Education at a Glance 2014 - Key Findings

1

Education at a Glance2014

Qualification levels in Europe have risen markedly…

…but don’t always translate into strong foundation skills

2

AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States

A world of change – higher education

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

1995

Expendit

ure

per

stu

dent

at

tert

iary

level

(US

D)

Tertiary-type A graduation rate (%)

Cost

per

stu

dent

Graduate supply



0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

1995

Expendit

ure

per

stu

dent

at

tert

iary

level

(US

D)

Tertiary-type A graduation rate (%)

Cost

per

stu

dent

Graduate supply

United States



0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2000

Expendit

ure

per

stu

dent

at

tert

iary

level

(US

D)

Tertiary-type A graduation rate

United Kingdom



0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2001

Expendit

ure

per

stu

dent

at

tert

iary

level

(US

D)




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2002

Expendit

ure

per

stu

dent

at

tert

iary

level

(US

D)




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2003

Expendit

ure

per

stu

dent

at

tert

iary

level

(US

D)




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2004

Expendit

ure

per

stu

dent

at

tert

iary

level

(US

D)




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2005

Expendit

ure

per

stu

dent

at

tert

iary

level

(US

D)




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2006

Expendit

ure

per

stu

dent

at

tert

iary

level

(US

D)




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2007

Expendit

ure

per

stu

dent

at

tert

iary

level

(US

D)




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2008

Expendit

ure

per

stu

dent

at

tert

iary

level

(US

D)




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2009 Expendit

ure

per

stu

dent

at

tert

iary

level

(US

D)




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2010

Expendit

ure

per

stu

dent

at

tert

iary

level

(US

D)




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2011

Expendit

ure

per

stu

dent

at

tert

iary

level

(US

D)




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2011

Expendit

ure

per

stu

dent

at

tert

iary

level

(US

D)


IcelandPoland

UK

Australia

New Zealand



0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2011

Expendit

ure

per

stu

dent

at

tert

iary

level

(US

D)


US

P

Many more people are expected to graduate from academically-oriented tertiary education

First-time graduation rates in tertiary-type A education (1995 and 2012)

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Italy

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Hu

ng

ary

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xico

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

%

Chart A3.2 - A

Nearly 60% of young adults are expected to enter university programmes

Entry rates into tertiary-type A education (2012)

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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

All students Excluding international students

Chart C3.1

%

Women and men are differently represented in some fields of education

Percentage of tertiary degrees awarded to women, by field of education (2012)P

ola

nd

Est

on

ia

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Un

ited

Sta

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Un

ited

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Me

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Sw

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Tu

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0

20

40

60

80

100

Education Health and welfare Science Engineering, manufacturing and construction All fields

Chart A.3 - Field

Women are more likely than men to earn a university degree, but less likely a doctorate

Percentage of graduas teawarded to women by level of educatio()

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Advanced research qualifications Tertiary-type A first degree

Chart A3_Gender

China has almost caught up with the US in terms of high-school completion

Upper secondary graduation rates (2012)

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ia

Ice

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Ne

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Un

ited

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EU

21

ave

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Po

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Italy

OE

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Cze

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Un

ited

Sta

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Ch

ina

Gre

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Au

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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Total <25 years old ≧25 years old

Chart A2.1

%

In many countries those without an upper secondary education face an increasing unemployment risk

Unemployment rates among 25-64 year-olds, by educational attainment (2005, 2010 and 2012)

Ko

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Bra

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No

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Gre

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Cze

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Sp

ain

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Re

pu

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0

10

20

30

40

50 2012 2005 2010

Below upper secondary education

Chart A5.2 - BS

%

Qualifications don’t always translate into strong foundation skills

26

Literacy proficiency is determined by educational attainment but not in the same way across countries

Mean literacy score, by educational attainment (2012)Ja

pan

Net

herla

nds

Fin

land

Sw

eden

Aus

tral

ia

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Fla

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s (B

elgi

um)

Nor

way

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Ave

rage

Pol

and

Aus

tria

Eng

land

/N. I

rela

nd (

UK

)

