Education Decision Support System

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1. ABSTRACT OF THE PROJECT

Computers have become the need of all today. However if we go back to 20 yrs,

neither the computer were so common to all nor were the computer professionals. But with

the growing time we find a system in almost every house, which speaks for the growing

importance of computers. Computers have grabbed the place in every field now. Every

industry, banks, school etc are computed aided and Microsoft windows is rapidly becoming

the standard operating environment for PCs, and visual basic is the standard programming

language for windows. Visual basic is the language that many developers including

Microsoft themselves are using to write new application software.

Visual basic is RAD (rapid application developer) in which any application can be

made with GUI (graphical user interface). In this language one writes a program byassembling the objects that one will use for screen displays and interaction with users,

adjusting the properties of those objects, determining which events you will respond to,

thinking through the variables you need for holding data and for passing the information from

one part of the program to another, and writing the command lines that will run when events

are activated. At each stage of development, you may add to or change any aspect of the

program, but it must be done with an awareness of how it will affect the other aspects.

Objects, properties, events and code are all interwoven.

The relational model of Data Base Management with its simple, tabular, structure and

powerful Data Manipulation operations is one such revolution. The relational model has

helped focus computer science, research on the problems of database management and

relational database management. System products have resulted in tremendous improvement

in accessing data and developing application.

I decided to exploit the many advantages offered by RDBMS packages and the idea to

develop an application system in ORACLE using its V.B. 6.0 (Computer aided software

engineering) tools.

Galgotias College Of Engineering And Technology, Gr.Noida 1


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1.1. EDUCATION DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECT :-

Education is the building block of the nation if provided correctly it builds a

nation strong and the foundation of a strong nation is a Child so the decision about their

education should be done properly.

The future of a child is like clay and it takes its form in the manner it is molded or

given shape. Our system is providing various alternatives to student to choose a best career so

that they can make their dreams come true.

The real problem arises when they are on the way to make their future and they are

not having proper channels or medium through which they can have proper guidance about

their career. So, they get confused in their decision and they have no chance to show their

capabilities and leave them in disguise.

It has been estimated that most persons make as many as 1,000 decisions per day.

Most of these decisions are trivial but some may be momentous. Helping students become

better decision makers when faced with dilemmas is one of the desired outcomes of education

in colleges. Employers often attest to the high level of technical knowledge possessed by

graduates, but these employers frequently cite lack of confidence and experience in

integrating and applying knowledge in the process of making decisions as a weakness in

contemporary higher education.

Education plays the vital role in human life and every person wants a type of

education which will improve his inner most skills. Further more an appropriate decision

taken by a person affects him for a long time. If decision is regarding the education then it

will affect him throughout his life. So a best decision is depend on the appropriate

information.

So, here we are developing a decision support system which is related to the

education. EDUCATION DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM will provide better options to

make a decision for the students carrier. These options are based on a set of information,

which are related to the education. This system is also very helpful to the management for

taking a decision for the betterment of their institutions. This is also working as a

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM (MIS).



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Information is the basis for interaction between the user and an analyst. Information

system may be defined as a set of devices, procedures and operating system. These are

designed around user based criteria to produce information and communication it to the user

for planning and to control the performance. Management information system is a prime

issue in any existing information system.

Computer based management system is the need of present scenario. The information

should reveal to the user by accessing to solve their thrust to knowledge and making decision.

MIS is a highly integrated grouping of information processing function designed to

provide management with a comprehensive picture of specify operation. It is a combination

of various information for decision making and planning, initiating, organizing, staffing,

directing, coordinating, reporting, budgeting and controlling the operation of the subsystem

of the firm/institution and to provide a synergistic organization in the process.

The purposed system is simply a decision support system (DSS). EDSS represent both

a philosophy and a set of tool .At the philosophical level; it is the next stage evolution of

MIS. MIS emphasized the value added component of data namely information .



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1.2.OBJECTIVE

The objective of this system is to provide the information to the management in the

regarding of the betterment of the institution. From this information they generate the policy

for the next year. They take the decision about the any personnel of the institution. In this

system we maintain information about the students, from this information we can provide

better career counseling to students. In brief following functions are performed:

The personal details of the teacher are stored in the teacher master table

The details of class and subject are stored in the class master table and subject master

respectively.

The student details are stored in student registration table and STUDENT ID is

provided for all the relevant information about the student.

Provide the feedback about the student by student feed back form and provide the

feedback about the teacher by teacher feedback form..

Here we maintain the record of the activities of the student for a particular session.

We will evaluate academic performance of a student and provide the suggestion for

choose the stream after the tenth class which is very difficult for the student.

We provide the carrier guideline for the student for his better future.

Generate the mark sheet for the student.

Relative study of the various institutes will be provided by our system, which is a mile

stone in the success of any institute.

Enhancement of Reliability of the system.

Increases the efficiency and effectiveness

Remove the Redundancies

Security of data

1.3. Mission Statement

To develop an information system that will increase the effectiveness and efficiency

of the planning and controlling functions of EDUCATION DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM

by providing more timely, relevant and accurate informations to the students records.

Our mission is to provide better carrier information, and to achieve this we collect all

information about the student such as his academic performance and his progress in different

curricular activities. After collecting all these information we analyze all the possibilities and

then finally provide the better option for students career.



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1.4 SYSTEM ANALYSIS

System Analysis is perhaps the most important and time consuming stage of software

development. Its importance lies in the facts that it is at this stage where the users

requirements are specified and the system that is to be automated is studied. In traditional

paradigm of software development, the analysis stage ends with the detailed specification of

requirement by the user. However, in evolutionary and prototyping models. As well as with

the user of fourth generation language tools the system analysis or the customer contact does

not end with this. It goes on throughout the whole process of software development with

continuous reviews and additions.

System analysis is important because it is the software product is being development

for third party and usually for a system with which the developer is not entirely familiar.

Therefore it is absolutely essential to careful study the working if the business system and its

interaction with the systems. The ultimate end user also cannot be expected to have a level of

computer proficiency and format of the output required.

