Editorial Board - hse.ru · Editorial Board: Leonid Gokhberg, Evgeny Kislyakov, Yaroslav Kuzminov,...

Editorial Board: Leonid Gokhberg, Evgeny Kislyakov, Yaroslav Kuzminov, and Marina SabelnikovaAuthors: Gulnara Abdrakhmanova, Anna Demyanova, Yury Dranev, Ekaterina Dyachenko, Svetlana Fridlyanova, Konstantin Fursov, Leonid Gokhberg, Maxim Kotsemir, Galina Kovaleva, Irina Kuznetsova, Tatyana Ratay, Zinaida Ryzhikova, Ekaterina Streltsova, Anton Suslov, and Konstantin VishnevskiyWith contributions by: Daria Filatova, Natalia Kovaleva, and Vitaliy Roud

Digital Economy : Pocket Data Book / G. Abdrakhmanova, A. Demyanova, Y. Dranev et al.; L. Gokhberg (ed.); National Research University Higher School of Economics. – Moscow : HSE, 2019. – 92 p. – 150 copies. – ISBN 978-5-7598-1979-0 (pbk).

The pocket data book contains main digital economy indicators for the Russian Federation. Contains information on the use of ICT by individuals and enterprises, e-government development, personnel for digital economy, telecommunications and ICT sector development. International comparisons are provided for a number of indicators.

The data book includes information of the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat), the Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Bank of Russia, OECD, Eurostat, ITU, World Intellectual Property Organisation, and results of own methodological and analytical studies of the HSE Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge. УДК 338:004(083.41)(470+571) ББК 65.051ISBN 978-5-7598-1979-0 © National Research University Higher School of Economics, 2019 Reference is mandatory in case of reproduction

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УДК 338:004(083.41)(470+571)ББК 65.051 D56

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Contents

Digital technology input to economic development ............................................ 9

1. Population in the digital world ...........................................................15 1.1. Households with internet access ........................................................... 16 1.2. Households with internet access by country: 2017 ................................... 17 1.3. Ratio of internet access tariffs for individuals

to average per capita income ................................................................ 18 1.4. Internet users .................................................................................... 19 1.5. Internet users by age: 2017 ..................................................................20 1.6. Internet users by country: 2017 ............................................................ 21 1.7. The use of mobile devices by individuals to access the internet .................22 1.8. The use of mobile devices by individuals

to access the internet by country: 2017 .................................................23 1.9. E-skills ............................................................................................. 24 1.10. E-skills by country: 2017 .....................................................................25 1.11. Individuals’ internet activities related to communications

by country: 2017 ................................................................................26 1.12. Individuals’ internet activities related to accessing digital content

by country: 2017 ................................................................................ 27

4

1.13. Individuals’ internet activities related to e-learning by country: 2017 ................................................................................28

1.14. Individuals’ internet activities related to searching and applying for a job by country: 2017 .................................................29

1.15. Individuals’ internet activities related to uploading user-generated content to websites to share by country: 2017 ........................................30

1.16. Individuals’ internet activities related to ordering goods or services by age: 2017 ...................................................................... 31

1.17. Individuals’ internet activities related to ordering goods or services by country: 2017 ................................................................32

1.18. Individuals’ internet activities related to banking transactions by country: 2017 ...............................................................................33

1.19. Reasons why individuals refrain from using the internet: 2017 ...................34

2. E-business ....................................................................................... 35 2.1. ICT usage in enterprises ......................................................................36 2.2. Enterprises with broadband internet access: 2017 .................................... 37 2.3. Enterprises with internet access by country: 2017 ...................................38 2.4. Provision of mobile devices to personnel by business enterprise

sector units to access the internet: 2017 ................................................39 2.5. Provision of mobile devices to personnel by business enterprise

sector units to access the internet by country: 2017 ................................40

5

2.6. Enterprises with a website by country: 2017 ........................................... 41 2.7. Purposes of internet usage in enterprises: 2017 .......................................42 2.8. Enterprises’ internet activities related to purchasing goods

or services: 2017 ................................................................................43 2.9. Enterprises’ internet activities related to selling goods

or services: 2017 ................................................................................44 2.10. Enterprises’ internet activities related to purchasing

and selling goods or services by country: 2017 ........................................45 2.11. Use of cloud computing services in enterprises: 2017 ...............................46 2.12. Use of cloud computing services in enterprises

by country: 2017 ................................................................................ 47 2.13. Use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technologies

in enterprises: 2017 ............................................................................48 2.14. Use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technologies

in enterprises by country: 2017 ............................................................49 2.15. Use of specialised software in enterprises

to carry out business activities: 2017 ....................................................50 2.16. Use of ERP, CRM, and SCM software in enterprises: 2017 ............................ 51 2.17. Use of ERP and CRM software in enterprises

by country: 2017 ................................................................................52 2.18. Use of information security tools in enterprises: 2017 ..............................53

6

3. E-government .................................................................................. 55 3.1. Use of ICT by public authorities: 2017 ....................................................56 3.2. Purposes of internet usage by public authorities: 2017 ............................. 57 3.3. Online Service Index (OSI) by countries: 2018 .........................................58 3.4. Online interaction of individuals with public authorities

by country: 2017 ................................................................................59 3.5. Public and municipal services received by individuals

in digital form ...................................................................................60 3.6. Public and municipal services received by individuals

in digital form by age group: 2017 ......................................................... 61 3.7. Reasons why individuals refrain from receiving public

and municipal services in digital form: 2017 ..........................................62 3.8. Online interaction of enterprises with public authorities

by country: 2017 ................................................................................63 3.9. Public services received by enterprises

in digital form: 2017 ...........................................................................64

4. Personnel ........................................................................................ 65 4.1. Employment of ICT specialists across the economy: 2017 ..........................66 4.2. ICT specialists by country: 2017............................................................67 4.3. ICT specialists under 35 years old by country: 2017 ..................................68

7

4.4. Higher education graduates: bachelor’s, specialist’s and master’s programmes by major occupation group and by field of study in ICT: 2017 ..........................................................69

4.5. Secondary vocational education graduates (programmes for mid-career professionals) by major ICT occupation group: 2017 .......................................................................70

