❖ Educate

❖ Train to assist archaeologists

❖ Recruit volunteers to help

`record and protect sites

Class Objectives

❖ Inform

❖ Change Behavior

❖ Perspective (across time and space)

❖ Instill Respect

Education

❖ Appreciate

❖ Inform

❖ Gain Greater Perspective

Why Study the Past?

❖Land Management Agencies

• Bureau of Land Management

• Forest Service

• National Park Service

• Fish and Wildlife Services

❖State Lands

Public Lands

❖ Tips for participating on public lands

▪ Talk to managers and/or staff

▪ Send letters or emails to managers

▪ Comment on public documents

▪ Send constructive comments to newspapers and/or websites

▪ VOLUNTEER

Participate

• Be positive (whenever possible)

• Make constructive suggestions

• Provide additional information

• Don’t rant

• It is NOT a vote

• Offer to help

Make a Difference!

Volunteer• professional archaeological inventories

• professional archaeological excavations

• provide research or information

• Non-profit organizations (Interpretive Associations, Dixie Archaeological Society, Old Spanish Trail Association, etc.)

• Site Stewards to help protect archaeological sites

Paleontology – study of fossils (plants & animals)

Anthropology – study of man

Archaeology – study of man’s past

History – study of written records

Cultural Resources – Archaeology, Anthropology, History,

ethnography

Basic Definitions

Archaeology = the study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains of past human life

Definition of Archaeology

Artifact = anything made by man

Site = any place used, modified or

occupied by man

Archaeology

❖Cultural Resources = any prehistoric or historic period artifact, site, building, structure, material remain, or traditional use area resulting from, or associated with, human cultural activity.

❖protect and manage scarce cultural resources

Cultural Resource Management

Human-made markings on stone

Rock Symbols

Petroglyph – pecked, incised or carved symbol

Pictograph – painted symbol

Rock Art

Territorial Boundaries – confirm homeland and

migrations

Ceremonial, sacred – seek knowledge and power

Communication – with other people and spirit world

Teach – youth and others

Native American Perspectives on Rock Art

▪ Part of the landscape - everywhere

▪ About Previous Living People

▪ Living Systems

Archaeological Sites

Cultural History

12000-8000 BC PaleoIndian

8000-1000 BC Archaic

1000 BC-AD 1300 Ancestral Puebloan

AD 1150-now Southern Paiute

AD1776-now Historic

Ute Territory

Civilization

Civilization –

a high level of cultural and technological development

The 10 criteria of a civilization are (V. Gordon Childe);

• foreign trade

• increased settlement size

• writing

• political organization based on residence rather than kinship

• class-stratified society

• representational art

• full-time specialists in non-subsistence activities

• knowledge of science and engineering

• large-scale public works

• concentration of wealth

Civilization Criteria

• Egalitarian Society

• Political system based on kinship

• Establish authority based on social, economic and religious systems

• Small communities

Chiefdom

• Makes it illegal to excavate, injure, or destroy

any object of antiquity

• Obligates Federal agencies to manage public

lands for present an future generations

• Provides for a permitting process for scientific

excavation

• Authorizes the President to designate National

Monuments

• Establishes that archaeological sites are

important public resources

Antiquities Act of 1906

• Establishes Advisory Council on Historic

Preservation

• Provides for a State Historic Preservation Office in each state

• Establishes National Register of Historic Places

• Establishes a review process to protect cultural resources

• Requires Federal agencies to protect cultural resources

National Historic Preservation Act of 1966

• Establishes the President’s Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)

• Requires Federal agencies to evaluate environmental effects of their actions

National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA)

• Defines archaeological resource

• Forbids sales, purchase, exchange, transport, or receipt of archaeological resources

• Provides substantial fines and a jail sentence, if convicted

• Provides for confiscating equipment used in violating the law

Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1978 (ARPA)

ARPA substantially increased the penalties that can be levied against convicted violators.

• 1st time felony offenders

o up to $20,000 and

o imprisoned for up to 1 year

• 2nd time felony offenders

o up to $100,000 and

o imprisoned for up to 5 years.

ARPA Penalties

Public Use Sites

➢Visit with respect

➢Watch where you are walking

➢Don’t touch or damage the rock art

➢ Protect site locations