In addition to the information flow in the system it is necessary to study the methods

and procedures involved in the business process that is being automated. The different rulesapplying to the particular organization are carefully studied so that routine and programmable

decision can be automated. The courses of action to be taken in different conditions are

specified and such information is represented using tools like decision tables and decision

tree.

Other tools are used for system analysis include Data Flow Diagrams, data

dictionaries etc. Data Flow diagrams are pictorial representation of the working of the system

in terms of information flows, transformations and storage. Data dictionaries tabulate the

description of the data that are represented in the data flow diagram.

One of the most difficult tasks of system analysis is developing a clear in depth

understanding of the problem being investigated, without which it becomes impossible to

specify the requirements for a new project with any accuracy. Careful analysis suggests a

number of different problems, the problem of reliability, accuracy, timeliness, validity, and

the problem of economy.

Here we are developing a computerized EDUCATION DECISION SUPPORT

SYSTEM for the student and collecting the necessary information for management for any



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institute/school in a summarized manner for taking the right decision about their

organization. The manual system suffers from the problem of reliability when procedures

work some but not all of the time, or when use of the same procedure leads to different

results. Sometimes it produces invalid results are often most troublesome to users and system

managers. They worked well but almost draw incorrect conclusions. The manual system is

inaccurate when processing is error prone. This system might suffer from the problem of

economy and timeliness when the existing methods are costly and the information cannot be

retrieved when and where it is needed.



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1.4.1 . IDENTIFICATION OF THE NEED

The educational experience of most students, particularly students with disabilities,

can often be described as a one-way street. Students are recipients of instruction programs

that are almost uniformly teacher delivered and based on plans and decisions made by others,

including teachers, parents, administrators, school board members, and state legislators.

There is no doubt in the minds of most students about who is in control when they are in

school.

A fundamental shift in focus is occurring in special education. Rather than continue to

rely on an instructional model in which the teacher is given full responsibility for determining

when, what, why, where, and how a student will learn, we are beginning to realize that there

may be marked advantages in making the student more actively involved in educationaldecision making, as well as in the delivery of the instruction itself. Student involvement is an

idea whose time has arrived.

As an organization grows and offers many fields then with this inorganic growth the

information needs are also growing and the existing system is just not able to keep pace with

these growing needs of the students. All this is very difficult to be handled manually.

The growth of any organization is a constant process, which is therefore very

important. IT growth in India has witnessed an unprecedented growth during the last decade.

With the organization feeling the resource crunch, the computer skills are high in demand.

Today every organization is looking at significant growth in the coming years and is

proactively trying to address issues that are posing threat to effectively manage their existing

business.

EFFICIENCY IN MANAGING BUSINESS

An efficient system is a system, which gives us right information at right time. For

e.g.: - the processing of marks information of student is very important for the school

organization as it helps in evaluated the performance of the student because it is the base for

the decision support system. Current scenario of present policy of the different institution or

organization for calculating the comparative information is important and the management

would need timely information about student feedback, teacher feedback timely. If they are to

keep all the policy running and also to keep the student satisfied.



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also conducted interviews to provide details that further explained the project and show

whether assistance is merited economically, operationally and technically.



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2. FEASIBILITY STUDY

Feasibility is the determination of whether or not a project is worth doing. The

process followed in making this determination is called a feasibility study. This type of study

determines if a project can and should be taken. Many feasibility studies are disillusioning for

both users and analysts.

The feasibility studies may be carried out in three phases:

(i) Technical Feasibility

(ii) Operational Feasibility

(iii) Economic Feasibility

i. TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

During technical analysis the technical merits of the system concept are evaluated, at

the same collecting additional information about performance, reliability, maintainability and

produce-ability. In some cases, it also includes a limited amount of research and design.

Technical analysis begins with an assessment of the technical viability of the proposed

system. What technologies are required to accomplish system function and performance?

What new methods, algorithms or processes are required, and what is their development risk?

How will these technology issues affect Cost? The tools available for technical analysis are

derived from mathematical modeling and optimization techniques, probability and statistics,

queuing theory and control theory.

Technical Feasibility is frequently the most difficult area to assess at this stage of the

product engineering process. Because objectives, functions and performance are somewhat

hazy, anything seems possible if the right assumptions are made. It is essential that theprocess of analysis and definition to be conducted in parallel with an assessment of technical

feasibility. The considerations that are normally associated with technical feasibility Include:

Development Risk: can the system element to design so that necessary function and

performance are achieved within the constraints uncovered during analysis?

Resource Availability:Are skilled staff available to develop the system element in question?

are other necessary resources (hardware and software)available to build the system?



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Technology: Has the relevant technology progressed to a state that will support the system?

During an evaluation of technical feasibility, a cynical, if not pessimistic, attitude should

prevail .The consideration that are normally associated with technical feasibility include

development risk, resource availability and technology.

ii. OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY

It is mainly related to human organizational and political aspects. The points to be

considered are:

1 What changes will be brought with the system?

2 What organizational structures are disturbed?

3 What new skills will be required?

4 Do the existing staff members have these skills? If not, can they be trained in

due course of time?

This feasibility study is carried out by a small group of people who are familiar with

information system techniques, who understand the parts of the business that are relevant to

the project and are skilled in system analysis and design process.

In the manual system, it is very difficult to maintain huge amount of producinginformation of products. The development of the new system was started because of the

requirements put forward by the management of the concerned department. So it is sure that

the system developed is operationally feasible.

iii. ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY

Economic analysis is the most frequently used method for evaluating the effectiveness

of a candidate system. More commonly known as cost/benefit analysis, the procedure is to

determine the benefits and savings that are expected from a candidate system and compare

them with costs. If benefits outweigh costs, then the decision is made to design and

implement the system. This is an ongoing effort that improves in accuracy at each phase of

the system life cycle.



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COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS

Cost-benefit analysis is complicated by criteria that vary with the characteristics of the

system to be developed, the relative size of the project, and the expected return on investment

desired as part of a companys strategic plan. In addition many benefits derived from

computer-based systems are ignitable (e.g. better design quality through iterative intimation,

increased customer satisfaction through programmable control, and better business decisions

through reformatted and pre-analyzed sales data). Direct quantities comparisons may be

difficulty to achieve.