Slo

vak

Rep

ublic

Fra

nce

Ger

man

y

Den

mar

k

Irel

and

Kor

ea

Can

ada

Est

onia

Spa

in

Italy

Rus

sian

Fed

erat

ion

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

Below upper secondary education Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education

Tertiary education

Chart A1.4

The shares of highly literate tertiary graduates are very different across countries

Percentage of adults scoring at literacy proficiency Level 4/5, by educational attainment (2012)

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Net

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Sw

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Aus

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Nor

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Eng

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)

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Fed

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ion

Spa

in

Italy

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Below upper secondary education Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education

Tertiary education%

Chart A1.5

The rising tide has not lifted all boats…

…and in some countries educational mobility is slowing down

33

Between 20% and 60% of adults are more educated than their parents

Percentage of 25-64 year-old non-students whose educational attainment is higher than (upward mobility) or lower than (downward mobility) that of their parents

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Un

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...

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100Downward mobility Upward mobility%

Chart A4.3 - Mob

In most countries, upward educational mobility tends to be lower in the younger generations

Proportion of upward mobility across age groups

55-64 45-54 35-44 25-34 15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

Average France Germany ItalySpain Sweden United States England/N. Ireland (UK)

Age groups

Up

wa

rd M

ob

ility

Graph Mobility A4

Across OECD countries, about one in two 15-19 year-olds not in education is not working

Percentage of 15-19 year-olds not in education, by labour market status (2012)

Me

xico

Tu

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Jap

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Bra

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Isra

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Ch

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Ne

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lan

d

Au

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Gre

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Ge

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ny

Po

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Lu

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0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40NEET, unemployed NEET, inactive Not in education, employed

Chart C5.3

%

Europe is now driving international student mobility…

…the US accommodates a large but declining share of the market.

43

In 2012, more than 4.5 million students were enrolled in tertiary education outside their country of citizenship Chart C4.1

Evolution in the number of students enrolled outside their country of citizenship, by region of destination (2000 to 2012)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20120

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

3500000

4000000

4500000

5000000

Worldwide OECD G20 countries EuropeNorth America Oceania

Million students

25% of EU target

In 2012, more than one in two foreign students were enrolled in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom or the United States

Distribution of foreign students in tertiary education, by country of destination (2012)

United States¹ 16%

United Kingdom¹ 13%

Germany 6%

France 6%Australia¹,³ 6%Canada² 5%

Russian Federation 4%

Japan 3%

Spain 2%China 2%Italy 2%

Austria 2%New Zealand 2%

South Africa 2%Switzerland 1%Netherlands 1%

Korea 1%Belgium 1%

Other OECD countries 8%

Other non-OECD countries 17%

Chart C4.2

New players are emerging in the international education market

Trends in international education market shares (2000, 2012). Percentage of all foreign tertiary students enrolled, by destinationU

nite

d S

tate

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Ger

man

y

Fra

nce

Aus

tral

ia

Can

ada

Rus

sian

Fed

erat

ion

Japa

n

Spa

in

Chi

na

Italy

Aus

tria

New

Zea

land

Sou

th A

fric

a

Sw

itzer

land

Net

herla

nds

Kor

ea

Bel

gium

Oth

er O

EC

D

Oth

er G

0 an

d no

n-O

EC

D

0

5

10

15

20

25

20002012

Market share (%)

OECD countries Other G20 and non-OECD countries

20002012

Chart C4.3

International students comprise around 8% of tertiary enrolments, on average

Student mobility in tertiary education (2012)

Lu

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Au

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Un

ited

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So

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Afr

ica

¹

Gre

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Italy

Sa

ud

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n F

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tion

Ko

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Isra

el

Tu

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Ch

ina

Bra

zil 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45Foreign students2

%

International students

OECD average

Chart C4.4

More than half of foreign students in tertiary education come from Asia

Distribution of foreign students in tertiary education, by region of origin (2012)