5. Infrastructure ..................................................................................71 5.1. Mobile cellular subscriptions ................................................................ 72 5.2. Internet access subscribers .................................................................. 73 5.3. Broadband internet access subscribers by country: 2017 ........................... 74 5.4. Broadband internet access subscribers ................................................. 75 5.5. Internet traffic .................................................................................. 76 5.6. Internet access subscription fee ..........................................................77 5.7. Revenue from all telecommunication services ........................................ 78

6. ICT sector ........................................................................................ 79 6.1. Main indicators of the ICT sector ..........................................................80 6.2. ICT sector share in the business enterprise sector gross value added

by country: 2017 ................................................................................81 6.3. ICT sector share in the business enterprise sector

employment by country: 2017 ..............................................................82

8

6.4. Distribution of goods and services in the ICT sector .................................83 6.5. Main innovation indicators of the ICT sector ...........................................84 6.6. R&D in the ICT sector ..........................................................................85 6.7. R&D outputs in computer science and technology ....................................86 6.8. Exports and imports of ICT goods and services ........................................87 6.9. Exports of ICT goods and services

by country: 2016 ................................................................................88

Technical notes ............................................................................................. 89

Symbols used in tables are: … data not available and not included in the totals, – data not applicable, 0.0 insignificant value.

In some tables, details may not add to the totals because of rounding.

Digital technology input to economic

development

10

Creative outputs Institutions

Human capital & research

Market sophistication

Business sophisticationKnowledge &

technology outputs

74

56

2233

72

47

Global Innovation Index rank

SUBI

NDIC

ES, r

ank

Infrastructure63

ICT Indicators of the Global Innovation Index in Russia: 2018

10

11

Mobile app creation/bn PPP$GDP/pop. 15–69

Country-code TLDs/thpop. 15–69

ICTs & organizationalmodel creation

Wikipedia edits/mnpop. 15–69

Generic top-level dоmains(TLDs)/th pop. 15–69

ICTs & businessmodel creation

ICT services imports, % total trade

Government’sonline service

ICT access

ICT use

ICT services exports,% total trade

45

28

4894

47

61

33

15

49

24

46

37

32

INDI

CATO

RS, r

ank

Computer softwarespending, % GDP

Graduatesin science &

engineering, %

E-participation

11

12

FinlandBelgiumDenmarkRepublic of KoreaNetherlandsSwedenNorwayJapanSpainLithuaniaIrelandAustriaPortugalGermanyMaltaCroatia

SpainainLitthuaniathuaniiaIreelandelandAuustriastria

trt

M

*Индекс цифровизации бизнеса характеризует уровень использованияширокополосного интернета, облачных сервисов, RFID-технологий, ERP-систем, включенность в электронную торговлю организаций предпринимательского сектора.

Digital Business Index: 2017*

12

13

SloveniaLuxembourgFranceSlovakiaCzech RepublicCyprusUnited KingdomItalyEstoniaLatviaGreecePolandBulgariaRussiaHungaryRomania

FrSloovaovakiaCzeech Reech ReeCyprusprusUnniteniteni

kakiaaFr

ItaE

* Digital Business Index is defined as the usage level of broadband Internet, cloud services, RFID-technologies, ERP software, and demand for e-Commerce by business enterprise sector units.

13

14

Construction

Transportationand storage Public

administration

Real estateactivities

Agriculture

Wholesaleand retail trade

Otherindustries

Miningand quarrying

Cont

ent a

nd m

edia

sect

or

Financial and insurance activities

R&DManufacture of c

oke and refined

petroleum products

Manuf

actu

re of

chem

icals

and c

hemica

l pro

duct

s

EducationManufacture of basic metals

Electricity, gas, steam

and air conditioning supply

Human health

4.4

14.4

16.3 0.3

4.2

2.62.4

2.9

3.7

0.9

1.6

2.0

6.4

7.07.9

10.4

9.9

2.7

ICT sector2211

billion roubles

ICT sector input in GDP: 2017(percent)

14

1Population in the digital world

16

1.1. Households with internet access(as a percentage of all households)

Internet

Broadband internet

40

50

60

70

80

48.0

56.8

60.3

67.269.9

72.174.8

76.3

56.5

64.166.8

70.772.6

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Sources (here and below): Russia – estimated by HSE Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge on the basis of Rosstat data; EU countries – Eurostat; countries other than Russia – OECD.

17

1.2. Households with internet access by country: 2017*(as a percentage of all households)

0

20

40

60

80

10099

Repu

blic

of K

orea

97

Japa

n

95

Swed

en

94

Unit

ed K

ingd

om

94

Finl

and

93

Germ

any

88

Esto

nia

86

Fran

ce

85

Cana

da

84

Unit

ed S

tate

s

83

Czec

h R

epub

lic

81

Ital

y

76

Russ

ia

* Or nearest years for which data is available.

18

1.3. Ratio of internet access tariffs for individuals to average per capita income

Roubles Percent

Fixed internetsubscriptions

Mobile internetsubscriptions

PercentRoubles

Subscription fee, December, rоubles per month

As a percentage of average per capita income

200

300

400

500

600 565

2014

571

2015

559

2016

571

20170

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

2.041.87 1.82

1.20

200

300

400

500

600

243

2014

250

2015

257

2016

295

20170

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

0.88 0.82 0.840.62

19

1.4. Internet users(as a percentage of all individuals aged 15–74*)

Ever Within the last 3 months Every day or almost every day

0

20

40

60

80

100

49.3

43.0

26.0

2010

74.1

67.2

51.6

2014

77.7

70.1

55.1

2015

80.8

73.1

57.7

2016

83.7

76.0

60.6

2017

* Here and below in sections: 2010 for individuals aged 16–74, 2013–2016 for individuals aged 15–72.

20

1.5. Internet users by age: 2017(as a percentage of the population in each age group)

Age, years0

20

40

60

80

10083.7

76.0

60.6

Total(15–74)

98.2

96.0

91.4

15–24

97.2

94.3

84.4

25–34

93.9

88.1

71.1

35–44

85.7

76.8

54.2

45–54

66.8

53.0

30.8

55–64

41.7

25.6

11.7

65–74

Ever Within the last 3 months Every day or almost every day

21

1.6. Internet users by country: 2017 *(as a percentage of all individuals aged 15-74**)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100 95

Unit

ed K

ingd

om

95

Repu

blic

of K

orea

94

Finl

and

96

Swed

en

92

Japa

n

90

Germ

any

90

Cana

da

87

Esto

nia

87

Fran

ce

85

Czec

hRe

publ

ic

82

Unit

ed S

tate

s

76

Russ

ia

69

Ital

y

* Or nearest years for which data is available. Individuals who have used the internet in the last 3 months.