In a nutshell the following steps are to be followed:

(i) To study the existing system.

(ii) To define the scope of the proposed system.

(iii) To study the strengths and weakness of the existing system.

(iv) To study various alternatives.

(v) To carry out feasibility studies.

(vi) To get the management approvals.

OTHER FEASIBILITY

Like Social, Management, Legal and Time Feasibility of the proposed system has also

been checked to find the above aspect of the system.



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3.SOFTWARE ENGINEERING PARADIGM

To solve actual problems we incorporate a development strategy that encompasses the

process, methods and tool layers referred to as a process model of a software engineeringparadigm. A process model for software engineering is chosen based on the nature of the

project and application, the methods and tools to be used, and the controls and deliverables

that are required.

For this system we are incorporating all the methods, processes and tools using

prototyping paradigm. It begins with requirements gathering. We met the users of the system

and defined the overall objectives for the software, identify whatever requirements are known

and outline areas where further definition is mandatory.

A quick design is then visible to the user, which further leads to the construction of

a prototype. The costumer evaluates this prototype iteratively, which enables the developer to

better understand what needs to be done. The prototype can serve as the first system. Users

get a feel for the actual system and the developers get to build same thing immediately .

3.1. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT &

SPECIFICATION

INTRODUCTION

Following are the basic requirements of any EDUCATION DECISION SUPPORT

SYSTEM.

The parents can view the different policy of the schools.

Firstly we register the student and check its information if the information is right thenenrolls him/her.

Management makes the class and their sections.

Management decides the subject of the classes.

Management has authorization of personal registration.

Governing body decide the policy of the school.

Management decides the fee structure of the class.



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Firstly we collect all the academic record of the student such as marks of the all class

activity grade of all the years for each student.

Teachers evaluate all the record of the student and provide suggestion to choose the

stream. There is a problem in the selecting career after completion the school studies for this

problem we collect all the student performance and provide different career guideline

schemes.

Operator feed all the marks of the student.

Teacher gives the feed back for the student.

Student give the feed back to the teacher

Management checks details of student and teacher such as marks sheet of the student and

feedback of the teacher.

Management checks the desired report for taking the right decision about the

organization.

PLATFORM

FRONTEND AND BACKEND USED

OPERATING SYSTEMMICROSOFT WINDOWS XP And EARLIER

FRONT END

MICROSOFT VISUAL STUDIO 2010

BACK END

SQL SERVER

TOOLS

Active-X, Data Object (ADO)

Text Tool, Label Tool, Data Control, Shape Tool

Combo box, List Box, Command Button, List View

MINIMUM HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

DUAL CORE I 100 MHz Or Higher

64 MB RAM or Higher



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TOOLS & LANGUAGE

SQL SERVER

An overview of DBMS :-

DBMS is the acronym for the relational database management system. The concept of

relational database is known since 1980 the idea of database management system is quit old.

The most famous RDBMS packages are ORACLE, SYBASE, and INFORMIX etc.

For this software we preferred Oracle -8 as our backend tool.

What Is Database Management System?

A database management system is essentially a collection of interrelated data and set

of programs to access this data. The collection of data is called DATABASE. The primary

objective of DBMS is to provide a convenient environment to retrieve and store database

information. Database system supports single user and multi-user. While DBMS let only oneperson to access data.

A Database consists of two parts namely the database management and the database

application. Database management systems the programs that organize and maintain the

information whereas the database application is the program that let us view, retrieve and

update information stored in DBMS. DBMS has to protect database against unintentional that

could be caused by the users and application like disk crack etc and in case of multi-user

system, it must be capable of notifying any database change to the other user

Characteristics of A Database Management System: -

It represents complex relationship between data.

Keep a tight control of data redundancy.

Enforces user-defined rules to ensure the integrity of table data.

Has centralized data dictionary for the storage of information

pertaining to data and its manipulation

Ensures that data can be shared across authorization.



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Enforces data access authorization.

Has automatic, intelligent back up and recovery procedures for data.

Have different interfaces which users can manipulate data.

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OFFERS THE

FOLLOWING SERVICES

Data Definition: It is a method of data definition and storage.

Data Maintenance: It checks whether each record has fields containing all

information about one particular item.

Data Manipulation: Allows data in the database to be inserted, updated,

deleted and stored

Data Display: This helps in viewing data.

Data Integrity: This ensures the accuracy of the data.



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3.2.INTRODUCTION TO SQL

Every business enterprise maintains large volumes of data for its operation. With

more and more people accessing this data for their work, they need to maintain its integrity,

relevance increases. Normally with the traditional methods of storing data and information in

files, the chances that the data loses its integrity and validity are very high.

With the birth of new concepts of data storage and manipulation known as

DATABASE and DATABASE MANAGEMENT, today it is possible to maintain data

pertaining to any operation with security. A database is an aggregation of data in contiguous

locations in some organized fashion. This organized fashion normally involves storing the

data in the form of TABLES. A table is a unit of storage, which holds data in the form ofrows and columns. Thus a collections of all tables with their interrelationships could be

termed as database.

A program or Software that can help us to access this data and perform certain pre

defined operations on it, is called a DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM or a DBMS.

The DBMS whose designs are based on the relational theory in mathematics is called the

Relational Database Management System or RDBMS.

SQL is an Object Relational Database Management System (ORDBMS). SQL

database offers capabilities of both relational & object oriented database systems. SQL

supports very large database that could contain hundreds of terabytes of information. It also

provides access to many concurrent users to the of thousands or ten thousand users.

SQL data partitioning features helps to minimize the problems. A large table that is

partitioned can enhance the performance because accessing can be done on Multi-partition in

parallel. Even if one or more partitions fail then the partitions are available to applications.

SQL supports Multi Thread Servers (MTS). SQL has advance queuing features. These

features allow multiple executions, acceptable at the same time for transactions.

SQL provides ten fold size improvements. It can support ten times the amounts of

data. Individual table can now have up to one thousand. I addition, the database can now

support very large objects known as LOBS.

