EDRS. DPSCPTIDTOPS ABSTRACT - JumpJet .info · fallout protection. The area beneath the classroom...

DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 035 179EF 001 381

TTTI7 Schools Built with Fallout Shelter.

INSTTTUTIOY Office of Civil Defense (DOD), Washington, D.C.

n719 DATE Feb 66NOTE 57n.AVAILABLE FROM Office of Civil Defense, Dept. of Defense,

Washington, D.C.

EDRS PPTCFDPSCPTIDTOPS

ABSTRACT

EDRS price MF-T0.25 HC Not Available from EDRS.

Architecture, *Building Design, Civil Defense,*Facility Case Studies, *Fallout Shelters, *FlexibleFacilities, Safety

Fallout Protection can be built into a school

building with little or no additional cost, using areas that are in

continual use in the normal functioning of the building. A general

discussion of the principles of shelter design is given along with

Photographs, descriptions, drawings, and cost analysis for a number

of recently constructed schools incorporating such fallout

protection. (JT)

U.S. DEPARTMENT Of HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE

OFFICE OF EDUCATION

THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE

PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT. POINTS Of VIEW OR OPINIONS

STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE Of EDUCATION

POSITION OR POLICY.

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE OFFICE OF CIVIL DEFENSE TR-33 FEB. 1966

SCHOOLSDESIGNED WITH FALLOUT SHELTER

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LLIThe program of the Office of CivilDefense is concentrated on the crea-tion and provisioning of public falloutshelters so that each American willhave a place to go should there ever be

a nuclear attack on the United States.Millions of shelter spaces have alreadybeen located in existing buildings butnot nearly enough to satisfy require-ments. Additional shelter spaces areneeded.

Protection of our school children is ofvital concern since approximately one-

quarter of the population now attendsschool for a considerable portion ofthe day. Many new schools are beingbuilt, particularly in suburban areas,where the National Fallout Shelter Sur-

vey has indicated a shortage of availa-ble shelter space in existing buildings.

The schools included in this bookletillustrate what is now being accom-plished by various communities to help

overcome the deficit of shelter spaces.These are actual buildings that have

recently been completed or are nowunder construction. They are not hypo-thetical designs. Fallout protection was

provided in these buildings without in-terfering in any way with the primaryfunction of the school. The schools

are attractive and contain fallout shel-ter in above ground as well as belowground locations. The shelter areasare in continuous use as part of theschool facility and have been providedwithout adversely affecting the cost orappearance of the school.

BASIC CONCEPTS OF PROTECTION

It is common knowledge that a nucleardetonation produces deadly gammaradiation. When it occurs on theground, it produces widespread falloutof radioactive debris. Less common isan understanding of the harmful effectsof gamma radiation from fallout parti-cles and how persons can be protectedagainst them by judicious building de-sign. The gamma rays emanating fromfallout particles could cause sicknessor death to millions of unprotectedpersons Since fallout gamma radia-tion decays rapidly with time, it is pos-sible for persons who have takenshelter to emerge when the radiationintensity has declined to a tolerablelevel. The concepts that follow are

basic to an understanding of the de-sign approach to fallout control.

Gamma radiation reaches an individualin an enclosure from several sources:The roof contribution refers to radia-tiodi from fallout that may accumulateon an overhead source plane; theground contribution refers to all similarradiation originating from the groundsource plane. The ground conribu-tion is further subdivided into grounddirect, wall scatter and skyshine.

Protection Factor (PF) expresses therelation between the amounts of radia-tion that would be received by an un-protected person and a person inside

the shelter. Thus, an unprotected per-son would receive 40 times more radia-tion than a person inside a shelter witha PF of 40.

Shelters with high protection factorsare achieved by the planning and con-trol of geometric and barrier relation-ships between the radioactive sourceand the sheltered enclosure. Geometricshielding places people out of thedirect path of radiation or at some dis-tance from it. Barrier shielding placesmass between the shelter occupantand the radioactive source.

ROOF CON11011UTION

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WALL SCATTER

DIRECTX X

RAMMER SHIELDING

Exposure reduced by attenuating mass.

ROOF CONTR1RUDON

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GEOMETRIC SHIELDING

Exposure is reduced as distance from sourceincreases, being out of the direct radiation path.

