rise and Fall of a Victorian Man ofLetters. London & New York:: Hambledon and London. ISBN 1-85285-423-5.(Distributed in the U.S. and Canada by Palgrave Macmillan)Whittington-Egan, Molly (2013) Arthur O'Shaughnessy: Music Maker(publisher Bluecoat Press)

External linksBulwer-Lytton ebooks

Works by Edward Bulwer-Lytton (http://www.gutenberg.org/author/Edward_Bulwer-Lytton) at Project GutenbergWorks by Edward Bulwer-Lytton (http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3AEdward%20Bulwer%20Lytton%20-contributor%3Agutenberg%20AND%20mediatype%3Atexts) at InternetArchive

Other linksHansard 18032005: contributions in Parliament by Lord Lytton(http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/people/mr-edward-bulwer)Edward George Earl Bulwer-Lytton (180373) (http://www.lang.nagoya-u.ac.jp/~matsuoka/Bulwer-Lytton.html)John S. Moore's essay on Bulwer-Lytton (http://www.mith.demon.co.uk/Bulwer.htm)Edward Bulwer-Lytton biography and works (http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/bulwer/bioov.html)


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Parliament of the United KingdomPreceded by

William Pole-Tylney-Long-WellesleyJames Morrison

Member of Parliament for StIves

1831 1832Succeeded byJames Halse

Preceded byCharles Delaet Waldo

SibthorpGeorge Fieschi

Heneage

Member of Parliament forLincoln

18321841

Succeeded byCharles Delaet Waldo

SibthorpWilliam Rickford

CollettPreceded by

Thomas PlumerHalsey

Sir Henry Meux, BtHon. Thomas Brand

Member of Parliament forHertfordshire

1852 1866

Succeeded byHenry Edward Surtees

Henry CowperAbel Smith

Political ocesPreceded by

Lord StanleySecretary of State for the

Colonies18581859

Succeeded byThe Duke ofNewcastle

Academic ocesPreceded by

The Duke of ArgyllRector of the University of

Glasgow18561859

Succeeded byThe Earl of Elgin

Peerage of the United Kingdom

New creationBaron Lytton

18661873 Succeeded byRobert Bulwer-LyttonBaronet(of Knebworth)

18381873Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Bulwer-Lytton&oldid=599334888"Categories: 1803 births 1873 deaths English dramatists and playwrights19th-century dramatists and playwrights 19th-century English writers19th-century British novelists Victorian novelists English novelistsHollow Earth theory English occult writers UFO writersBritish Secretaries of State Secretaries of State for the Colonies (UK)English historical novelists Conservative Party (UK) peersAlumni of Trinity College, Cambridge Alumni of Trinity Hall, CambridgeBarons in the Peerage of the United KingdomRectors of the University of Glasgow Burials at Westminster Abbey


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UK MPs 183132 UK MPs 183235 UK MPs 183537 UK MPs 183741UK MPs 185257 UK MPs 185759 UK MPs 185965 UK MPs 186568Members of the United Kingdom Parliament for constituencies in CornwallPolitics of Lincoln, England

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Edward Bulwer Lytton

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