SQL RELIABILITY IS BUILT AROUND TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS:



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The SQL SERVER parallel server product.

Disk mirroring.

Fast and simple recovery mechanisms.

SQL now offers most of the features that most operating systems have had for years

Account disablement after a specified number of failed attempts.

Password expiration and forced password changes.

Password history maintenance to prevent users from reusing previous passwords.

Complex password enforcement that forces users to choose passwords which

cannot easily be guessed by potential intruders.

Primary Key

This constraint avoids duplication of rows and does not allow NULL values, when

enforced in a column or set of columns. As a result it is used to identify a row. If

primary key constraints are assigned to a combination of columns, it is said to be a

Composite key, which can contain a maximum of 16 columns.

Referential Integrity Constraints

To establish a 'parent-child' or a master detail' relationship between two tables having a

common column, we make use of referential integrity constraint. To implement this, we

should define the column in the parent table as a primary key and the same column in the

child table as a foreign key referring to the corresponding parent entry.

Index

We create indexes explicitly to speed up SQL statement on a table. The index points directlyto the location of the rows containing the values. We create an index on a column or a

combination of columns using CREATE INDEX command.

Foreign Key

This constraint helps to understand the relationship between tables.



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Insert Command

Once the table is created, INSERT command of Data Manipulation Language (DML) is used

to insert records into the table. The values are separated by commas and must be entered in

the same order as they are defined in the table.

The syntax of INSERT command is as follows:

INSERT into values (list of data values);

Example

Insert into student_master values (STU00001, GAURAV, M, 23, MEERUT);

If a user wants to enter 100 records then he has to write insert statement 100 times. He can

avoid this by making use of substitution variable. To understand this, use the following insert

command:

INSERT into TEC_MASTER values (&TEC_ID, &Name, &Sex, &Age, &Address);

If you want to insert another records in the same table just write run or type / Run command

is used for executing previous command.

Select Command

Select command is used to retrieve records from the table

The syntax of SELECT command is as follows:

SELECT column_name1, column_name2.......from table_name..........;

To select specific row from a table we include a Where clause in the select command. We

can retrieve only the rows, which satisfy the Where, condition. To arrange the displayed

rows according to some predefined order we can use the order by clause. The order by

clause should be the last clause in a select command.

The syntax for SELECT command along with the WHERE clause is given below:

SELECT column1, column2 ...from table_name1 ...WHERE conditions [order by];



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INTRODUCTION TO VISUAL STUDIO 2010

GUI Tool used in the Development of this project is Microsoft Developer Studios Visual

STUDIO 2010. Integrated Development Environment (IDE) makes it easy for the Developer

to manage classes, modules, forms, User Controls etc. It makes the work of a Developer a lot

easier. It is referred to as the integrated development environment or IDE because it

integrates many different functions such as design, editing, compiling, and debugging within

a common environment.

Package and Deployment Tool

The Package and Deployment Wizard automates many of the steps involved in distributing

applications by presenting you with choices about how you want to configure your .cab files.

Why opt Visual STUDIO 2010

The "Visual Studio" refers to the method used to create the graphical user interface (GUI).

Which makes system more elegant & user-friendly even for non-computer literate.

Whether our goal is to create a small utility for our self or our work group, a large enterprise-wide system, or even distributed applications spanning the globe via the Internet, Visual

Studio has the tools we need.

Data access features allow us to create databases, front-end applications, and scalable server-

side components for most popular database formats, including Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle

and other enterprise-level databases.

Internet capabilities make it easy to provide access to documents and applications across the

Internet or Intranet from within our application, or to create Internet server applications.

Finished application is a true .exe file that uses a Visual studio Virtual Machine that can be

freely distributed.

Introduction to Active Data Objects

The ActiveX Data Objects library provides the mechanism to connect to a database and to

manipulate the data in the database. ActiveX Data Objects library is used to view and browse

through records in a database.



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ADO includes the following key Features

Support for batch updating: A number of record updates are made and transmitted at one

time. Support for server-side stored procedures. Support for queries that return multiple

record sets.

ADO Hierarchy

The ADO hierarchy comprises of seven independent objects.

The ADO hierarchy comprises of seven independent objects/Collection.

Connection

Represents a unique session with a data source. You can use this object to connect to a data

source such as Oracle, SQL Server or Access or even Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. A

Connection Object is created using the create Object method of the Server object.

Set con = New ADODB.Connection

Here, ADODB.Connection is the Application/Class string.

Connection object allows commands to be executed using the Execute method.

The Execute command returns a Recordset object.



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Recordset

The Recordset object is used to browse through data returned from the Execute method of the

Connection object, like this:

Set RSTEMP = con.execute (Select TEC_ID, Name from TEC_MASTER) Here RSTEMP

is a Recordset object that contains all the record from the table TEC_MASTER and only the

TEC_ID and Name fields from that table. The Recordset is made up of the Beginning of File

(BOF) region, the records themselves, and End of File (EOF) region.

Fields Collection and Fields Object: These items provide a way to access the data in the

columns or fields of a Recordset. You can access fields object only from a Recordset object.

4. SYSTEM DESIGN



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System Design sits in the technical kernel of the software engineering process and is

applied regardless of the software process model that is used. System design involves

creating a sufficiently detailed description of the products to be designed based on the

analysis model that it could subsequently be covered into the final product. The design

process determines the shape of the software.

Software design is an iterative process through which requirements are translated into

a Blue Print for constructing the software. Initially, the blue print depicts a holistic view of

software. That is, the design is represented at a high level of abstraction level that can be

directly traced to specific data, functional, and behavioral requirements. It should be modular.

A good design is one in which there is tight internal binding within modules and loose

coupling between the various modules. This facility reuses and de-couples the software so

that an error in one part of the software has less chance of flowing over to and affecting other

parts of the software.

The designers goal is to produce a model or representation of an entity that will later

be built. The process by which the model is developed combines intuition and judgment

based on the experience in building similar entities , a set of principles and/or heuristic that

guide the way in which the model evolves ,a set of criteria that enables quality to be

judged ,and a process of iterations that ultimately leads to final design representation.

