Editorial Infertility - Hindawi Publishing...
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Hindawi Publishing Corporation Obstetrics and Gynecology International Volume 2012, Article ID 508276, 2 pages doi:10.1155/2012/508276 Editorial Infertility Mittal Suneeta, 1 Dhaliwal Lakhbir, 2 Sharma Sanjeev, 3 Chauhan Sanjay, 4 B. S. Garg, 5 and Neeta Singh 1 1 Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India 2 Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India 3 Southport and Ormskirk Hospital NHS Trust, Southport, Merseyside, UK 4 National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai 400074, India 5 Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Wardha, India Correspondence should be addressed to Mittal Suneeta, suneeta [email protected] Received 26 December 2011; Accepted 26 December 2011 Copyright © 2012 Mittal Suneeta et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Infertility is acquiring a proportion of global epidemic with the prevalence rate of approximately 8–10% according to World Health Organization. Reproductive health implies individual’s right to reproduce and freedom to decide when and how often to have children. The couples have a right to have children and right to access appropriate health care services that will enable them to achieve their goal. Infertility, however, continues to be a worldwide problem, affecting an estimated 60–80 million women and men worldwide, a vast majority of whom live in resource poor countries. The problem in low-resource countries is compounded because of several factors specially related to unhygienic obstetrics and postabortal practices. Most low-resource countries also have high population growths compared to the developed countries. Increasing population understandably dilutes the health care funding; however infertile couples are denied treatment for their suffering in the name of not increasing the already high population growth, a problem which the infertile couples did not contribute to. Infertility may not be a threat to physical health but carries with it extremely adverse social and psychological implications for all concerned but particularly in developing countries. Since it is accepted that individuals cannot achieve health in general and reproductive health in particular with- out the alleviation of infertility there is an ever-increasing need and urgency to develop simple, low-cost, and effective instruments for evaluation, treatment, and prevention of infertility, which can be applied universally. Infertility thankfully is not considered a “female” only problem; however lack of awareness still ensures that the women bear the brunt of the blame and its associated reactions. Current understanding of the pathophysiology of infertility based on the newer technologies, for example, structural genetics, molecular biology, and imaging tech- niques has significantly improved the management strate- gies. This understanding has also made us better aware of the well known pathologies however these need to be justified and applied carefully in low-resource countries making the interventions specific, clinically relevant, and cost-effective. With idea of focused reading publication of special issues on specific important area is the unique quality of this journal. Infertility is an area that needs specific attention by dedicated physicians working in this specialty. Quality of submitted manuscripts and their review process has been very meticulous. The current issue has looked at the well- known pathologies and reviewed them in the light of the current understanding. This issue highlights the various topics dealing with social, epidemiological, causative, and treatment modalities and recent advances in management of infertility. Infertility is multifaceted condition with a myriad of causes and treatment. This has been possible due to tremen- dous research and improvement in the reproductive and genetic technologies. However, it is important not only to have a basic background of facts and fundamental principles, but also revisit and revise our perspectives of treatments for infertility. Ovulatory dysfunction appears to be on the rise with changes in life style, increase in stress and strain, late child bearing practices, and rising incidence of polycystic ovarian disease. Induction of ovulation remains backbone of infertility treatment, and clomiphene citrate has earned its
Transcript of Editorial Infertility - Hindawi Publishing...
Hindawi Publishing CorporationObstetrics and Gynecology InternationalVolume 2012, Article ID 508276, 2 pagesdoi:10.1155/2012/508276
Editorial
Infertility
Mittal Suneeta,1 Dhaliwal Lakhbir,2 Sharma Sanjeev,3 Chauhan Sanjay,4 B. S. Garg,5
and Neeta Singh1
1 Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India2 Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India3 Southport and Ormskirk Hospital NHS Trust, Southport, Merseyside, UK4 National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai 400074, India5 Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Wardha, India
Correspondence should be addressed to Mittal Suneeta, suneeta [email protected]
Received 26 December 2011; Accepted 26 December 2011
Copyright © 2012 Mittal Suneeta et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Infertility is acquiring a proportion of global epidemic withthe prevalence rate of approximately 8–10% according toWorld Health Organization. Reproductive health impliesindividual’s right to reproduce and freedom to decide whenand how often to have children. The couples have a rightto have children and right to access appropriate health careservices that will enable them to achieve their goal. Infertility,however, continues to be a worldwide problem, affecting anestimated 60–80 million women and men worldwide, a vastmajority of whom live in resource poor countries.