Asia 53%

Europe 23%

Africa 12%

Latin America and the Caribbean 6%

North America 3%Oceania 1%

Not specified 3%

Chart C4.5

Education remained a priority during the crisis…

49

Between 2008 and 2011, only six countries cut public expenditure on educational institutions

Impact of the economic crisis on public expenditure on education

Un

ited

Kin

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Fin

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Po

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Est

on

ia

Italy

Hu

ng

ary

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

125

130

Change in public expenditure on educational institutions

Change in Gross Domestic Product

Change in expenditure on education institutions as a percentage of GDPIndex of change (2008=100)

Chart B2.3 - T

Expenditure per primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary student increased by at least 10% in most countries

Relationship between annual expenditure per student in 2011 and change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2011

-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0

1 000

2 000

3 000

4 000

5 000

6 000

7 000

8 000

9 000

10 000

11 000

12 000

13 000

14 000

15 000

16 000

17 000

18 000

19 000

20 000

BrazilMexicoChileHungary

Slovak RepublicEstonia

PolandCzech RepublicIsraelPortugalKorea

Italy Spain

Iceland Japan FinlandFrance AustraliaGermanyUnited Kingdom IrelandCanadaDenmark Netherlands

Sweden BelgiumUnited States

Austria

Switzerland

Norway

New Zealand

R² = 0.233915734925973

R² = 0.27067946823606

Change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2011 (%)

Annual expenditure per student (2011, USD)

OECD average

Primary, secondary, and post-secondary non-tertiary

OECD average

Chart B1.5 - PS

Between 2005 and 2011, expenditure per tertiary student increased by 10%, on average

Relationship between annual expenditure per student in 2011 and change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2011

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 705 000

7 000

9 000

11 000

13 000

15 000

17 000

19 000

21 000

23 000

25 000

27 000

United States

SwitzerlandDenmarkSweden

Norway FinlandNetherlands Germany

JapanIreland

BelgiumFranceAustria

SpainIsrael

United Kingdom

BrazilItaly

KoreaPolandPortugalCzech Republic

HungaryChileSlovak RepublicMexico Estonia

IcelandRussian Federation

New Zealand

SloveniaR² = 0.0789910852395619

Change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2011 (%)

Annual expenditure per student (2011, USD)

OECD average

Tertiary education

OECD average

Chart B1.5 - T

In 2011, OECD countries spent an average of 1.6% of their GDP on tertiary education

Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP (2011). From public and private sources, by level of education and source of funds

Fin

land

Den

mar

k

Nor

way

Can

ada

Sw

eden

Est

onia

Aus

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Sw

itzer

land

Bel

gium

Net

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Fra

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21 a

vera

ge

Arg

entin

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and

Cze

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Ger

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Icel

and

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and

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Latv

ia

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Hun

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Sta

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Mex

ico

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Kin

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Fed

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ion

Col

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a

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le

Italy

Kor

ea

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ia

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n

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Public expenditure on education institutions Private expenditure on education institutions

Tertiary education

% of GDP

OECD average (total expenditure)

Chart B2.2 - T

Few European countries have sustainable financing for tertiary education

60

The share of private expenditure on tertiary institutions increased from 25% in 2000 to 31% in 2011

Share of private expenditure on tertiary educational institutions (2000, 2008 and 2011)

Ch

ile

Ko

rea

Un

ited

Kin

gd

om

Jap

an

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Au

stra

lia

Isra

el

Ca

na

da

Ru

ssia

n F

ed

era

tion

Italy

Me

xico

Po

rtu

ga

l

OE

CD

ave

rag

e

Ne

the

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nd

s

Po

lan

d

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vak

Re

pu

blic

Sp

ain

EU

21

ave

rag

e

Est

on

ia

Ire

lan

d

Fra

nce

Cze

ch R

ep

ub

lic

Ge

rma

ny

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ven

ia

Au

stri

a

Sw

ed

en

Be

lgiu

m

Ice

lan

d

De

nm

ark

Fin

lan

d

No

rwa

y

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

902011 2008 2000%

Chart B3.3 - T

Nearly 22% of public spending on tertiary education is devoted to supporting students, households and other private entities