Input Design

Inaccurate input data are the most common cause of errors in data processing. Errors can be

controlled while input design. The goal of designing input data is to make data entry as easy,

logical and error free as possible. While designing the forms where the user inputs the data

care should be taken about the following points.

The allocated space for each field.

Only a single dot can be accepted in amount type fields

Field sequence that must match that in the source document.

The format in which the data fields are entered; for example:-filling out the date field

is required through the edited format MM-DD-YY



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INFORMATION DESCRIPTION

Here we give the primary data objects to be processed by the system. The

composition of each data object and what attributes describe the object. Where do the objects

currently reside. What are the relationships between each object and other objects? What are

the relationships between the objects and processes that transform them? All this is done

making use of entity relationship diagram.

DATA MODEL

The data objects are:


Administrator

student

Operator

Teacher


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The attributes and the relationships are shown in the subsequent Entity Relationship

diagram

The relationships are as under:


Administrator

A d d , V i e w ,

M o d i f y ,

D e l e t e

P e r s o n n e l

D e c i d en u m b e r o f

C l a s s e s

D e c i d e f e e

s t r u c t u r e

o f v a r i o u s

C l a s s / S e c t i o n

A d m i s s i o n

A p p r o v a l

d e c i s i o n

m a k i n g V i e w a n d

G e n e r a t e r e p o r t


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Teacher

Student activity and

Does student Academic

evaluaation

View feedback from

student

Feed Suggestion for the

Student such as Career

Guide Line and Subject

Suggestion


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Operator

rrrrrr

Does Registration

Student Marks Feeding

Provide the desiredreport

Student activity and

Performance grade

feeding

Student

View the Result

View the suggestion

from the teacher

Give the feedback to

Teacher


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4.1. CONTEXT LEVEL DIAGRAM


Teacher

Operator

Administrator

Student

Report

Education

DecisionSupport

System


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4.2. E-R DIAGRAM


Teacher Management

School

SubjectStudent

Activity

1 N

N

Teacher

Participate

N

N

N


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4.3. Number of Modules

According to the Structure chart this System is primarily divided into Number of modules

and these modules are further divided into sub modules where required to design the

objective efficiently.

1. Login Module

2. Administrator Module

Decide the no classes and their section

Decide the fee structure of the classes

Generate the current year policy if the school

Approval the registration of the student.

Approval the registration of the teacher.

Add delete and modify the personal record.

View and generate the decision making report.

3. Operator Module

Does the registration of the student.

Fee evaluation of the student.

Marks feed of the student.

Maintaining the past year record of the student.

Provide the desired report for the management.

Maintain the past year record of the student.

4. Teacher Module

Generate the marks sheet for the student.

Evaluate the student academic performance.

Evaluate the activity performance of the student.

Provide the subject suggestion for the student.

Provide the suitable carrier guide line for the student.

View the feed back from student.

Give the feedback for the student.

5. Student Module Give the feedback for the teacher.



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View the result.

View the performance of elf and others.

View the suggestion from the teacher.

6. Report Module



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4.4. Database Design

A well designed database makes programming and tuning application much easier. A

logical database design is typically a block diagram of entities and relationships. Referred to

as an E-R Diagram. Relational database uses a term Entity to represent and object in the

logical design and attribute to represent properties of the entities .For example the tables in

our database are entities and filed in each table are attributes of each entity.

Logical design creating all entities in the database and establishing relationship

between entities .Logical design dies not take in to account the type of database or the system

on which the database with besides .Physical database design is taking the logical database

and creating with database and database object to represent the entities and relationship in the

logical database design. In the physical design each entity becomes a table and the attribute of

the entities become column of the tables.

Database Design Goals

It is important to understand some of the goal before beginning the process of designing a

database. The design goals for logical database are:

1. Establish database purpose

2. Support all Queries and produce all reports

3. be-able to perform all calculation

4. Process all transactions

Enforce restrictions and Defaults

Database Designing Process

Retrieving Information and Analyzing Information

The first step in designing a database is to talk to people who will use it. Gather all

information to be represented in your database. Gather all the reports generated by hand that

you expect with the database. Add in new report that the user want.Gather any information

sheets and any available information on the data and there characteristics.



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Break Down Information into Separate entities

Get a piece of paper or a database design tool and break down the collected data items,

collected into separate entities. An entity is a distinct object in the database .Each entity

becomes its own table.

Assigning Attributes to each Entity

When you have created separate entities for each object, assign attributes to each entity. An

attribute is a property or characteristic of the object, such as its name, address etc. Each

attribute becomes the fields in the table.

Identify a Unique Identifier for each entity

A row in a relational database needs to be uniquely identified so you can retrieve that row

and only one row. Select one or more attributes that are uniquely identified a single row in

the entity. This unique identifier is called Primary Key.

Establish Relationship Among Entities

Determine the types of relationship that exists among your entities. There are three types of

relationship in relational database design:

1. One-to-One

2. One-to-Many

3. Many-to-Many

One-to-One A One-to-One relationship is one in which each row in one table represented

by a single row in another table.

One-to-Many A One-to-Many relationship is one in which a row in one table may be

represented by many rows in another table.

Many-to-Many A Many-to-Many relationship is one in which arrow from one entity

may be represented by one or many row in another table and a row from second table

may be represented by one-to-Many row in the first table.



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NORMALIZATION OF THE LOGICAL DESIGN

When you have established relationship for your logical design, it is time to

normalize the design. Normalization involves a set of rules used to test the

soundness of your database design. Each rule applied to the logical database

design, then the logical design said to be in rule# form. For which rule# is first,

second, third and so on to fifth.

4.5.TABLE DESIGN

Any Programming environment to create containers, to manage human data, can be

conceptualized as Data Management System. Traditionally, the block of human data being

managed is called a Database. Hence, in very simple terms these programming environments

can be conceptualized as database management system.

All Database Management Systems allow users to create containers for data storage

and management. These containers are called Field. The minimum information that has to

be given to the DBMS for a suitable container to be constructed which can hold free from

human data is

1. Field Name

2. Field Length

3. The type of data that can be placed in to the Field

Field Name:

When we wish to view the contents of the field later all we need to do is to tell the

programming environment the field name. The programming environment is intelligent

enough to fetch for us contents of the field.