** Here and below in sections: countries other than Russia – aged 16–74.

22

1.7. The use of mobile devices by individuals to access the internet

(as a percentage of all individuals aged 15–74)

Mobile phone (smart phone) Laptop Tablet

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

32.0

17.5

10.1

2014

37.6

9.6

8.0

2015

44.7

10.1

8.7

2016

53.1

10.9

9.4

2017

23

1.8. The use of mobile devices by individuals to access the internet by country: 2017*


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100 95

Repu

blic

of K

orea

84

Swed

en

79

Unit

ed K

ingd

om

75

Finl

and

64

Fran

ce

73

Germ

any

64

Esto

nia

55

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

53

Russ

ia

47

Unit

ed S

tate

s

38

Japa

n

31

Ital

y


24

1.9. E-skills(as a percentage of all individuals aged 15–74)

2014 2015 2016 2017

Working with a text editor 38.1 38.8 41.5 41.7

Transferring files between computer and other devices 23.8 27.6 29.0 27.4

Using spreadsheet software 19.6 21.7 22.9 22.7

Using software to edit photos, video or audio files 19.4 21.3 21.4 20.6

Connecting and installing new devices 7.2 8.4 8.9 9.7

Creating electronic presentations using special programmes 7.0 7.6 8.5 9.1

Changing software configuration settings or preferences 3.0 3.3 2.8 3.4

Installing or reinstalling an operating system 2.8 2.8 2.7 3.0

Writing software by oneself using programming languages 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.2

25

1.10. E-skills by country: 2017*(as a percentage of all individuals aged 15–74)

Working with a text editor

Transferring files between computer and other devices

Using software to edit photos,

video or audio files

Russia 42 27 21United Kingdom 65 58 50

Germany 62 64 46

Finland 70 67 54

France 54 60 33

Czech Republic 58 66 27

Sweden 70 53 47

Estonia 54 54 36


26

1.11. Individuals’ internet activities related to communications by country: 2017*

(as a percentage of internet users aged 15–74)

Participating in social networks

Making telephone or video calls

Sending / receiving e-mails

Russia 78 49 44United Kingdom 75 53 91Germany 56 54 93Italy 61 39 77Republic of Korea 72 49 57United States 75 48 91Finland 70 37 95France 49 33 87Czech Republic 57 42 93Sweden 74 58 94Estonia 68 50 89Japan 88 53 83


27

1.12. Individuals’ internet activities related to accessing digital content by country: 2017*


Downloading movies, images, music; watching

videos; listening to music, the radio**

Playing or downloading games for mobile

phones

Reading or downloading online newspapers / magazines / e-books

Russia 53 31 25United Kingdom 69 37 72Germany 69 35 74Italy 72 31 56Republic of Korea 52 … 86Finland 87 34 90France 61 36 61Czech Republic 61 26 91Sweden 88 39 88Estonia 75 27 90Japan 55 … 60

* Or nearest years for which data is available. ** Countries other than Russia – watching internet streamed TV or videos.

28

1.13. Individuals’ internet activities related to e-learning by country: 2017*


0

5

10

15

20

25

20Un

ited

Sta

tes

20

Repu

blic

of K

orea

18

Swed

en

17

Finl

and

14

Unit

ed K

ingd

om

13

Esto

nia

9

Japa

n

8

Ital

y

7

Fran

ce

6

Germ

any

4

Russ

ia

4

Czec

h Re

publ

ic


29

1.14. Individuals’ internet activities related to searching and applying for a job by country: 2017*


0

10

20

30

40

31Fi

nlan

d

22

Unit

ed S

tate

s

29

Swed

en25

Unit

ed K

ingd

om

23

Esto

nia

20

Germ

any

19

Fran

ce

19

Ital

y

15

Repu

blic

of K

orea

10

Russ

ia

6

Czec

h Re

publ

ic


30

1.15. Individuals’ internet activities related to uploading user-generated content to websites to share by country: 2017*


0

10

20

30

40

50

60 55

Unit

ed K

ingd

om51

Japa

n

50

Swed

en

50

Repu

blic

of K

orea

43

Esto

nia

42

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

34

Germ

any

32

Russ

ia

31

Ital

y

30

Finl

and

30

Fran

ce


31

1.16. Individuals’ internet activities related to ordering goods or services by age: 2017

(as a percentage of the population in each age group using the internet)

Age, years0

10

20

30

40

50

36.4

Total(15–74)

36.2

15–24

48.1

25–34

40.5

35–44

31.3

45–54

21.1

55–64

12.4

65–74

32

1.17. Individuals’ internet activities related to ordering goods or services by country: 2017*


0 20 40 60 80 100

82United Kingdom

81Sweden

75Germany

71Finland

67France

58Republic of Korea

58Estonia

56Czech Republic

57United States

48Japan

32Italy

29Russia


33

1.18. Individuals’ internet activities related to banking transactions by country: 2017*


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100 93

Finl

and

90

Esto

nia

90

Swed

en

72

Fran

ce

72

Unit

ed K

ingd

om

69

Unit

ed S

tate

s

67

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

66

Repu

blic

of K

orea

62

Germ

any

43

Ital

y

31

Russ

ia

16

Japa

n


34

1.19. Reasons why individuals refrain from using the internet: 2017

(as a percentage of individuals who used the internet more than 12 months ago or never used it aged 15–74)

0 20 40 60 80

70.1No need (reluctance, lack of interest)

29.0Lack of internet skills

11.5High connection costs

4.1Lack of technical capability

for internet connection

3.2Security issues

2E-business

36

2.1. ICT usage in enterprises*(as a percentage of all business enterprise sector units)

Cloud computing services

Website

Servers

Broadband internet

Internet

Broadband internet access at the rate of 100 Mbit/s and higher0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

10087.1

81.4

39.8

13.810.3

2014

85.3

78.9

53.8

41.4

18.49.1

2015

85.7

80.5

56.7

43.4

20.5

9.0

2016

86.1

81.6

55.5

44.0

22.6

9.3

2017

* Here and below in the section: business enterprise sector untis are given by types of economic activity with the Russian Classification of Economic Activities codes (OKVED): 2015, 2016 – OKVED Rev. 1.1 / ISIC Rev. 3.1 – C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K; OKVED2 / ISIC Rev. 4 – B, С, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, L, N, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 95.