Public support for tertiary education (2011)

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Slo

veni

a

Den

mar

k

Italy

Chi

le

Slo

vak

Rep

ublic

Aus

tria

Ger

man

y

Por

tuga

l

New

Zea

land

Bel

gium

Latv

ia

Fin

land

Aus

tral

ia

OE

CD

ave

rage

Net

herla

nds

Irel

and

Hun

gary

Pol

and

Nor

way

Isra

el

Sw

eden

Spa

in

Fra

nce

Sw

itzer

land

Can

ada

Mex

ico

Bra

zil

Tur

key

Kor

ea

Est

onia

Indo

nesi

a

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Arg

entin

a

Japa

n

Icel

and

0 5

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75

Scholarships/ other grants to households Transfers and payments to other private entities

Student loans% of total public expenditure on

tertiary education

Chart B5.3. Public subsidies for education in tertiary ed-ucation (2005)

Public subsidies for education to households and other pri -vate entities as a percentage of total public expenditure on

education, by type of subsidy

Chart B5.3

The net public return on investment for a man in tertiary education is over USD 100 000, while the net private return is over USD 180 000

Net private and public returns associated with a man attaining tertiary education (2010)

Tur

key

Den

mar

k

Spa

in

Est

onia

Sw

eden

New

Zea

land

Gre

ece

Kor

ea

Japa

n

Can

ada

Slo

vak

Rep

ublic

Pol

and

Nor

way

Isra

el

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Fra

nce

Aus

tral

ia

Fin

land

OE

CD

ave

rage

Por

tuga

l

EU

21 a

vera

ge

Aus

tria

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Net

herla

nds

Italy

Bel

gium

Slo

veni

a

Ger

man

y

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Hun

gary

Irel

and 0

50 000

100 000

150 000

200 000

250 000

300 000

350 000

400 000

450 000

500 000Private net returns Public net returns

Eq

uiv

ale

nt U

SD

Chart A7.1

Good progress in raising early childhood participation

93

Several EU countries have surpassed 2020 targets

Some 70% of 3-year-olds are enrolled in early childhood education

Enrolment rates at age 3 in early childhood education (2005 and 2012)

Be

lgiu

m

Fra

nce

De

nm

ark

Ice

lan

d

Sp

ain

No

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y

Un

ited

Kin

gd

om

Sw

ed

en

Ita

ly

Ge

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ny

Est

on

ia

Ne

w Z

ea

lan

d

Isra

el

Ko

rea

Slo

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ia

Ne

the

rla

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s

La

tvia

EU

21

ave

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Po

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an

Hu

ng

ary

Lu

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OE

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ave

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e

Ru

ssia

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tion

Au

stri

a

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Re

pu

blic

Cze

ch R

ep

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Po

lan

d

Fin

lan

d

Ch

ile

Ire

lan

d

Me

xico

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Arg

en

tina

Bra

zil

Au

stra

lia

Co

lom

bia

Ind

on

esi

a

Tu

rke

y

Sw

itze

rla

nd

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2012 2005%

Chart C2.1

The ratio of pupils to teaching staff also indicates the level of resources devoted to pre-primary education

Ratio of pupils to teaching staff in early childhood education (2012). Public and private institutions, calculation based on full-time equivalents

Isra

el

Ind

on

esi

a

Me

xico

Ch

ile

Fra

nce

Tu

rke

y

Un

ited

Kin

gd

om

Bra

zil

Po

lan

d

Be

lgiu

m

Po

rtu

ga

l

Ko

rea

Ne

the

rla

nd

s

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an

OE

CD

ave

rag

e

Au

stri

a

Cze

ch R

ep

ub

lic

EU

21

ave

rag

e

Sp

ain

Slo

vak

Re

pu

blic

Ge

rma

ny

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Italy

Lu

xem

bo

urg

Hu

ng

ary

Fin

lan

d

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ven

ia

Est

on

ia

Ne

w Z

ea

lan

d

Sw

ed

en

Ice

lan

d

0 2 4 6 8

10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28

Student to teaching staff ratio

Chart C2.4

Countries spend their money differently on schools…

…and many high-performing school systems prioritise the quality of teachers over the size of classes.