South Salem Elementary SchoolSalem, VirginiaGuerrant and Mounfield, AIA, ArchitectsRoanoke, Virginia

This one-story air-conditioned circularschool was designed to provide classroomflexibility and implement team-teachingconcepts for a student capacity of 630.Classrooms located along the outsideperipheral ring are grouped in clusters ofthree units. Classrooms are separated byfolding partitions. An inside corridor ringsthe classrooms and provides access tothe cafeteria, auditorium, and library areaIn the center of the school. This corridorring is widened at several points into com-mon-space areas, each serving a groupof three classrooms.

The shelter area is located in the insidecorridor ring and common-space areas.Shelter was obtained by providing a 6 %-inch concrete slab over the inside ring

4

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instead of a conventional steel truss sys-tem. Additional shielding was obtained byuse of masonry corridor walls and exteriorwalls with minimum window areas in theclassrooms. Abovegrade shelter spaceis available for virtually all of the students.

Construction Cost:$437,400 or $11.60 per sq. ft.

Shelter Cost:$6,000 or $0.16 per sq. ft. of school areaShelter Area:Approximately 6,300 sq. ft.

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Homer High SchoolHomer, LouisianaJoseph P. Schism, AIA, ArchitectShreveport, Louisiana

This school is part of a campus that en-compasses all school grades in the com-rnuNity. Student capacity of the highschool is approximately 700. An additionto the high school was made in 1964which provided a gymnasium, cafeteria,and music room facilities in a separatebuilding of the school campus. Coveredwalkways link the addition to the othercampus buildings.

Shelter for 930 persons is located in theboys' and girls' locker rooms beneath thesloping concrete bleachers at each sideof the gymnasium. Additional shelterspace is provided in the storage roombeneath the gymnasium foyer and calis-thenics rooms.

The decision to add shelter to the newfacility was influenced by the frequency of

natural disasters (tornadoes) common tothe region, as well as the possibility ofnuclear fallout hazard.Construction Cost:$336,713 or 66.62 per sq. ft.Shelter Cost:$23,455* Or $0.60 per sq. ft.* of school areaShelter Area:9,540 sq. ft.

* Cost shown Includes shelter at well as 6,169sq. ft. of additional school space which wouldnot ordinarily have been obtained.

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vv,Lorenzo Senior High SchoolLorenzo, TexasDewitt and Spencer, AIA, ArchitectsLubbock, Texas

This senior high school, programmed for300 students, was added to a campus withan existing elementary and junior highschool. The new building answered twoneedscompleting the desired commu-nity coverage of academic levels andproviding emergency shelter for approxi-mately 700 students. The logic of planningfor fallout protection was reinforced by thefact that the community is located in a"tornado alley."The school's fallout shelter area is belowgrade, in an air-conditioned cafeteria andkitchen beneath an interior courtyard. Theshelter is accessible from an entrancefoyer of the school and also from an out-side door that provides a link to the otherbuildings on the campus.

All classrooms are aboveground. Placingthe service-shelter area underground forstronger adaptation to dual use requiredinstallation of a service elevator for deliv-eries. The $10,000 cost of the serviceelevator is the only cost item directlyattributable to the inclusion of shelter.


Shelter Cost:$10,000 or $0.18 per sq. ft. of school area

Shelter Area:Approximately 7,000 sq. ft.

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,x,West Islip Senior High SchoolWest Islip, Long Island, New YorkFrederic P. Wiedersum AssociatesArchitectsValley Stream, Long Island, Ne

Planning for rapid community gfor emergency protection wrated in the design of this duaaddition. The constructionclassroom wing and a gymaccommodate an increasecity presented an econombuild fallout shelters band facilities.

Multiple use of the belto their year-roundarea beneath the gyfor locker rooms, tocorrective educatspace is locatedwing, which has

16

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ion. Additional shelterunder the new classrooma structural concrete roof

that will permit the addition of a thirdfloor when further expansion becomesnecessary.

The total shelter capacity of 3,319 personsis sufficient to serve the senior highschool and several other nearby schools.

Construction Cost:62,421,158 or $16.62 per sq. ft.

Shelter Cost:$85,000 or $0.51 per sq. ft. of school areaShelter Area:33,194 sq. ft.