Field Length:

This is the manner we Rigidize free from human data. We create container of a pre-

determined length into which we will store Free Form human data for management .We

will have to try our best and decide the longest name we wish to manage and decide on the

container length accordingly.

Field Data Type :



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Human data is mainly of two type character or numeric if numbers then we can have whole

number or floats. We would then have to inform the programming environment which is

creating field for us, what kind of data we will store in the field when it is being used . The

simplest reason being that we would have to separate character and number data types.

We would imagine that each field was an object created us by the RDBMS .Then the

fields create for us in the same horizontal plane would be another distinct object created for

us by RDBMS. Multiple field placed in the same horizontal plane is an object called

Record by RDBMS several records of equal length placed one below the other to enable

user to continue to store data is called Table.

Here we are using a relational database management system ORACLE-8i to handle

database design.

1.Student_ master

2.Student _transaction

3.Tec_master

4.Tec_activity

5.School_performance

6.School policy

7.Parent_suggestio

8.class_ master

9.Activitygrade

10.Fee_master

11.Student_marks

12.student_activity

13.Subject_master

14.Stream_submaster

15.Tec_feedback

16.Student_feedback

17.Student_subjectsuggestion

18.Student_carrier

19.user



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Table Name: Users Table

Purpose: This Table is used in the project for validating the user identification and

password. It controls the menu access authority to a particular user.

Field Name Data Type Width Description

User_id Varchar2 20 Primary key

User_pass Varchar2 8

Table Name: student_master

Purpose: This is a master table. The Purpose of using the table is to maintain the generalinformations about the student, Such as name address etc.


S_ID Varchar2 10 Primary key

S_Name Varchar2 50

F_name Varchar2 50

M_Name Varchar2 50

S_Add Varchar2 250

Ph_No Varchar2 18F_Income Varchar2 6

F_Edu Varchar2 25

M_Edu Varchar2 25

DOB Varchar2 20

SN Varchar2 12

Sex Char 6

Table Name: S tudent_Transaction

Purpose:This is a transaction table. The Purpose of using the table is to register the student

in the class with their session and maintain the session id for the student.



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S_ID Varchar2 10 Foreign Key

C_ID Varchar2 12 Foreign Key

S_CId Varchar2 12

Stu_House Varchar2 50

Date_Adm Date

Sen Varchar2 12

Table Name: Tec _master

Purpose: This is a master table for the teacher. The Purpose of using the table is to maintain

the general informations about the teacher, Such as name address etc.


T_Code Varchar2 10 Primary key

T_Name Varchar2 50

T_Qual Varchar2 50

T_Sub Varchar2 50

T_Add Varchar2 250

T_Phone Varchar2 18

T_Email Varchar2 50

T_Sex Char 6

T_Age Number 3

Table Name: Teacher_Activity

Purpose: This is a transaction table. The Purpose of using this table is maintaining the

teacher activity records with their activity type.


T_Code Varchar2 10 Foreign Key

T_activity Varchar2 10

T_Grade Varchar2 10

T_Gets Varchar2 10



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Table Name: school_master

Purpose: This is a master table. The Purpose of using the table is to maintain the general

informations about the school, Such as name address etc.


S_ID Varchar2 10 Primary key

S_Name Varchar2 50

S_Add Varchar2 250

S_phone Varchar2 15

S_site Varchar2 50

S_Email Varchar2 50

S_Activity Varchar2 250

S_Session Varchar2 20

S_Grade Char 3

S_per Varchar2 50

Table Name: class_Master

Purpose: This is a master table. The Purpose of using this table is maintaining the class

information such as class name class stream and no of the student.


C_ID Varchar2 10 Primary key

C_name Varchar2 20

C_Section Char 2

Stream Varchar2 20

No_stu Number 3

Table Name: Fee _Master

Purpose: This is a master table. The Purpose of using this table is maintaining the fee

structure about the class. We maintain the monthly fee, concession fee of the class.



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C_Name Varchar2 20

T_Fee Number 5

M_fee Number 5

Stream Varchar2 20

Con_fee Number 5

Con_mfee Number 5

Table Name: Subject _Master

Purpose: This is a master table. The Purpose of using this table is maintaining the subject

and their parts and maintains the maximum marks of the subject.


Subname Varchar2 5

Sub_code Varchar2 3 Primary key

Sub_p Varchar2 5 Primary key

Submarks Number 3

Table Name: Stream _Submaster


subject of class with their stream.


C_ID Varchar2 10 Primary key

C_Sub Varchar2 1000

C_Stream Varchar2 15



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Table Name: Activity_master

Purpose: This is a master table . The Purpose of using this table is maintain the all activity of

the school and their grade with their range.


A_ID Varchar2 8 Primary key

A_Type Varchar2 30

A_Grade Char 2

A_Range Number 3

Table Name: Student_ Activity

Purpose: This is a transaction table . The Purpose of using this table is maintain the all

activity of the student and their grade with their range.



A_ID Varchar2 8 Foreign Key

A_Sgrade Varchar2 2

A_get Number 3

S_session Number 10

Table Name: Student_ marks

Purpose: This is a transaction table. The Purpose of using this table is maintaining the marks

of the student and their grade with class and session.




S_sen Varchar2 12 Foreign Key

Sub_P Varchar2 3

Sub_name Varchar2 15

Marks Number 3



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Table Name: Student_ feedback

Purpose: This is a transaction table . The Purpose of using this table is maintain the feedback

of the student which is giving by the teacher.




S_sen Varchar2 12 Foreign Key

Feedback Varchar2 2000

Result Varchar2 10

Table Name: Teacher_ feedback


feedback of the teacher which is giving by the students.


T_code Varchar2 10 Foreign Key


T_Sub Varchar2 12

Feedback Varchar2 2000

Session Varchar2 10

Table Name: School_ policy

Purpose: This is a master table. The Purpose of using this table is maintain the

Current year policy of the school.


