Edpc5341 Handout

8/14/2019 Edpc5341 Handout

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EDPC 5341 Theories of Counseling Main Figures/Concepts/Techniques

Major Waves in Theories: 1.Psychodynamic, 2. Behavioral, 3. Humanistic, 4. Multicultural

Key Features in Theories:1. Human Development/Personality, 2. Psychopathology, 3. Unique

Therapeutic Techniques, 4. Philosophical/Scientific Influences, 5. Treatment Focus: Past,Present, or Future, 6. Assessment Focus, 7. Counseling Style and Client Engagement

Psychoanalysis:

Main Figures:Sigmund Freud, Erik Erickson, Margret Mahler, John Bowlby

Main Concepts: (Freud)

Drive Theory: *Libido (Sexual & Aggressive drives) *Life (Eros) & Death Instincts (Thanatos)

Personality Structure: ID, EGO, SUPEREGO

Levels of Consciousness: Unconsciousness / Sub-consciousness / ConsciousnessDefense Mechanism: Denial, Projection, Dissociation, Displacement, Sublimation, Regression,

Reaction Formation, Intellectualization

Human Development:Psychosexual Stages: 1. Oral (0-18 month), 2. Anal (18 month3-4 yrs),3. Phallic (35/6 yrs), 4. Latent (612), 5. Genital (12)

* Oedipus Complex & Electra Complex (during Phallic Stage)

Human Development: Psychosocial Stages(Erik Erikson)

1. Infancy (Trust vs Mistrust), 2. Early Childhood (18m -3 Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt)

3. Preschool (3-6 Initiative vs Guilt), 4. School (6-11 Industry vs Inferiority)

5. Adolescence (Identity vs Role Confusion), 6. Young Adulthood (18-30 Intimacy vs Isolation)

7. Middle Age (30-60 Generativity vs Stagnation), 8. Later Life (Integrity vs Despair)

Main Concept: Attachment Theory (John Bowlby)

Main Techniques:

Interpretation : Free Association : Dream Analysis : Analysis of Transference

Analysis of Countertransference : Hypnosis

Jungian Analytic Psychotherapy

Main Figure: Carl Jung

Main Concepts:

Level of Consciousness: Personal unconscious, Collective unconscious

Archetypes: Persona, Anima & Animus, Shadow, Self

Techniques:Dream Analysis, Active Imagination, Transference & Countertransference


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Individual Psychology / Adlerian Therapy

Main Figure:Alfred Adler

Main Philosophies: 1. Constructivist view of human perception of external world, 2. Holistic &

Phenomenological view on individuals, 3. Teleological: Goal oriented view in humanbehavior, 4. Striving for Superiority, 5. Gemeinschaftsgefuhl: Being part of the whole Involvement in society

Main Concepts:

LifestyleOccupation / Society / Love

Fictional Finalismimagined goal guides our behavior

Social Interest & Degree of Activity: Parent-Child Relationship & Index of Psychological HealthInferiority and Superiority: Inferiority and Superiority Complexes

Family Constellation and AtmosphereEarly Recollections

Birth Order: 1. Oldest ChildHigh Achiever, 2. Second ChildCompetition mode, 3. MiddleChildRole Confusion, 4. Youngest ChildPampered, 5. Only ChildHigh Achiever

or Pampered

Psychology of Use

Mistaken Beliefs in different types of lifestyles: 1. Overgeneralizations 2. False or ImpossibleGoals of Security3. Misperceptions of Life & Lifes Demands4. Minimization or

Denial of Ones Worth 5. Faulty Values

Life Tasks: Work Task, Social Task, Sexual Task, Self Task, Spiritual Task, Parenting & Family Task

Therapeutic Techniques: Encouragement, Setting Tasks, Using Antisuggestion / Paradoxical

Intention, Acting As If, Catching Ones Self, Using Push Buttons, Avoiding the Tar Baby,

Creating Images, Spitting in the Clients Soup

Cognitive-Behavior Therapy

Behavior Therapy

Main Figures: Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, Albert Bandura, Joseph Wolpe,

Arnold Lazarus

Major Development:Classical Conditioning => Operant Conditioning + Social Learning =>Behavioral + Cognitive Approaches

Main Concepts:

Law of Effect: E. L. Thorndike (satisfying effects of behaviors)

Classical Conditioning: Stimulus=>Response (Ivan Pavlov & John B. Watson)

Operant Conditioning: B. F. Skinner


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Social Learning Theory: Albert Bandura

Operant Conditioning: 1. Positive Reinforcement 2. Positive Punishment3. Negative Reinforcement 4. Negative Punishment

RPositive & Negative ReinforcerR

RPositive & Negative PunisherR5. Extinction, 6. Shaping, 7. Token Economies

Conditioning Schedules:

1. Fixed-Interval Schedulesame time interval at all time2. Variable-Interval Scheduledifferent time intervals

3. Fixed-Ratio ScheduleReinforced after same number of responses

4. Variable-Ratio ScheduleReinforced w/ different number of responses* Fixed Ratio: Best for leaning new behaviors :: Variable Ratio: Best for retaining behaviors

Main Concepts: Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura)

Observational Learning: 1. Attentional Processespattern of association, 2. RetentionProcessesImaginal coding & verbal coding (self-talk), 3. Motor Reproduction

Processes, 4. Motivational Processes

Self-Efficacy: 1. Performance Accomplishment: efficacy due to past successes

2. Vicarious Experiences: +/- motivation after observing others actions

3. Verbal Persuasion: praise/encouragement from parents, friends, etc.4. Lowering Emotional Arousal: reduce anxiety and remain calm/focus

Main Concepts: (Arnold Lazarus)

BASIC ID: Behavior-Affect-Sensations-Image-Cognitions-Interpersonal Relationships-Drugs

Main Concepts:(Marsha Linehan)

Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (BPD): 1. MindfulnessMeditation, 2. Interpersonal

Effectiveness, 3. Distress ToleranceAcceptance, 4. Emotional Regulation * focus on

behavioral change

Main Techniques:Systematic Desensitization: In Vivo / Virtual Reality Exposure

Flooding :: Modeling: Role playing, live/symbolic modeling, etc.Assertiveness Training (Wolpe)

Cognitive Therapy

Main Concepts:Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) [Albert Ellis]

Psychological disturbance: Ego Disturbance & Discomfort Disturbance

Ego Disturbance: Unsatisfied Self Demands (Everyone likes me, etc.)


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Discomfort Disturbance: Inability to deal with frustrations in life

ABC theoryA = Event or Activatorgoals, thoughts/feelings to past, present, or future

B = Beliefthoughts & cognition by evaluating/processing an event

C = Consequences of the Interaction of A and B(B/C)AB(A/B)C(B/C)

Main Concepts:Cognitive Therapy (Aaron Beck)

Individual actively construct reality / Cognition mediates Affect and Behavior

Cognition is Knowable and Accessible / Cognitive change is central to human change process

Automatic Thoughts & Schema

Thinking Distortions: Arbitrary Influence; Selective Abstraction; Overgeneralization;

Magnification and Minimization; Personalization; Dichotomous Thinking;

Dysfunctional Modes

Cognitive Functioning: SituationAutomatic ThoughtEmotionBehavior

Techniques:Identify Automatic Thoughts; Using Logical Analysis; Avoiding Reattribution;Decatastrophizing; Challenging Maladaptive Assumptions

Behavioral Techniques: Homework / Hypothesis Testing / Role Playing / Stress

Inoculation / Conceptual Phase / Skills Acquisition Phase / ApplicationPhase

** Models/Variations: EMDR and Problem-Solving Therapy

** EMDR by Francine Shapiro -http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zBtqWrs2-K0&NR=1

Psychopharmacological Therapy

Main Figures:Julius Wagner-Jauregg, John Cade, Henri Laborit

Neurons, Synapses, Neurotransmitters, & Brain:

Common Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine, Dopamiine, Glutamate, Serotonin,Opioids, GABA, etc.

Antidepressants:1. Tricyclic (Nortriptyline-Amitriptyline-Imipramine) - TCAs

2. MAOIsMonoamine Oxidase Inhibitors3. SSRISelective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

4. SNRIsSedating Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zBtqWrs2-K0&NR=1http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zBtqWrs2-K0&NR=1http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zBtqWrs2-K0&NR=1http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zBtqWrs2-K0&NR=1


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5. NDRIsNorepinephrine & Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors

6. Combined Reuptake Inhibitors and Receptor Blockers

1Tofranil, Elavil 2Nardil, Marplan 3Celexa, Lexapro, Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft

4Cymbalta, Effexor 5Wellbutrin 6 - Trazodone

Anxiolytics:tranquilizers - Benzodiazepine (Valium, Xanax, Ativan, Klonopin)

Antipsychotics:High PotencyHaldol, Prolixin

Low PotencyThorazine, Mellaril, Serentil, ClozarilNewer/High PotencyRisperdal, Seroquel, Geodon, Abilify, Zyprexa

(AtypicalAbilify, Clozaril, Risperdal, Zyprexa, Seroquel, Geodon)

Mood Stabilizers:Lithium

Anticonvulsants (Depakote, Tegretol, Trileptal, Lamictal)

Stimulants: (Caffeine, Nicotine, Cocaine, etc.)MethylphenidateRatalin, Concerta, Metadate

AmphetamineAdderall

DextroamphetamineDexedrine, Focalin

Possible Side Effects Caused by I ntake of Antipsychotic Medicines:

Extrapyramidal:(due to blockage of Dopamine)

Parkinsons side effect

Dystonic Side effectneck/shoulder muscle spasmsAkathisiaintense feeling of restlessness

Anticholinergic:(blockage of acetylcholine receptors parasympathetic nervous system)Dry membranes (dry mouth), blurred vision, constipation, sedation, sexual dysfunction, etc.