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St. Joseph Grade SchoolSt. Joseph, IllinoisGlenn G. Frazier and Associates, AIA,ArchitectsUrbana, Illinois

This school modification illustrates thevalue and relative ease of using below-grade space for both school services andfallout protection. The area beneath theclassroom addition was designed for nor-mal use as an indoor play room, assemblyand visual aids area, lunchroom overflowfacility and community meeting and activ-ity halland also provides at little addi-tional cost a fallout shelter for 650persons.

Built-in fallout protection is provided bythe first-floor concrete slab and pouredconcrete walls. The shelter area is acces-sible from the first floor of the school byan interior stairway; it also has a directexterior exit to a service yard and parking

20

area. All access to the shelter takes ad-vantage of shielding walls. An under-ground tunnel connects the shelter areato existing below-grade cafeteria space,improving student traffic patterns andproviding protected passage to a kitchen-area that can be used as shelter. Cafeteriaspace can also be used for recreation andexercise on a short-term basis. The shel-ter spaces are designed to enclose showerand dressing areas, storage room and asmall office for shelter officers.Construction Cost:$187,623 or $11.04 per sq. ft.


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Junior High School 55Borough of Brooklyn, New YorkCurtis and Davis, AIA, ArchitectsNew York, New York

This junior high school is a five-story,reinforced-concrete structure intended toaccommodate 1,900 students and teach-ers. The exterior of the building is essen-tially windowless. The decision to designwithout exterior windows was based solelyon operating and maintenance considera-tions. The design provides for an interiorcourtyard area on the third and fourthfloor levels. The ground floor level con-tains the cafeteria and storage areas andcan provide approximately 600 shelterspaces. Shelter space for an additional2,600 persons is also available on the first,second and third floor levels of the school.

The shelter features were inherent in thebasic building design and, therefore, wereincluded at no additional cost tothe owner.Construction Cost:$4,046,220 or $23.40 per sq. ft.

Shelter Cost:Noneinherent in basic designShelter Area:Approximately 32,000 sq. ft.

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South San Antonio SchoolCafetoriumSan Antonio, TexasPaul L. Garcia, AIA, ArchitectSan Antonio, Texas

This cafeteria-assembly building was de-signed to serve approximately 500 stu-dents of an elementary and junior highschool complex. Common use of the newstructure naturally dictated its locationbetween the existing classroom buildingsa location affording inherent protectionfrom fallout due to the shielding effect ofthe adjacent buildings. Design criteria forthe new building were slanted to providefallout protection at little additional cost.The roof of reinforced concrete, for ex-ample, is a protective feature, but it is alsopart of structural planning for a futuresecond story to increase classroom space.Walls are constructed of 6-inch concretepanels with 2-inch air spaces, finished

Cafeteria and Shelter

with a 4-inch brick facing that matchesthe exterior of the other buildings in thecomplex.

The common "cafetorium" provides fall-out shelter for 680 persons. The upgrad-ing of the building design to includeshelter presented no special problems ofconstruction or space utilization and wasachieved at minimal cost.Construction Cost:$110,000 or $15.95 per sq. ft.Shelter Cost:$2,000 or $0.29 per sq. ft. of school areaShelter Area:6,800 sq. ft.

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Blackwell Senior High SchoolBlackwell, OklahomaCaudill, Rowlett and Scott, AIA,ArchitectsHouston, Texas

The principal aim in the design of thisschool was to create a stimulus to indi-vidual study outside the classroom. Toaccomplish this, the school was builtaround a large, open study center whereeach of the 600 students has his ownhome basedesk and locker-dralherwithlibrary resources, teacher consultationand dining areas arranged around thestudent area.

Beneath the study center, a little theatercarries out the theme of personalizedlearningand also provides an emergencyfacility that is dual-purpose in its ownright, protecting the school communityagainst possible fallout hazards and prob-able tornadoes. The combined facility

28

Floor Plan

provides a specialized tornado shelterandfallout protection for 406 persons.

Overall construction of the school in-cludes steel beams, purlins and trusses,and load-bearing masonry walls.Construction Cost:$858,347 or $12.60 per sq. ft.

Shelter Cost:Noneinherent in basic designShelter Area:4,880 sq. ft.