S_ID Varchar2 10 Foreign KeyPolicy Varchar2 2000



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Session Varchar2 10

Table Name: Parents_ suggestion


suggestion of the parent about the school and about the any teacher.



Suggestion Varchar2 2000

Session Varchar2 10


Table Name: student_ subsuggestion

Purpose: This is a transaction table. The Purpose of using this table is maintain the

suggestion of the subject which is specially for the class 11th student.



Sub_Suggestion Varchar2 2000Session Varchar2 10


Table Name : student_ carrierline


suggestion of the carrier guide line which is especially for the class 12th student.



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Carrierguideline Varchar2 2000

Session Varchar2 10


5. CODING

5.1.OPTIMIZATION OF CODE



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Optimizations though do not provide any additional checks to the software however it

provides that the software be made functional to its desired efficiency consistency with

recurred standard.

In this software project optimizations been achieved for the following laid down aspects: -

SPEED OF PROGRAM EXECUTION

It has been ensured that the procedure adopted/design/coding done is optimized and

superfluous details omitted to meet the requirements. By ensuring this, the speed of execution

is enhanced which has future initiated similar reaction in other sub modules

CPU OVERHEADS

By optimization the CPU overheads is reduced to increase the system throughput and

reaction time, waiting period is reduced accordingly.

PROPER BALANCING OF CPU & I/O BOUND INSTRUCTION

By optimizing, CPU & I/O bound instruction are streamline. Therefore reducing the

corresponding load on CPU as well as on memory/other system resources.

Crash Recovery

It has been ensured that the crash recovery is automatic to avoid undue delay is giving direct

instruction at the time of crash.

Other security and protection like auto backup, protection form unauthorized access and

normalization of database tables has been ensured to achieve the recurred efficiency.

VALIDATION CHECKS

This is the most important section of the software requirement specification. Different classes

of tests are conducted to validate function, performance and constraints. This section

demands a thorough understanding of software requirements. We have given proper time and

attention by validating data and database as far as possible. Validation as the name suggests

validate the requirement and act as a rider to ensure that the design software is utilized to its

thresh-hold without any error.

In the above software project the requirement of validity checks arises to ensure that the

various input data endorse by the user is entered in correct form and design. These validation

checks in this system have been included to ensure its correctness and desired accuracy. Fewof them are given as under:-



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STUDENT ID: Validation proved that the details of Student ID be entered on the correct

field and format, any discrepancy to the proposed format will show the error and the user can

correct the data accordingly

DATE:Likewise date has to be entered in the correct field/format i.e. DD-MM-YY and any

variation to the above will show an error to the user.

AMOUNT: Amount has to be entered in the correct format i.e. only numeric value and any

variation to the above will show an error to the user, otherwise it would be problematic to

further calculation.

The proposed software can be used to its organization and desired accuracy can be insured as

proposed. These validation checks have been provided in all the modules so that the software

may be run for its laid down standard.

6. TESTING

6.1.TESTING METHODOLOGY



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Software testing is critical element of software quality assurance and represents the

ultimate review of specification, design and coding. It is used to detect errors. Testing is a

dynamic method for verification and validation, where the system to be tested is executed and

the behavior of the system is observed.

TESTING OBJECTIVES:

1) Testing is a process of executing a program with the intent of finding an error.

2) A good test case is one that has a high probability of finding an as-yet-undiscovered

error.

3) A successful test is one that uncovers an as-yet-undiscovered error.

The above objectives imply a dramatic change in viewpoint. They move counter to the

commonly held view that a successful test is one in which no errors are found. Our objective

is to design tests that systematically uncover different classes of errors and do so with a

minimum amount of time and effort.

If testing is conducted successfully (according to the objectives stated above), it will uncover

errors in the software. Testing cannot show the absence of defects, it can only show that

software errors are present.

6.2.TESTING TECHNIQUES

The techniques followed throughout the testing of the system are as under

BLACK-BOX TESTING:

Black box testing focuses on the functional requirements of the software. That is, Black Box

testing enables the software engineer to derive sets of input conditions that will fully exercise

all functional requirements for a program. Black Box Testing is not an alternative to white-

box techniques. Rather, it is a complementary approach that is likely to uncover a different

class of errors than white-box methods.

Black-Box Testing attempts to find errors in the following categories:

(1) Incorrect or missing functions.



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(2) Interface errors.

(3) Errors in data structures or external data base access.

(4) Performance errors.

(5) Initialization and termination errors.

Unlike White Box Testing, which is performed early in the testing process, Black Box

Testing tends to be applied during later stages of testing. Because Black Box Testing

purposely disregards control structure, attention is focused on the information domain. Tests

are designed to answer the following questions:

How is functional validity tested?

What classes of input will make good test cases?

Is the system particularly sensitive to certain input values?

How are the boundaries of a data class isolated?

What data rates and data volume can the system tolerate?

What effect will specific combinations of data have on system operation?

By applying black box techniques, we derive a set of test cases that satisfy the following

criteria:1) Test cases that reduce, by a count that is greater than one, the number of

additional test cases that must be designed to achieve reasonable testing,

and

2) Test cases that tell us something about the presence or absence of classes

of errors, rather than errors associated only with the specific test at hand.

WHITE-BOX TESTING:White Box Testing knowing the internal workings of a product tests can be conducted

to ensure that internal operations are performed according to specifications and all internal

components have been adequately exercised.

Using white box testing methods the test cases that can derived are:

1) All independent paths with in a module have been exercised at least once.

2) Exercise all logical decisions on their true and false sides.

3) Execute all loops at their boundaries and within their operational bounds.



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4) Exercise internal data structures to ensure their validity.

6.3.CONTROL STRUCTURE TESTING:

CONDITION TESTING:

Condition testing is a test case design method that exercises the logical conditions

contained in a program module. If a condition is incorrect then at least one component of the

condition is incorrect. Therefore types of errors in a condition include the following.