Antiadrenergic:(alpha-adrenergic blockage)orthostatic hypotension (blood pressure drop)

Tardive Dyskinesia:(involuntary movement) late in drug use /reduced or discontinued drug use

Atypical side effects:Weight gain, blood disorders, etc.

* Side effects caused by other categories of psychotropic medicines vary, and some medicines are considered

controlled substance/narcotic and/or toxin to human.


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Person-Centered Approach

Main Figure:Carl Rogers

Stages of Rogerian Development:

1. Nondirective Counseling (193950): Counseling & Psychotherapy at 19422. Client-Centered Counseling (195160): Client-Centered Therapyat 19513. Emphasis on Experiencing (1960s): On Becoming a Personat 19614. Person-Centered Approach (1970s80s): Carl Rogers on Personal Powerat 1977

Main Concepts:

Nondirective: Self-Growth, Emphasis on Feelings, Here & Now, Therapeutic Relationship

Humans: Social, Rational, Fully capable of taking charge of their own destiny

Self-Actualizing Tendency: Continuous Growth & Development

Organismic Valuing Process:Ability to determine what is good or bad

Self & Ideal Self:Incongruence between Real/Perceived Self and Ideal SelfConditions of Worth: Conflicts between Self-Concept (external) and Inner Experience (internal)

Psychopathology: Blocked Growth / Self-Actualization - Incongruence

Therapeutic Relationship:

1. Counselor & Client in psychological contact2. Client in a state of Incongruence3. Counselor be congruentin relationship (Genuineness)4. Unconditional Positive Regard for client5. Empathy6. Client to experience counselors Unconditional Positive Regard, Congruence, Empathy

* Counselor to be Genuine in therapeutic process (Congruence)

Existential Therapy

Main Figures: Edmund Husserl; Martin Heidegger (Dasein, Death Anxiety); Soren Kierkegaard;

Friederich Nietzsche; Jean-Paul Sartre; R. D. Laing; Martin Buber; Victor Frankl

(Logotherapy); Ludwig Binswager; Medard Boss; Rollo May; Irvin Yalom;

Emmy van Deurzen; James Bugental

Main Concepts:

Ultimate Concerns of Life:

1. Death Anxiety 2. FreedomResponsibility & Uncertainty

3. Existential Isolation 4. Meaninglessness


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Being in the World:Dasein by Binswager (1975)

1. Natural WorldUmwelt (Boss, 1963): Physical surrounding, concrete, objects tohuman subjective perception

2. Social WorldMitwelt (Boss, 1963): Perceived meaning / action of humaninteraction & socialization

3.Worl d of SelfEigenwelt (Boss, 1963): Experience of own thoughts, perceptions,and feelings

4. Spiritual WorldUberwelt (van Deurzen, 2002): Domain of experience wherepeople create meaning for themselves and make sense of things

Authentic Living: Understanding of modes of living, acceptance of choice, responsibility, etc.

Existential and Neurotic Anxiety:

Existential Anxiety: Normal reaction to reality of life (Bugental, 1981);Positive motivation to living an authentic living

Neurotic Anxiety: Unwillingness to examine and accept the realities of life

Search for Meaning:Assist clients in search of their existential meaning

Techniques:

Paradoxical Intention: Clients to engage in the very behaviorsheFEARSmost

Dereflection: Clients to engage in behaviors that are incompatible with their problematic behaviors.

Gestalt Therapy

Main Figures:Fritz Perls, Laura Perls, Paul Goodman

Main Concepts:

Therapy Goal: Achieving integrationfrom Self-aware to self-actualizationBehaviors can not be understood without reference to the overall purpose and meaning we assign

to our lives

Gestalt Formation: Humans are innately predisposed to organize experiences into meaningfulwholes

Figure: Anything stands out and serve as a focal point

Ground: All other elements in sensory field that form the figures backgroundNeeds & Unfinished Business: disrupted process of figure-ground gestaltPolarization: to learn/view experiences in either good/badTop dog / underdog (similar to

dichotomize!)