The problem in low-resource countries is compoundedbecause of several factors specially related to unhygienicobstetrics and postabortal practices. Most low-resourcecountries also have high population growths compared to thedeveloped countries. Increasing population understandablydilutes the health care funding; however infertile couplesare denied treatment for their suffering in the name of notincreasing the already high population growth, a problemwhich the infertile couples did not contribute to.
Infertility may not be a threat to physical health butcarries with it extremely adverse social and psychologicalimplications for all concerned but particularly in developingcountries. Since it is accepted that individuals cannot achievehealth in general and reproductive health in particular with-out the alleviation of infertility there is an ever-increasingneed and urgency to develop simple, low-cost, and effectiveinstruments for evaluation, treatment, and prevention ofinfertility, which can be applied universally.
Infertility thankfully is not considered a “female” onlyproblem; however lack of awareness still ensures that thewomen bear the brunt of the blame and its associated
reactions. Current understanding of the pathophysiology ofinfertility based on the newer technologies, for example,structural genetics, molecular biology, and imaging tech-niques has significantly improved the management strate-gies. This understanding has also made us better aware of thewell known pathologies however these need to be justifiedand applied carefully in low-resource countries making theinterventions specific, clinically relevant, and cost-effective.
With idea of focused reading publication of special issueson specific important area is the unique quality of thisjournal. Infertility is an area that needs specific attentionby dedicated physicians working in this specialty. Quality ofsubmitted manuscripts and their review process has beenvery meticulous. The current issue has looked at the well-known pathologies and reviewed them in the light of thecurrent understanding. This issue highlights the varioustopics dealing with social, epidemiological, causative, andtreatment modalities and recent advances in management ofinfertility.
Infertility is multifaceted condition with a myriad ofcauses and treatment. This has been possible due to tremen-dous research and improvement in the reproductive andgenetic technologies. However, it is important not only tohave a basic background of facts and fundamental principles,but also revisit and revise our perspectives of treatments forinfertility.
Ovulatory dysfunction appears to be on the rise withchanges in life style, increase in stress and strain, latechild bearing practices, and rising incidence of polycysticovarian disease. Induction of ovulation remains backbone ofinfertility treatment, and clomiphene citrate has earned its
2 Obstetrics and Gynecology International
fame as ovulation-inducing agents for almost half a century.With now availability of Letrozole (though not approved inmany countries yet) ovulation results are as good as clomi-phene; in addition women with thin endometrium get goodresponse; the article on its use in polycystic ovary syndromeprovides its dosage optimization which so far is not very clearas the dosage of clomiphene is standardized.
Assisted reproduction is one of the fastest growing areasof medicine having expanded far beyond the imaginationsof those who pioneered the techniques that led to the birthof Louise Brown. Thirty-odd years after her birth, infer-tility treatment has improved substantially. Not only hasthe process of uniting egg and sperm outside the body be-come a commonly practiced procedure, assisted conceptiontreatments are proving to be more efficient and cost-effective.The availability of cryopreservation technology has extendedthe scope of infertility treatment and proved to be boonfor patients. Assisted hatching, preimplantation genetic diag-nosis, ovarian tissue freezing, stem cell technology, gametedonation, embryo donation, and surrogacy, these treatmentoptions are mind-boggling. This requires the healthcare pro-vider to be well equipped with the present scenario. Reviewarticle by P. R. Brezina and Y. Zhao has done good justice toethical, legal, and social issues impacted by modern ART.
Review articles on important chronic benign problem ofendometriosis and adenomyosis are very informative. In theera of stem cell therapy the article on endometrial stem cellsand reproduction should sensitize the readers to work and domore research in this area since a significant number of wo-men with damaged endometrium would benefit from thismode of therapy especially in developing countries where en-dometrium is destroyed due to genital tuberculosis in addi-tion to other causes. Studies are required to delineate the me-chanisms responsible for successful treatment of Asherman’ssyndrome, an intractable disease.
Genetic variation and environmental factors contributesusceptibility to spermatogenic impairment in human,the article on sperm DNA integrity assessment reviewsuse of this new tool in the diagnosis of male infertility. Ev-ery patient with tubal factor infertility cannot afford assistedreproduction, and good number of them may benefit fromtubal reconstructive surgery, but the postoperative adhesionsformation is a big hurdle to success the article on preven-tion of postoperative adhesions with viscous liquid exploresvery economical mode of preventive measures and makes aninteresting reading. Many more community-based epidemi-ological studies on the infertility need to be done like the onefrom Pakistan.
In this special issue the topics have been arranged as epi-demiology followed by the causative factors, investigations,infertility management, and its effect/side effects and includeboth original research and review articles.
Mittal SuneetaDhaliwal Lakhbir
Sharma SanjeevChauhan Sanjay
B. S. GargNeeta Singh
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