Boolean operator error

Boolean variable error

Boolean parenthesis error

Relational operator error

Arithmetic expression error

1) LOOP TESTING:

Loops are the corner stone for the vast majority of all algorithms implemented in

software. Loop testing is a white-box testing technique that focuses exclusively on the

validity of loop constructs. Four different classes of loops:

Simple Loops

Nested Loops

Concatenated Loops

Unstructured Loops

2) DATAFLOW TESTING:

The dataflow testing method selects test paths of a program according to the location of

definitions and uses of variables in the program. In this testing approach, assume that each

statement in a program is assigned a unique statement number and that each function does not

modify its parameters or global variables.



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It is useful for selecting test paths of a program containing nested if and loop statement. This

approach is effective for error detection. However, the problems of measuring testcoverage

and selecting test paths for data flow testing are more difficult than the

corresponding problems for condition testing.

TESTING STRATEGIES

A strategy for software testing integrates software test case design methods into a well

planned series of steps that result in the successful construction of software. A software

testing strategy should be flexible enough to promote a customized testing approach.

UNIT TESTING

Unit testing focuses verification efforts on the smallest unit of software design. It is

white box oriented. Unit testing is essentially for verification of the code produced during the

coding phase and hence the goal is to test the internal logic of the module. A module is

considered for integration and use by others only after it has been unit tested satisfactorily.

1) The module interface is tested to ensure that information properly flows in and

out of program.

2) Local data structure is examined to ensure that data stored temporarily

maintain its integrity.

3) Boundary conditions are tested to ensure that modules operate properly at

boundary limits of processing.

4) All independent paths are exercised to ensure all statements in a module have

been executed at least once.

5) All error-handling paths are tested.

NTEGRATION TESTING

Integration testing focuses on design and construction of the software architecture.

For example: - We followed a systematic technique for constructing the program structure

that is putting them together- interfacing at the same time conducting tests to uncover

errors. We took unit tested components and build a program that has been dictated by design.



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7. IMPLEMENTATION

After the system, has been certified by the user, it comes to be stage of implementation. It

involves many issues like preparation for the change over the new system and then the actual

change over. Preparation of the site and installation of the facilities, training of the staff,

preparation of data files etc. are the various steps involved which might require the

involvement of the system analyst, the user as well as the operational management.

Depending on the size of the organization that will be involved in using the application and

the risk involved in its use, systems developers may choose to test the operation in only one

area of the firm with only one or two persons. Sometimes, they will run both old and new

system in parallel way to compare the results.

EVALUATION

After implementing the application in the organization we evaluated the system to identify

its strength and weaknesses. We evaluated along the following dimensions:

1) Operational evaluation:

We assessed the manner in which the system functioned, including ease of use, response

time, overall reliability and level of utilization.

2) User Admin Assessment

We evaluated the attitudes of admin within the organization as well as the end-users.



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MAINTENANCE

This is an ongoing exercise after the system has been implemented. The real life

would never static. It is necessary to eliminate errors in the working system during its

working life and to tune the system to any variations in its working environment. System

planners must always plan for resource availability to carry out these maintenance functions.

Its requirements and objectives keep changing. So shall be the system, which has been

designed primarily to meet those objectives. Thus the system analyst has to keep on carrying

out changes and modification into the system, a stage called normally as system maintenance.

Once the software is delivered and developed, it enters in the maintenance phase. After

implementation systems need maintenance. Beyond monkey testing during software

development some errors may not appear. During its usage by the end-user with actual datacertain errors may disclose.

Therefore some residual errors or bugs remain in the system that must be removed as

they are discovered. Many of these surfaces only after the system have been in operation

sometimes for a long time. These errors once discovered need to be removed on an urgent

basis for the smooth running of the system, leading to the software getting changed.

Though maintenance is not a part of software development, it is an extremely

important activity in the life of a software product.

Maintenance involves understanding the existing software ( code and related

documents), understanding the effects of change, making the changes-to both the code and

document-testing the new parts and retesting the old part.

For successful and smooth running of the system, maintenance is the prominent part

of the project. Any error, which hinders the functioning of any part of the project, may lead to

bad impression of the developer.

There are two types of errors: Compilation error and Runtime errors. Compilation errors

during coding and is to be taken care by the developer during development process.

Runtime errors are those which occur during of the program. Whenever there is an

occurrence of error an Error Window opens INS the middle of the screen displaying the type

of error, Error Number and the nearest possible reason as to why the error has occurred. Withthe occurrence of this Error Window the operator should note the type of error, the error

number and the description of the error and should immediately report the concerned

Developer or Administrator. For example an error window which has appeared during the

runtime process.

Now comes the role maintenance personals. After knowing the entire details form the

end-user like where or at which screen does this error occurred or what type of data was feed

by the user or the point of malfunctioning. Considering this error as the main reason for the

malfunctioning the programmer now re-examinesall the possible factors which act behind

the particular screen where error has occurred.



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After debugging the required error the programmer itself tests the same screen or

process with dummy data. Only after getting completely satisfied with problem rectification

the programmer compiles and runs the program.

CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCE:This pertains to the changes the software to correct defects.

ADAPTIVE MAINTENANCE:

Overtime, the original environment for which the web application was developed is

likely to change. This maintenance results in modification to the software to

accommodate changes to its external environment.

ENHANCEMENT:

As software is used, the customer/user will recognize additional functions that will

provide benefit. Perfective maintenance extends the software beyond its original functional

requirements.



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8. CONCLUSION

The application can be used in different departmental stores, which manage the

Customers Database, Royalty Database, Discount Calculations Database and report

generation. It is useful to maintain Customers information, royalty and discount calculations,

stock and control daily activities of the departmental stores like insertion of new Customer

record and modifications in existing record, calculation of discount, stock maintenance and

report generation etc. With small alteration we can use this system in any departmental stores

based on the theme of civil canteens to maintain and control the activities of the departmental

store.



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BIBLIOGRAPHY

SR/NO. TITLE AUTHOR

1 An Introduction to Database System Bipin C. Desai

2 Software Engineering Pressman3 The complete reference Ivan Barose

4 Visual Basic 6 Programming Black

Book

Dreamtech Press

5 Visual Basic MSDN

6 Software Engineering Jalote

7 Learn Structure Query Language B.B.P

8 Visual Basic Hand Book SSI Press

Education Decision Support System

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