96

The salary cost of teachers per student varies widely across countries and depends on salary, class size, and teaching time

Contribution of various factors to salary cost of teachers per student, in upper secondary education (2012) in USDB

elg

ium

(F

l.)

Ge

rma

ny

Au

stri

a

Sp

ain

Po

rtu

ga

l

Au

stra

lia

No

rwa

y

Ca

na

da

Fra

nce

Ire

lan

d

Ne

the

rla

nd

s

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Ko

rea

Italy

Fin

lan

d

En

gla

nd

Slo

ven

ia

Isra

el

Po

lan

d

Cze

ch R

ep

ub

lic

Tu

rke

y

Hu

ng

ary

Ch

ile

Slo

vak

Re

pu

blic

Est

on

ia

-3 800

-2 800

-1 800

- 800

200

1 200

2 200

3 200

Contribution of teachers' salary Contribution of instruction time

Contribution of teaching time Contribution of estimated class size

difference with OECD averageUSD

Chart B7.4

Students in OECD countries receive an average of 7 475 compulsory hours of instruction during their primary and lower secondary education

Compulsory instruction time in general education (2014)

Australia 10Colombia1 9

Spain 10United States 9

Israel 9Netherlands7 9

Chile 8Mexico 9Ireland 9France 9

Canada 9Luxembourg 9

Denmark 10England 9

Norway 10Iceland 10Portugal 9

OECD average 9Italy 8

Japan 9EU21 average 9

Germany 9Greece 9

Belgium (Fr.) 8Czech Republic 9Slovak Republic 9

Sweden 9Belgium (Fl.) 8

Estonia 9Austria 8Korea 9

Finland 9Slovenia 9

Turkey 8Poland 9China1 9Latvia 9

Hungary 8

0 2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 12 000

Primary education Lower secondary educationDuration of primary and lower secondary education, in years

Chart D1.1

Total number of compulsory instruction hours

Only in 7 countries were relative salaries for teachers higher than those of comparably educated workers

Teachers' salaries relative to earnings for tertiary-educated workers aged 25-64 (2012 or latest available year). Lower secondary teachers' salaries, in public institutions

Ko

rea

Sp

ain

Lu

xem

bo

urg

Po

rtu

ga

l

Tu

rke

y

Ne

w Z

ea

lan

d

Ca

na

da

Fin

lan

d

Ge

rma

ny

En

gla

nd

Au

stra

lia

Gre

ece

De

nm

ark

OE

CD

ave

rag

e

Be

lgiu

m (

Fl.)

Fra

nce

EU

21

ave

rag

e

Isra

el

Est

on

ia

Po

lan

d

Sco

tlan

d

Sw

ed

en

Be

lgiu

m (

Fr.

)

Ne

the

rla

nd

s

Ire

lan

d

Slo

ven

ia

Ch

ile

No

rwa

y

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Italy

Au

stri

a

Cze

ch R

ep

ub

lic

Hu

ng

ary

Slo

vak

Re

pu

blic

0

0.5

1

1.5

Ratio

Chart D3.1

Between 2009 and 2012, teachers’ salaries fell, for the first time since 2000, by around 5% at all levels of education

OECD average, for countries with available data for all reference years, of the index of change between 2005 and 2012 (2005 = 100, constant prices), for teachers with 15 years of experience and minimum training.

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

Primary education Lower secondary education Upper secondary education

Index of change2005 = 100

Chart Box D.3.2

Equivalent USD converted using PPPs

107

107 Thank you

Find out more about our work at www.oecd.org/eag/eag2014– The publication– The methodologies– The complete database

Email: [email protected]: SchleicherEDU

and remember:Without data, you are just another person with an opinion

Education at a Glance 2014 - Key Findings

Education

Transcript of Education at a Glance 2014 - Key Findings