37

2.2. Enterprises with broadband internet access: 2017(as a percentage of all business enterprise sector units)

Total By top speed access By connection types

256 Kbp/s – 1.9 Mbp/s

2.0–100.0 Mbp/s

Over 100 Mbp/s

Fixed Mobile

Business enterprise sector 81.6 21.0 51.3 9.3 78.3 47.4Mining and quarrying 85.5 17.4 60.7 7.4 80.8 55.9Manufacturing 91.6 13.8 70.7 7.1 86.4 53.4Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 84.0 21.6 57.9 4.6 79.5 49.3Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities 71.2 27.5 39.7 4.0 67.1 36.4Construction 81.8 19.1 55.8 6.9 75.3 50.4Wholesale and retail trade 90.2 25.0 51.6 13.6 84.9 58.4Transportation and storage 81.1 20.3 52.2 8.6 77.2 45.1Accommodation and food service activities 78.9 21.5 50.0 7.3 72.9 51.2Telecommunications 91.5 7.3 46.3 37.9 89.0 59.0Information technology industry 93.9 10.5 64.7 18.8 88.8 48.7Real estate activities 54.4 19.7 30.6 4.1 51.5 24.3Professional, scientific and technical activities 85.1 20.4 55.7 9.0 80.9 43.8

38

2.3. Enterprises with internet access by country: 2017*(as a percentage of all business enterprise sector units)

Internet Broadband internet

0

20

40

60

80

10010

010

0Fi

nlan

d

99Re

publ

icof

Kor

ea10

099

Fran

ce

98Ca

nada

98 98Cz

ech

Repu

blic

99 97Sw

eden

97Au

stra

lia

98 96It

aly

97 95Ge

rman

y

95 95Es

toni

a

95 95Un

ited

Kin

gdom

91Ja

pan

86 82Ru

ssia

80M

exic

o


39

2.4. Provision of mobile devices to personnel by business enterprise sector units to access the internet: 2017

As a percentage of all enterprises

As a percentage of total employment

Business enterprise sector 39.2 4.1Mining and quarrying 49.2 2.5

Manufacturing 50.3 2.3

Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 44.3 2.4

Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities 28.3 1.4

Construction 44.2 3.2

Wholesale and retail trade 48.4 8.8

Transportation and storage 39.6 2.1

Accommodation and food service activities 43.7 4.4

Telecommunications 58.8 11.3

Information technology industry 51.1 21.6

Real estate activities 15.4 2.5

Professional, scientific and technical activities 34.2 5.4

40

2.5. Provision of mobile devices to personnel by business enterprise sector units to access the internet by country: 2017*

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100 92

Finl

and

44

77

Swed

en

49

79

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

25

74

Esto

nia

20

75

Fran

ce

25

68

Unit

ed K

ingd

om

24

66

Germ

any

19

71

Ital

y

20

39

Russ

ia

4

As a percentage of all enterprises

As a percentage of total employment


41

2.6. Enterprises with a website by country: 2017*(as a percentage of all business enterprise sector units)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100 96

Finl

and

91

Swed

en

89

Japa

n

87

Germ

any

84

Unit

ed K

ingd

om

83

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

76

Cana

da

78

Esto

nia

72

Ital

y

67

Fran

ce

60

Repu

blic

of K

orea

44

Russ

ia


42

2.7. Purposes of internet usage in enterprises: 2017(as a percentage of all business enterprise sector units)

0 20 40 60 80 100

83.1Emailing

82.1Information search

64.2Banking and other financial transactions

39.5Personnel training

38.1Videoconferencing

37.0Staff recruitment

36.6Phone communication via

internet/VoIP

29.1Paid subscription to e-databases

and e-libraries

43

2.8. Enterprises’ internet activities related to purchasing goods or services: 2017

(as a percentage of all business enterprise sector units)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

18.1Business enterprise sector

29.7Electricity, gas, steam

and air conditioning supply 29.1Telecommunications

27.6Accommodation and food service activities

25.4Information technology industry

22.9Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities

20.6Transportation and storage

20.1Manufacturing

19.9Wholesale and retail trade

16.3Construction

14.7Mining and quarrying

14.5Professional, scientific and technical activities

8.7Real estate activities

44

2.9. Enterprises’ internet activities related to selling goods or services: 2017


0 5 10 15 20 25 30


26.0Telecommunications



19.5Manufacturing




and air conditioning supply 10.0Water supply; sewerage, waste

management and remediation activities 8.8Construction


4.6Professional, scientific and technical activities


45

2.10. Enterprises’ internet activities related to purchasing and selling goods or services by country: 2017*


Purchasing onlineSelling online

0

10

20

30

40

50

6045 46

Chin

a

29 28Sw

eden

2457

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

2434

Germ

any

24Ja

pan

2139

Finl

and

2027

Unit

ed K

ingd

om

1729

Fran

ce

1613

Esto

nia

1218

Russ

ia

818

Ital

y


46

2.11. Use of cloud computing services in enterprises: 2017(as a percentage of all business enterprise sector units)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

