Editorial...
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Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Nanomaterials Volume 2012, Article ID 159249, 2 pages doi:10.1155/2012/159249 Editorial Nanomaterials for Energy Conversion and Storage Mauro Coelho dos Santos, 1 Olivera Kesler, 2 and Arava Leela Mohana Reddy 3 1 Laborat´ orio de Eletroqu´ ımica e Materiais Nanoestruturados, Centro de Ciˆ encias Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Santa Ad´ elia, 166, Bairro Bangu, CEP 09210-170, Santo Andr´ e SP, Brazil 2 Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G8 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Mauro Coelho dos Santos, [email protected] Received 13 November 2012; Accepted 13 November 2012 Copyright © 2012 Mauro Coelho dos Santos et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Progress [1] in the area of nanoscience and nanotechnology has pervaded almost all areas of science and technology. Over last couple of decades the ability to manipulate and control materials at an atomic and molecular level (nanometer range) and subsequent understanding of the fundamental processes at nanoscale have led to new avenues. The knowledge thus acquired can be translated into innovative processes, leading to design or fabrication of better products. More importantly, new scientific phenomena and processes have emerged that could provide either revolutionary or novel solutions to the energy, environmental, and sustainable mobility challenges that will face humanity in the 21st century. With demand for clean and sustainable energy sources increasing at an exponential rate [1], new material tech- nologies are being explored that could provide cost-effective and environmentally clean solutions to the world’s energy problems. Developments in the areas of alternative fuels or energy storage technologies like advanced batteries, fuel cells, ultra capacitors, and biofuels are emerging as strong contenders to petroleum-based sources. Energy derived from clean and renewable sources like solar and wind power have tremendous potential, but the practical use of these sources of energy requires efficient electrical energy storage (EES) technologies that can provide uninterrupted power on demand. In all of these new technologies, nanomaterials are increasingly playing an active role by either increasing the efficiency of the energy storage and conversion processes or by improving device design and performance. Lithium-ion batteries [2] are one of the great successes of modern materials electrochemistry. Their science and tech- nology have been extensively reported. A lithium-ion battery consists of a lithium-ion intercalation negative electrode (generally graphite) and a lithium-ion intercalation positive electrode (generally the lithium metal oxide, LiCoO 2 ), these being separated by a lithium-ion conducting electrolyte, for example, a solution of LiPF 6 in ethylene carbonate- diethylcarbonate. Although such batteries are commercially successful, we are reaching the limits in performance using the current electrode and electrolyte materials. For new generations of rechargeable lithium batteries, not only for applications in consumer electronics but especially for clean energy storage and use in hybrid electric vehicles, further breakthroughs in materials are essential, such as the use of nanomaterials devices. Supercapacitors [2] are of key importance in supporting the voltage of a system during increased loads in everything from portable equipment to electric vehicles. There are two general categories of electrochemical supercapacitors: electric double layer capacitors (EDLC) and redox super- capacitors. In contrast to batteries, where the cycle life is limited because of the repeated contraction and expansion of the electrode on cycling, EDLC lifetime is in principle infinite, as it operates solely on electrostatic surface charge accumulation. For redox supercapacitors, some fast faradic charge transfer takes place and results in large pseudoca- pacitance. Progress in supercapacitor technology can benefit by moving from conventional to nanostructured electrodes. In the case of supercapacitors, the electrode requirements are less demanding than in batteries, at least in terms of electrode compaction, because power prevails over energy density. Thus, the benefits of nanopowders with their high- surface area (primary nanoparticles) are potentially more
Transcript of Editorial...
Hindawi Publishing CorporationJournal of NanomaterialsVolume 2012, Article ID 159249, 2 pagesdoi:10.1155/2012/159249
Editorial
Nanomaterials for Energy Conversion and Storage
Mauro Coelho dos Santos,1 Olivera Kesler,2 and Arava Leela Mohana Reddy3
1 Laboratorio de Eletroquımica e Materiais Nanoestruturados, Centro de Ciencias Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC,Rua Santa Adelia, 166, Bairro Bangu, CEP 09210-170, Santo Andre SP, Brazil
2 Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G83 Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
Correspondence should be addressed to Mauro Coelho dos Santos, [email protected]
Received 13 November 2012; Accepted 13 November 2012
Copyright © 2012 Mauro Coelho dos Santos et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative CommonsAttribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work isproperly cited.
Progress [1] in the area of nanoscience and nanotechnologyhas pervaded almost all areas of science and technology. Overlast couple of decades the ability to manipulate and controlmaterials at an atomic and molecular level (nanometerrange) and subsequent understanding of the fundamentalprocesses at nanoscale have led to new avenues. Theknowledge thus acquired can be translated into innovativeprocesses, leading to design or fabrication of better products.More importantly, new scientific phenomena and processeshave emerged that could provide either revolutionary ornovel solutions to the energy, environmental, and sustainablemobility challenges that will face humanity in the 21stcentury.