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vv,Henry A. Bradshaw High SchoolFlorence, AlabamaBarr and Tune, AIA, ArchitectsFlorence, Alabama

The design of this school was slanted toprovide shelter protection for its 1,000students with only minor modifications inthe standard gymnasium and auditoriumfacilities.

Most of the school's shelter area is lo-cated in the gymnasium, a circular struc-ture with wood lamella dome roof andconcrete-pan balcony floor. Exterior wallsare of standard hollow concrete block,with brick facing. The design was up-graded to protection requirements byfilling the exterior block wall and threeinterior partitions with sand.

The shelter area includes restrooms andis adjacent to cafeteria-kitchen areas.

32

High windows provide natural ventilationand daylight illumination.Construction Cost:$2,000,000 or $13.36 per sq. ft.Shelter Cost:$1,500 or $0.01 per sq. ft. of school areaShelter Area:10,000 sq. ft.

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Bemidji Junior High SchoolBemidji, MinnesotaFoss, Engeistad and Foss, AIA, ARAArchitects and EngineersMoorhead, Minnesota

Fallout shelter features were inherentthe design of this two-story school buing. Shelter areas are concentrated bgrade with other normal-use servicecafeteria, kitchen and food-storaitiesand in exterior tunnels.

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The placement of the main shelter spacestakes advantage of mutural shielding fromthe two-story classroom unit above. Thestructural floor over the shelter areas con-sists of concrete joists with an overlyingconcrete slab.

Shelter is also providetunnels, which are Ioninged and well ventilattopped with a structural concrete slaband a concrete wearing slab.

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in the exteriorwide, high ceil-The tunnels are

34

The school provides 1,200 shelter spaces,which can accommodate the student pop-ulation of 1,000 and offer protection toemployees of nearby business firms.Construction Cost:$1,654,000 or $11.82 per sq. ft.Shelter Cost:Noneinherent in basic designShelter Area:15,240 sq. ft.

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vv,Ledyard High SchoolLedyard, ConnecticutLyons and Mather, AIA, ArchitectsBridgeport, Connecticut

The underground fallout shelter area in-corporated in this school provides aflexible dual-use space. In addition toproviding fallout protection, the area canbe used as a small-group assembly room,for music practice, for secondary physicaleducation and for such highly specialprojects as a rifle range. As a shelter ithas a capacity of 1,100 persons.

The shelter area, located underneath thegymnasium locker room, is walled on foursides with reinforced concrete. The storiesabove it are enclosed by heavy masonrywalls with minimum window openings.Two stair towers on opposite sides of theshelter area provide access and are pro-tected by masonry baffles.

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Sanitary facilities for the shelter area arein line with the locker room facilitiesabove, and emergency systems assureadequate ventilation and power.

Construction Cost:$1,227,960 Jr $13.35 per sq. ft.


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Denis J. O'Connell High SchoolAuditoriumArlington, VirginiaT. J. Collins and Son, ArchitectsStaunton, Virginia

Recently, an auditorium was added to anexisting building on this high schoolcampus. The air-conditioned auditoriumis essentially a two-story, windowlessmasonry structure and contains seatingspace for approximately 1,600 persons.

A concrete balcony containing approxi-mately 500 seats provides overhead falloutprotection to the occupants at the rear ofthe auditorium on the lower level. Addi-tional shelter space is located in the stor-age and dressing room areas beneath theauditorium stage.

40

Construction Cost:$900,000


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Miami Senior High SchoolMiami, ArizonaBricker and Hoyt, AIA, ArchitectsPhoenix, Arizona

Provision of fallout protection was a sig-nificant element in the initial planning ofthis senior high school complex, whichconsists of two classroom buildingsboth two stories highand separate struc-tures for an auditorium, gymnasium,administration office, cafeteria and mate-rials center.

Fallout protection was achieved throughthe use of slanting techniques in overallconstruction. Precast concrete T-beamswere used in roofs, and exterior walls areof masonry construction with a minimumof windows.

Shelter areas in the auditorium and gym-nasium buildings provide protection forapproximately 3,100 persons. Additionalshelter spaces are provided in the firstand second floor corridors of the two

classroom buildings through the use ofmasonry corridor bearing walls, concreteslabs over the corridors and screen wallsat the exterior entrances to the corridor.

Construction Cost:$1,704,000 or $14.00 per sq. ft.

Shelter Cost:Noneinherent in basic designShelter Area:30,600 sq. ft.