22.6

Real estate activities

38.7

Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply

34.8

Mining and quarrying

27.0

Transportation and storage

25.7

Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities

23.0

Construction

22.1Professional, scientific

and technical activities22.0

Accommodation and food service activities

21.3

Manufacturing

19.5

Wholesale and retail trade

17.4

Information technology industry

16.3

Telecommunications

15.4

Business enterprise sector

47

2.12. Use of cloud computing services in enterprises by country: 2017*


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70 66

Finl

and

48

Swed

en

47

Japa

n

35

Unit

ed K

ingd

om

23

Russ

ia

23

Esto

nia

22

Ital

y

22

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

17

Fran

ce

16

Germ

any


48

2.13. Use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technologies in enterprises: 2017


0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12


10.7Manufacturing








and air conditioning supply5.3Construction

4.5Professional, scientific

and technical activities3.5Water supply; sewerage, waste

management and remediation activities1.8Real estate activities

49

2.14. Use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technologies in enterprises by country: 2017*


0

5

10

15

20

25 23

Finl

and

16Ge

rman

y13

Ital

y

12

Swed

en

12

Esto

nia

11

Fran

ce

8

Unit

ed K

ingd

om

8

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

6

Russ

ia

5

Japa

n


50

2.15. Use of specialised software in enterprises to carry out business activities: 2017


Electronic payment transactions

Computer-aided management

systems

Paid subscription to e-databases

and e-libraries

Business enterprise sector 53.7 52.7 27.5Mining and quarrying 55.6 58.7 24.0Manufacturing 69.3 66.4 28.9Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 63.3 62.6 31.4Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities 52.3 44.3 24.9Construction 57.1 51.7 22.4Wholesale and retail trade 52.4 53.7 33.7Transportation and storage 55.3 61.4 26.1Accommodation and food service activities 58.0 50.9 34.1Telecommunications 64.0 72.1 44.0Information technology industry 54.8 62.3 33.5Real estate activities 35.7 32.8 15.3Professional, scientific and technical activities 56.1 52.0 24.4

51

2.16. Use of ERP, CRM, and SCM software in enterprises: 2017(as a percentage of all business enterprise sector units)

ERP software CRM software SCM software

Business enterprise sector 19.2 13.0 7.1Mining and quarrying 25.6 12.5 8.2

Manufacturing 27.1 17.6 6.9

Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 17.9 13.9 5.0

Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities 6.1 4.1 3.1

Construction 9.2 6.8 3.7

Wholesale and retail trade 33.6 21.5 14.3

Transportation and storage 18.5 9.9 6.9

Accommodation and food service activities 17.1 12.1 9.0

Telecommunications 45.9 43.8 15.0

Information technology industry 22.9 17.9 6.2

Real estate activities 2.9 2.5 1.2

Professional, scientific and technical activities 12.0 8.2 3.5

52

2.17. Use of ERP and CRM software in enterprises by country: 2017*(as a percentage of all business enterprise sector units)

ERP software CRM software

0

10

20

30

40

50

39 39

Finl

and

38

47

Germ

any

38

28

Fran

ce

37

31

Ital

y

3135

Swed

en

28

19

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

2824

Esto

nia

19

13

Russ

ia

19

32

Unit

ed K

ingd

om


53

2.18. Use of information security tools in enterprises: 2017(as a percentage of all business enterprise sector units)

Automatically updated anti-virus

software

Electronic digital signatures

Firewalls (software

or hardware)

Business enterprise sector 75.6 72.1 55.8Mining and quarrying 81.8 70.0 67.8Manufacturing 85.1 84.5 69.0Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 84.7 80.6 65.5Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities 64.9 74.1 33.2Construction 74.4 72.2 52.2Wholesale and retail trade 83.3 69.3 68.8Transportation and storage 82.5 75.2 63.1Accommodation and food service activities 71.0 72.8 47.5Telecommunications 89.9 75.2 80.7Information technology industry 87.6 80.8 75.8Real estate activities 44.9 54.0 22.7Professional, scientific and technical activities 77.4 78.2 54.0

54

(continued)Spam-filters Data

encryption for confidentiality

facilities

Intrusion detection systems

Automated IT security control and

analysis software

Business enterprise sector 51.1 44.2 38.7 30.1Mining and quarrying 61.1 48.1 44.9 35.7Manufacturing 61.0 53.9 45.2 33.6Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 56.5 53.1 41.8 31.2Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities 26.7 28.5 19.8 19.1Construction 46.2 38.5 36.2 29.7Wholesale and retail trade 68.7 52.8 51.4 36.2Transportation and storage 53.7 47.6 43.5 34.0Accommodation and food service activities 43.3 35.5 35.0 29.0Telecommunications 73.8 70.6 57.9 58.1Information technology industry 67.7 69.5 57.8 47.9Real estate activities 20.6 20.1 15.2 13.5Professional, scientific and technical activities 47.5 43.9 35.2 28.3

3E-government

56

3.1. Use of ICT by public authorities: 2017(as a percentage of all public authorities and local self-government bodies))

Publ

ic a

utho

riti

es a

nd lo

cal s

elf-

gove

rnm

ent

bod

ies

– to

tal

Fede

ral a

utho

riti

es

Regi

onal

aut

hori

ties

Loca

l sel

f-go

vern

men

t b

odie

s

Broadband internet

Cloud computing services

Website

Internet

Broadband internet access at the rate of 100 Mbit/s and higher

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100 94.8

88.2

53.8

23.9

6.0

91.2

89.5

52.7

20.7

6.7

97.4

92.9

63.6

29.7

6.2

94.5

83.4

45.8

20.5

5.5

57

3.2. Purposes of internet usage by public authorities: 2017(as a percentage of all public authorities and local self-government bodies)

0 20 40 60 80 100

Communications

92.9Interaction by e-mail

41.8Videoconferencing

22.5Phone communication via

internet/VoIP

Staff

44.5Personnel training

23.2Staff recruitment

Information resources

33.6Access to databases

23.1Paid subscription to e-databases and e-libraries

58

3.3. Online Service Index (OSI) by countries: 2018(subindex of the E-Government Development Index, EGDI)

00.10000.20000.30000.40000.50000.60000.70000.80000.90001.0000

1.00

00De

nmar

k

0.97

22Au

stra

lia

0.97

92Re

publ

ic o

f Kor

ea

0.97

92Un

ited

Kin

gdom

0.94

44Sw

eden

0.96

53Fi

nlan

d

0.97

92Fr

ance

0.95

14Ja

pan

0.98

61Un

ited

Sta

tes

0.93

06Ge

rman

y

0.90

28Es

toni

a

0.93

06Ca

nada

0.95

14It

aly

0.91

67Ru

ssia

0.65

28Cz

ech

Repu

blic

0.86

11Ch

ina

1 2 3 4 5 6 9 10 11 12 16 23 24 3254

65

OSI subindex value EGDI rank (out of 193)

Source: data are taken from the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA). Online Service Index values were calculated for all 193 Member States of the United Nations.