With demand for clean and sustainable energy sourcesincreasing at an exponential rate [1], new material tech-nologies are being explored that could provide cost-effectiveand environmentally clean solutions to the world’s energyproblems. Developments in the areas of alternative fuelsor energy storage technologies like advanced batteries, fuelcells, ultra capacitors, and biofuels are emerging as strongcontenders to petroleum-based sources. Energy derived fromclean and renewable sources like solar and wind powerhave tremendous potential, but the practical use of thesesources of energy requires efficient electrical energy storage(EES) technologies that can provide uninterrupted power ondemand. In all of these new technologies, nanomaterials areincreasingly playing an active role by either increasing theefficiency of the energy storage and conversion processes orby improving device design and performance.
Lithium-ion batteries [2] are one of the great successes ofmodern materials electrochemistry. Their science and tech-nology have been extensively reported. A lithium-ion battery
consists of a lithium-ion intercalation negative electrode(generally graphite) and a lithium-ion intercalation positiveelectrode (generally the lithium metal oxide, LiCoO2), thesebeing separated by a lithium-ion conducting electrolyte,for example, a solution of LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate-diethylcarbonate. Although such batteries are commerciallysuccessful, we are reaching the limits in performance usingthe current electrode and electrolyte materials. For newgenerations of rechargeable lithium batteries, not only forapplications in consumer electronics but especially for cleanenergy storage and use in hybrid electric vehicles, furtherbreakthroughs in materials are essential, such as the use ofnanomaterials devices.
Supercapacitors [2] are of key importance in supportingthe voltage of a system during increased loads in everythingfrom portable equipment to electric vehicles. There aretwo general categories of electrochemical supercapacitors:electric double layer capacitors (EDLC) and redox super-capacitors. In contrast to batteries, where the cycle life islimited because of the repeated contraction and expansionof the electrode on cycling, EDLC lifetime is in principleinfinite, as it operates solely on electrostatic surface chargeaccumulation. For redox supercapacitors, some fast faradiccharge transfer takes place and results in large pseudoca-pacitance. Progress in supercapacitor technology can benefitby moving from conventional to nanostructured electrodes.In the case of supercapacitors, the electrode requirementsare less demanding than in batteries, at least in terms ofelectrode compaction, because power prevails over energydensity. Thus, the benefits of nanopowders with their high-surface area (primary nanoparticles) are potentially more
2 Journal of Nanomaterials
important, hence the staggering interest in nanopowders andtheir rapid uptake for supercapacitor-based storage sources.
Fuel cell technologies [2] are now approaching com-mercialization, especially in the fields of portable powersources—distributed and remote generation of electricalenergy. Already, nanostructured materials are having animpact on processing methods in the development of low-temperature fuel cells (T < 200◦C), the dispersion ofprecious metal catalysts, the development and dispersion ofnonprecious catalysts, fuel reformation and hydrogen stor-age, and the fabrication of membrane-electrode assemblies(MEA). Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs)have recently gained momentum for application in trans-portation and as small portable power sources; whereasphosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFCS), solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs) and molten carbonates fuel cells (MCFCs) stilloffer advantages for stationary applications, and especiallyfor cogeneration. Platinum-based catalysts are the mostactive materials for low-temperature fuel cells fed withhydrogen, reformate, or methanol. To reduce the costs, theplatinum loading must be decreased (while maintaining orimproving MEA performance), and continuous processesfor fabricating MEAs in high volume must be developed.A few routes are being actively investigated to improve theelectrocatalytic activity of Pt-based catalysts. They consistmainly of alloying Pt with transition metals or tailoring thePt particle size.
Due to the potential applications in the field of envi-ronmental protection, the photochemistry of TiO2 is a fastgrowing area both in terms of research and commercialactivity [3]. Over the past decade, the level of researchactivity concerning TiO2 can be appreciated through theexponential increase of relevant research literature produced(11 500 publications between 1993 and 2003) and thenumber of patents regarding, for instance, photocatalysis(3000 between 1996 and 2001, and more recently 2500in Japan and 500 in USA). These features account forthe intense fundamental research activity involving thescientific community. This particular interest is related tothe remarkable photoactive properties of TiO2 and thereforeto its numerous applications, which are related to two mainenvironmental priorities: environmental protection throughheterogeneous catalysis (water purification, air cleaning, andself cleaning materials) and renewable energy productionin photoelectrochemical solar cells, dye sensitised solar cells(DSSC). In addition to this the use of TiO2 nanostructureshas enhanced the photo electrochemical properties of thesematerials.
Mauro Coelho dos SantosOlivera Kesler
Arava Leela Mohana Reddy
References
[1] Jagjit Nanda Technical Expert, Materials and NanotechnologyDepartment Research and Advanced Engineering Ford MotorCompany, USA, http://www.autofocusasia.com/productionmanufacturing/nanotechnology for automotives.htm.
[2] A. S. Arico, P. Bruce, B. Scrosati, J. M. Tarascon, and W. VanSchalkwijk, “Nanostructured materials for advanced energyconversion and storage devices,” Nature Materials, vol. 4, no.5, pp. 366–377, 2005.
[3] http://www.cnrs-imn.fr/index.php/en/research-topics-ceses/nanomaterials-for-solar-energy-conversion-and-storage.
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