Contact Boundaries:

* I-boundaries: Self v.s. Othersshaped/formed by life experiences Body-boundaries: Restrict sensations or place them off-limits Value-boundaries: Values held to resist changes


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Transactional Analysis

Main Figure:Eric Berne

Main Concepts:

Ego States: Human Development stages

1. Child Ego State: Birth to OneAdapted Child, Free/Nature Child, Little Professor

2. Adult Ego State: Logic, Rational, Objective, less emotionmanage other two statesParent Ego State: Nurturing parent and Critical parent (stage 2 1-3 yr)

3. 3-6: children learn basic life skills

4. 6yr: Three ego states basically developed5. 6-12yr: slower ego state development, influences from social activities

6. 13-16yr: ego states develop rapidly, conflicts of ego states

7. Late Adolescence: Adult state better manages, collaboration among ego states

8. Adulthood: Psychological maturity

TA: Analysis of Transaction

Complementary Transaction: Target and Replying Ego States are the SAME!

Crossed Transaction: Target state and Replying state are NOT the same!

Ulterior Transaction: multiple states of Target and Replying involve in overt social level andcovert psychological level transaction


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Main Concepts:

Strokes: Positive messages when unconditional

Injunctions: Negative strokesdisapproval and dislike, criticism and prohibitionLife Positions: Im not Ok Youre OK Im OK Youre not OK;

Im not OK Youre not OKIm OK Youre OK

Life Scripts: developed based on childhood experiences to guide people through their life

1. Persecutor; 2. Rescuer; 3. VictimTime structuring & Games:

Time spending: 1. Ritual, 2. Pastimes, 3. Games, 4. Intimacy, 5. Activity

Games: ongoing series of complementary ulterior transactions

Rackets: habitual feelings emerged after games

Stamp Collecting: accumulate rackets

Family Systems Therapy

Main Figures:Ludwig von Bertalanffy; Urie Bronfenbrenner; Norbert Wiener; Gregory

Bateson; Theodore Lidz; Murray Bowen; Salvidor Minuchin; Jay Haley; Cloe Madanes; Milton

Erickson; Virginia Satir; Carl Whitaker

Main Concepts:


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Structural Family Therapy: Family is basic social unitInternal/psychosocial protection

External/cultural (Holon)Family in constant change status

Family Structure

Subsystem and Boundaries

Strategic Family Therapy: Brief therapy model and Family as core unitChange family system can also change individual members

Therapist responsible for therapy planSymptoms as Attempts at Communication

Redefining symptoms

Brief therapy focused on present

Circularity (not linear causality)

Intergenerational Family Systems Therapy (Bowen):Family as emotional system to govern family lifeEmotional system can be influenced by previous generations

Differentiation of Self

Triangulation

Nuclear Family Emotional SystemFamily Projection Process

Multigenerational Transmission Process

Sibling PositionEmotional Cutoff

Social Emotional Process

Humanistic Experiential Family Therapy (Virginia Satir; Carl Whitaker):Individual Growth and Development

Family Balance, Role, Communication Style

Seed Model

Techniques:

Structural Therapy: Intensity, Enactment, Unbalancing, Complementarity, Reframing Strategic Therapy: Directives, Paradoxical Interventions, Ordeal Directive Intergenerational Therapy (Bowen): Genograms, Detriangulation, Going Home Again Humanistic Experiential Therapy (Satir): Use of I Statements, Family Sculpting,

Family Reconstruction, Therapist Touch and Humor


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Narrative Therapy

Main Figures:Michel Foucault, Michael White, David Epston

Main Concepts:

Constructivism/Postmodernism: There is no objective Reality; life is a STORY in PROGRESS

Humans have the ability to actively construct meaning and attach new perceptions

Realities are socially constructed, constituted through language, organized and maintainedthrough stories; There are no essential truths

Dominant Discoursewidely accepted & culturally defined ideas and concepts

Alternative Discourseindividuals perceptions different from dominant discourseDominant Plots / Counterplots: Develop clients counterplots against troubledNarratives

Thinness & Thickness (of stories)

Unique Outcomes: events not dominant or problem stories and can be preferred story

Deconstruction: re-examine in detail of narratives and discourses

Techniques:

Questions / Questioning; Metaphors; Therapeutic Documents; Therapeutic writing; Outsider

Witness Practices; Visualization; Accountability Practices; Reflection Practices; Taking it Back

Practices; Written Artifacts

Solution-Focused Therapy

Main Figures:Steve de Shazer, Insoo Kim Berg

Main Concepts:(Postmodern/Social Constructivism influences)

Therapy focuses on Finding solutions, not on problems; Each person is Unique

Solutions are Note Necessarily Related to Problems; Maintain a Future OrientationFocus on Strengths; Change is Inevitable; Nothing is All Negative

There is No Such Thing as Resistance; Simplicity is the Key

Techniques:

Miracle Question; Exception-Finding Questions; Scaling Questions; Coping Questions

Breaks; Compliments; Tasks

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