59

3.4. Online interaction of individuals with public authorities by country: 2017

(as a percentage of all individuals aged 15–72*)

Total Of which

obtaining information

from websites or apps

downloading/printing

official forms

submitting completed

forms online

Russia 33 29 13 12United Kingdom 49 35 25 35

Germany 53 52 34 18

Italy 25 20 17 13

Finland 83 79 69 66

France 68 47 39 53

Czech Republic 46 44 18 14

Sweden 84 76 51 72

Estonia 78 65 40 70

* Countries other than Russia – aged 16–74.

60

3.5. Public and municipal services received by individuals in digital form

As a percentageof all individuals

aged 15–72

As a percentage of all individuals aged 15–72who have received public and municipal

services in the last 12 months

10.6

0 20 40 60 80 100

42.32017

28.82016

18.42015

2014

0 20 40 60 80 100

64.32017

51.32016

39.62015

35.22014

61

3.6. Public and municipal services received by individuals in digital form by age group: 2017

(as a percentage of the population in each age group who have received state and municipal services in the last 12 months)

Total(15–72)

15–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–72Age, years0

20

40

60

80

64.3

74.778.6 75.5

63.8

42.0

23.9

62

3.7. Reasons why individuals refrain from receiving public and municipal services in digital form: 2017

(as a percentage of all individuals aged 15–72 who have not used the internet to receive public and municipal services in the last 12 months)

0 20 40 60 80

60.9Prefer personal visits

and personal contacts

16.2Other people did this

for the respondent

14.3Insufficient skills or knowledge

13.5It was required to visit the authorities

in person and submit hard copies to receive the service

12.4There was no need

to send formal application forms

63

3.8. Online interaction of enterprises with public authorities by country: 2017


Submitting completed

forms online

Downloading/printing

official forms

Obtaining information

from websites or apps

E-procurement

Business enterprise sector 67.8 67.6 58.0 26.2Mining and quarrying 69.3 68.8 59.3 14.5

Manufacturing 81.7 81.3 68.0 25.6

Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 75.5 75.9 69.3 38.8

Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities 71.8 72.4 59.4 44.4

Construction 70.8 70.0 56.6 30.0

Wholesale and retail trade 65.4 65.1 57.8 16.5

Transportation and storage 66.1 66.8 56.7 25.6

Accommodation and food service activities 69.6 69.5 58.1 34.9

Telecommunications 71.8 70.9 65.9 45.4

Information technology industry 71.4 72.1 65.3 32.6

Real estate activities 50.1 49.1 39.6 15.2

Professional, scientific and technical activities 73.8 73.9 62.9 36.5

64

3.9. Public services received by enterprises in digital form: 2017(as a percentage of all business enterprise sector units)

Total Of which completely in digital form

0 20 40 60 80


78.8Manufacturing


and air conditioning supply

72.7Professional, scientificand technical activities


69.3Construction

69.0Water supply; sewerage, waste management

and remediation activities68.8Information technology industry


67.3Accommodation

and food service activities66.0Transportation and storage



39.7

48.2

46.3

44.5

46.9

43.7

42.4

42.7

41.6

40.3

36.2

36.9

27.9

4Personnel

66

4.1. Employment of ICT specialists across the economy: 2017

Thousand headcount

As a percentage of the total

Total 1077 100ICT professionals 849 78.8

Software and multimedia developers and analysts 598 55.5

Database specialists and systems administrators 251 23.3

ICT technicians and associate professionals 228 21.2

ICT operations and user support technicians 154 14.3

Communications technicians 74 6.9

67

4.2. ICT specialists by country: 2017*(as a percentage of the total employment )

0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

3.4

0.9

Finl

and

3.4

1.2

Swed

en

3.0

0.8

Unit

ed K

ingd

om

2.5

1.0

Cana

da

2.0

0.6

Esto

nia

1.9

0.6

Unit

ed S

tate

s

1.8

0.6

Germ

any

1.4

0.7

Fran

ce

1.4

1.2

Czec

h R

epub

lic

1.2

0.3

Russ

ia

0.8

1.3

Ital

y

Share of ICT professionals

Share of ICT technicians and associate professionals


68

4.3. ICT specialists under 35 years old by country: 2017*

Share of employment of ICT specialists under 35 years old across the economy in the total employment

Share of ICT specialists under 35 years old in the total ICT specialists

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

3556

Russ

ia

3249

Esto

nia

Percent

2844

Czec

h R

epub

lic

37 36Un

ited

Kin

gdom

3136

Germ

any

3134

Fran

ce

3430

Swed

en

3329

Finl

and

23 25It

aly


69

4.4. Higher education graduates: bachelor’s, specialist’s and master’s programmes by major occupation group and by field of study in ICT: 2017

(headcount)

Including those by major occupation group and by field of study in ICT

Graduates - total

54994 (5.7%)

969489

0 3000 6000 9000 12000

11636Informatics and computer engineering

10918Applied informatics

8618Information systems and technologies

5363Business informatics

5357Infocommunications

technologies and communication systems

5293Applied mathematics and informatics

3706Information security

1889Radioengineering

1267Fundamental

informatics and information technologies

947Mathematics and computer sciences

0

125000

250000

375000

500000

625000

750000

875000

1000000

Source (here and below in 4.5): Russia – Estimated by HSE Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge on the basis of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation data.

70

4.5. Secondary vocational education graduates (programmes for mid-career professionals) by major ICT occupation group: 2017

(headcount)

Including those by major ICT occupation group

Graduates – total

31043 (6.1%)

506867

0 2500 5000 7500 10000

9523Programming in computer systems

5715Information systems (by industry)

5011Computer systems and complexes

4522Applied informatics (by industry)

3241Computer networks

1362Maintenance and repair

of radioelectronic equipment (by industry)

906Information security of automated systems

763Multichannel

telecommunication systems

0

65000

130000

195000

260000

325000

390000

455000

520000

5Infrastructure

72

5.1. Mobile cellular subscriptions(million of units; at the year-end )

Of which by GSM/IMT-2000/UMTS/LTE standards

Total

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

238256 262

278 275 284 290 294

128155 161

210

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Sources (here and below in section): Russia – the Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media of the Russian Federation; countries other than Russia – ITU.