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Somers Elementary SchoolSomers, ConnecticutSherman R. Patterson, ArchitectA. George Mal lis, EngineerThurston W. Munson, Associate ArchitectSpringfield, Massachusetts

This two-story school is a steel-framed,masonry building designed for 600 stu-dents. The school is scheduled for com-pletion in June, 1966. Most of the buildingis aboveground, with classrooms locatedon both levels of the school. Because theschool is on a sloping site, the east wall ofthe cafeteria (located on the ground floor)is actually below ground. The cafeteria,kitchen, toilets and storage areas are fall-out protected and can accommodate anestimated 700 shelterees. An 8-inch rein-forced concrete slab on steel beams pro-vides overhead protection for the shelterarea.

The proximity of the school to a majorAir Force Base prompted the schoolboard to include fallout protection in the

48

Floor Plan

structure. The designers were also ableto provide up to 10 pounds per squareinch of blast resistance for the shelter.


Shelter Coif:$14,500 or $0.26 per sq. ft. of school area

Shelter Area:Approximately 7,100 sq. ft.

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Miami Springs Senior High SchoolMiami, FloridaWatson, Deutschman and Kruse, AIA,ArchitectsMiami, Florida

The primary construction features, pro-viding the inherent shelter capability inthis 2000 student school, are the rein-forced concrete structural system and theminimal use of windows. The concretestructure of roof and second floor com-bine to provide ample barrier materialoverhead. Considerations of both initialcost and operating economy dictated theuse of relatively small windows, in thiscompletely air-conditioned school.

Protection from hurricanes and severetropical storms made provisions of shel-ter desirable quite apart from the poten-tials of nuclear hazards. Awareness ofdangers, from both natural and man-made sources, has influenced the design

Ground Floor Plan

in this case. The protective features havebeen incorporated as dual-use spacemost subtly, without sacrifice of astheticor functional values.Construction Cost:$2,167,700 or $12.62 per sq. ft.


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54

"SLANTING" TECHNIQUES

Every building, to some extent, pro-vides a natural shield against falloutradiation. Some buildings, however,are better than others. In the NationalFallout Shelter Survey, millions of suit-able shelter spaces were found in

existing buildings, even though no con-sideration had been given to falloutprotection when they were first de-signed and built. Many other buildingswould have provided reasonable pro-tection, but they had weak pointswhich nullified otherwise good protec-tion. If such weak points could havebeen detected by someone knowledge-able in radiation shielding during the

initial design phase, then designchanges could have been made thatwould have maximized the fallout pro-tection for little, if any, increase in cost.The incorporation of fallout protectionin this manner is called "slanting."

Examples of slanting are: reducingwindow areas and raising sill heights;judicious use of retaining walls andplanter boxes; grading slope awayfrom building; partially depressingbuildings into the ground; arrangingbuilding modules to provide a pro-tected core; id filling hollow walls withsand or gravel. The school buildingsdepicted in this booklet have utilizedsome of these "slanting" techniquesand many other protective approaches.

Over 10,000 of this nation's architectsand engineers are now knowledgeable

in radiation shielding analysis and de-sign, and are becoming skilled in theuse of "slanting" techniques to maxi-mize fallout protection in their currentdesign projects. They have obtainedthis information as a result of partici-pating in the OCD-sponsored FalloutShelter Analysis Courses conductedat schools and universities throughoutthe country.

The examples presented confirm thatinexpensive dual-use fallout protectioncan be incorporated into schools with-out detracting in any way from thebeauty or usefulness of the building.In many cases, the shelter protectionwas inherent in the school design andachieved at no increase in cost.

"SLANTING" TECHNIQUES

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Furred DuctSpace

12" Solid MasonryBlock Or VoidsFilled With Sand Brick Veneer

For distribution to:

State and Local CD DirectorsOCD Regions

Defense Coordinators of other Federal AgenciesQualified Fallout Shelter Analysts

Architects and Engineers Attending a FalloutShelter Analysis Course

CESuDocks Field OfficesChief State School Officers

Architectural, Engineering and Consulting Firmswith Certified Fallout Shelter Analysts

Foreign Activities ListLibraries (Schools)

And Others

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* U,S, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE! IPER 0-700-831

TA 1.33 FEES 1966

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