73

5.2. Internet access subscribers(thousands of units; at the year-end)

Total Of which broadband internet access

2015 2016 2017 2015 2016 2017

Internet access subscribers – total 138881 145743 157761 128062 133621 148935

Of which:fixed 26944 27493 31084 26756 27293 30877

mobile 109926 115813 122828 99793 104391 117406

satellite 82 49 67 23 30 41

wireless terrestrial fixed 107 203 186 103 199 180

wireless terrestrial mobile 1822 2185 1809 1387 1708 1741

74

5.3. Broadband internet access subscribers by country: 2017*(per 100 inhabitants; at the year-end)

Broadband internet access subscribers: fixed wireless

Finl

and

Japa

n

Swed

en

Esto

nia

Unit

ed S

tate

sRe

publ

ic o

f Kor

eaUn

ited

King

dom

Ital

y

Fran

ce

Germ

any

Czec

hRe

publ

ic

Russ

ia

Chin

a

Cana

da

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

3115

332

132

3812

531

125

3412

040

112

3991

2887

4482

4080

2976

2181

2767

3866


75

5.4. Broadband internet access subscribers (as a percentage of all broadband internet access subscribers;

at the year-end)

By access rate:

10 Mbp/s – less than 100 Mbp/s

256 Kbp/s – less than 2 Mbp/s2 Mbp/s – less than 10 Mbp/s

100 Mbp/s – less than 1 Gbp/sOver 1 Gbp/s xDSL

By types of connection:

FТTH/ FTTB (FTTx)Cable modemBy other cable types of connection

3.3

0.0

1.3 1.8 1.6 1.4

0

20

40

60

80

100

12.1

31.0

53.6

2014

25.3

58.5

6.00.1

2015

22.4

59.0

10.3

0.1

2016

19.4

57.7

16.1

0.1

20170

20

40

60

80

100

6.0

64.5

28.2

2014

5.8

68.8

23.6

2015

6.3

71.2

20.9

2016

6.5

74.5

17.6

2017

10.1 8.2 6.7

76

5.5. Internet traffic(PByte/s)

Internet traffic:

fixed mobile

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

5530

2010

8274

218

2011

9924

471

2012

1341

4

850

2013

1701

3

1453

2014

2296

8

2241

2015

2761

0

3357

2016

3395

6

6161

2017

77

5.6. Internet access subscription fee (roubles per month; December)

2014 2015 2016 2017

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600 565 571 559 571

Fixed access

243 250 257295

Mobile access

Source: Rosstat.

78

5.7. Revenue from all telecommunication services (billion roubles)

Radio stations

Connection and traffic transmission

Wire broadcasting

Radio communication, radio broadcasting, television

DocumentalMobileFixed-telephone

3.947

1255

1516 1529 1526 1576

4.5

3.880

3.9

4.089

3.3

4.0108

8.7 2.6

4.0113

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

187

147

594

267

2010

263

317

638

210

2014

270

390

576

196

2015

263

420

551

177

2016

252

524

493

188

2017

6ICT sector

80

6.1. Main indicators of the ICT sector

2015 2016 2017

Number of employeesThousand persons 1220 1245 1220

As a percentage of total employment 1.7 1.7 1.7

Gross value addedBillion roubles 1973 2053 2211

As a percentage of GDP 2.6 2.6 2.7

Fixed capital investmentBillion roubles … 456 426

As a percentage of total investment … 4.0 3.5

81

6.2. ICT sector share in the business enterprise sector gross value added by country: 2017*

0

2

4

6

8

10

1210.3

Repu

blic

of K

orea

7.3Sw

eden

Percent

6.9

Finl

and

6.0

Unit

ed S

tate

s

6.0

Esto

nia

6.0

Japa

n

5.9

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

5.4

Unit

ed K

ingd

om

5.0

Germ

any

4.6

Fran

ce

4.0

Cana

da

3.6

Ital

y

3.4

Russ

ia

* Or nearest years for which data is available. Here and below in 6.3, ICT sector data are given by types of economic activity with the Russian Classification of Economic Activities codes Rev.2 (OKVED2): 26.1–26.4, 26.8, 58.2, 61, 62, 63.11, 63.12 (ISIC Rev. 4: 261–264, 268, 582, 61, 62, 6311, 6312).

Source (here and below in 6.3–6.6, 6.9): countries other than Russia – OECD.

82

6.3. ICT sector share in the business enterprise sector employment by country: 2017*

0

1

2

3

4

5 4.6

Repu

blic

of K

orea

4.3

Esto

nia

Percent

3.9

Finl

and

3.8

Japa

n

3.8

Swed

en

3.5

Unit

ed K

ingd

om

3.1

Unit

ed S

tate

s

3.1

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

3.0

Cana

da

2.9

Germ

any

2.7

Fran

ce

2.6

Russ

ia

2.5

Ital

y


83

6.4. Distribution of goods and services in the ICT sector (percent)

Computers and related equipment

41

Other10

Data processing6

Computer programming

15

Telecommunication services

64

Communication equipment

84

6.5. Main innovation indicators of the ICT sector*Percent

Enterprises engaged in technological innovation as a percentage of all enterprisesInnovative goods and services as a percentage of total goods and services salesExpenditure on technological innovation as a percentage of total goods and services sales

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14 13.312.6 12.9 12.4

11.6 11.1

9.510.1

5.4

5.33.9

5.1 5.15.7

6.4 6.6

3.0

8.1

4.4

4.03.0

4.13.0 3.0

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

* Here, ICT sector data are given by types of economic activities with the Russian Classification of Economic Activities codes: 2010–2016 – OKVED Rev. 1.1 / ISIC Rev. 3.1: 30, 32, 64, 72; 2017 – OKVED2: 26.1–26.4, 26.8, 58.2, 61, 62, 63.11, 63.12 (ISIC Rev. 4: 261–264, 268, 582, 61, 62, 6311, 6312).

85

6.6. R&D in the ICT sector

ICT sector share in the gross domestic expenditure on R&D, percent

Gross domestic expenditure on R&D in the ICT sector (at constant 2010 prices), million roubles

Gross domestic expenditure on R&D in the ICT sector (at current prices), million roubles

Million roubles Percent

6861

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1.3

2010

1.5

2011

2.9

2012

2.1

2013

2.3

2014

3.7

2015

3.6

2016

2.5

20170

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

68619405

20609

1610319696

33664 34032

25309

1208213746

21755 21249

15021

8115

16298

86

6.7. R&D outputs in computer science and technology

2014 2015 2016 2017

Publications of Russian authors in scientific journals indexed in Web of Science, in the field of Computer Science

Number 2593 3678 3927 4036

As a percentage of all papers by Russian authors 6.5 7.9 7.2 7.0

Patent applications in the field of Computer Technology filed by Russian residents

Number 836 870 660 …

As a percentage of the total number of patent applications filed by Russian residents in the country and abroad 2.5 3.0 2.4 …

Sources: Web of Science; World Intellectual Property Organisation.

87

6.8. Exports and imports of ICT goods and services(million US dollars)

Exports Imports

ICT goods – total 2061 20837Computers and related equipment 363 7423

Communication equipment 476 8433

Consumer electronic equipment 446 1995

Other ICT and related goods 776 2986

ICT services – total 4789 5315Computer services 3417 3399

Telecommunication services 1247 1470

Information services 125 446

Source: Estimated by HSE Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge on the basis of Rosstat and Bank of Russia data.

88

6.9. Exports of ICT goods and services by country: 2016

(as a percentage of total world exports)

Exports of ICT goods Exports of ICT services

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35 32.3

5.2

Chin

a

9.77.6

Unit

ed S

tate

s

7.6

1.3

Sing

apor

e

7.6

0.7

Repu

blic

of K

orea

4.36.6

Germ

any

4.2

0.0

Mex

ico

3.70.8

Japa

n

3.6

7.6

Neth

erla

nds

0.1 0.8

Russ

ia

11.2

Indi

a

14.4

Irel

and

89

Technical notes

Bibliometric indicators are calculated on the basis of the Web of Science Core Collection (indices SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, A&HCI, CPCI-S, CPCI-SSH, BKCI-S, BKCI-SSH). Publications consid-ered include articles, reviews and proceedings papers. A publication is associated with a country if this country is mentioned in the business address of the author or one of the co-authors and was recognised by the Web of Science system. The information is provided as for September, 15th, 2018.

Broadband internet access includes xDSL technologies, cable TV connection, leased lines connection, fiber optic channels connection, satellite connection, extended fixed wired and wireless access (WiMax connection, etc.), high-speed mobile phone networks, and other types of access with the advertised download speed of 256 Kbps and higher.

Cloud services are technologies of distributed data processing that provide computer resources and powers to users as internet services.

E-government Development Index (EGDI) is based on a comprehensive UN survey of the online presence of 193 United Nations Member States, which assesses national websites and how e-government policies and strategies are applied in general and in specific sectors for delivery of essential services (for details see https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/en-us/About/Methodology). The data for 2018 were published in the United Nations E-Gov-ernment Survey 2018 ‘Gearing E-Government to support transformation towards sustainable and resilient societies’ (available at: https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/en-us/Reports/UN-E-Government-Survey-2018).

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Global Innovation Index (GII) is formed on the basis of 80 indicators which reflect the key factors of innovative development of countries. It includes a wide range of indicators of various nature, including statistical data on scientific and innovative activities and the results of specialised surveys that characterise the quality of institutions and business climate. It is developed by Cornell University, INSEAD Business School and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). The 2018 results are provided in the report ‘The Global Innovation Index 2018: Energizing the World with Innovation’: http://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2018.pdf.

Gross domestic expenditure on R&D is the actual expenditure in monetary form on research and development inside the country (including R&D funded from abroad but excluding payments made abroad). The estimation is based on the statistical accounting for research and development performed by organisations using their own intramural resources within a reporting year regardless of the source of funds.

Innovative goods and services are goods and services, either new or those that underwent different technological changes within the last three years. Following the degree of novelty there can be distinguished two types of innovative goods and services – those newly introduced and hence new (or those that have undergone substantial technological changes and hence are technologically new) and those significantly improved.

Online Service Index (OSI) is the subindex of the E-Government Development Index (EGDI). OSI is calculated based on web-monitoring of national portals, portals for electronic services and electronic participation, as well as websites of the national

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ministries of education, labor, social services, health, finance and the environment by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Development (for details see https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/en-us/About/Methodology). The 2018 data were published in the United Nations E-Government Survey 2018.

Patent for an invention is a title of protection granted to an invention and establishing priority, authorship and exclusive usage right during the patent's term of validity. Invention is a technical solution in any sphere pertaining to a product (namely, a device, material (substance), strain of organism, plant and animal cell culture) or to a method (the process of manipulating material objects with the help of material means). An invention should be characterised by novelty and the inventive level and it should be industrially applicable.

Purchase (sale) of goods, works, services by enterprises over the Internet – purchase (sale) of goods, works, services following orders submitted (received) through the website or extranet with the use of automated exchange systems between organisations (EDI-systems). Purchases (sales) made over the phone, fax or e-mail are not taken into account.

RFID technologies are technologies for automatic identification of objects which enable reading or recording data stored in RFID tags by means of radio signals.

Public and municipal services in digital form – services rendered via the infrastruc-ture which provides for data exchange and information systems technological interaction, including the Public Services Portal of the Russian Federation and (or) regional public and municipal services portals.

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Subscribers of internet (broadband internet) access are individuals and legal entities having a contract / contracts on the use of data transmission network concluded at the end of the reporting period.

Subscribers of wireless internet access are active subscribers of mobile, satellite, wireless terrestrial fixed and mobile internet access services.

Digital Economy

Pocket Data Book

Edited by S. Ivanova

Design P. Shelegeda

Desk-top publishing T. Koltsova

Format 84 108 1/64. Print sheet 1.45. Pressrun 150 copies.

National Research University Higher School of Economics Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge

20 Myasnitskaya st., Moscow, 101000, Russia. Tel.: +7 (495) 621-28-73 http://issek.hse.ru

e-mail: [email protected]

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