EDITED BY GLENN ADAMSON

Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc

BLOOMSBURY LONDON • OXFORD • NEW YORK • NEW DELHI • SYDNEY

CONTENTS

Acknowledgements xi

Note on the Texts xiii

Introduction 1

SECTION 1: HOW-TO Section Introduction 9

1. 'Introductory Remarks', from 1he Teachers Otto Salomon 11 Handbook ()f Slöjd

2. Elements of Handicraft and Design W.A.S. Benson 16 3. The Wheelwright's Shop George Sturt 22 4. On Weaving AnniAlbers 29

5. Primitive Pottery HalRiegger 34

SECTION 2: CRAFT AND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Section Introduction 43

6. On the Economy of Machines and Manufactures Charles Babbage 48 7. Artisans and Machinery Peter Gaskeil 55 8. 'How an Arisrocracy May Emerge from Alexis de 61

Industry', from Democracy in America Tocqueville

9. Industrial Biography: Iron Workers Samuel Smiles 65 and Tool Makers

10. Capital Kar/Marx 69 11. 'The Primary Effects of Scientific Management', Harry Braverman 78

from Labor and Monopoly Capitalism

12. The Workshop of the World: Steam Power Raphael Samuel 83 and Hand Technology in Mid-Victorian Britain

vi 1 CONTENTS

13. Technological Innovation and Design Economics Michael Ettema 92 in Furniture Manufacture

14. Artistic America Siegfried Bing 99

15. In the Cause of Architecture: The Architect Frank Iloyd Wright 107 and the Machine

16. Art and the Machine Hermann 111 Muthesius

17. Building Materials Adolf Loos 115

18. Handwerk/Kunsthandwerk Stefan Muthesius 120

SECTION 3: MODERN CRAFT: IDEALISM AND REFORM

Section lntroduction 135

19. 'The Nature of Gothic', from John Ruskin 139 The Stones of Venice

20. The Revival of Handicraft William Morris 146

21. Art and Labor Ellen Gates Starr 156

22. Art and Workmanship W R Lethaby 161

23. 'Slogans', 'The Work Ahead of Us' and 'Tue Problem Vladimir Tatlin 164 of the Relationship between Man and Object'

24. 'The Way of Craftsmanship', from The Unknown Soetsu Yanagi 167 Craftsman: A ]apanese lnsight into Beauty

25. A Potter's Book Bernard Leach 177

26. Initiation and tße Crafts Rene Guenon 186

27. Indian Handicrafts Kamaladevi 192 Chattopadhyay

28. 'The Relation of the Past to the Demands of the Present', 199 World Crafts Conference proceedings ( 1964)

29. Centering M C Richards 206

30. Introduction to Craftsman Lifestyle: The Gentle Revolution Eudorah Moore 214

31. Tue Soul of a Tree George Nakashima 219

32. The Long Shadow of William Morris: Paradigmatic &/ward S. Cooke, ]r. 226 Problems ofTwentieth-Century American Furniture

CONTENTS 1 vii

SECTION 4: THE PERSISTENCE OF CRAFT IN THE AGE OF MASS PRODUCTION

Section Introduction 239

33. Shoemaker of Dreams Salvatore 244 Ferragamo

34. Crafting Grand Cru Chocolates in Contemporary France Susfln J Terrio 253

35. From Peasant to Artisan: Motor Mechanics Sara Berry 263 in a Nigerian Town

36. Destiny World: Textile Casualties in Southern Nigeria David T. Doris 272

37. On a Particular Kind of Love and the Sergei Alasheev 287 Specificity of Soviet Production

38. Original Copies Philip Tinari 297

39. 'What Is Cybernetics?', from Norbert wtener 303 Ihe Human Use of Humans

40. Abstracting Craft: The Practiced Malcolm 310 Digital Hand McCullough

41. 'Digital Artisans Manifesto', European Digital Artisans Richard Barbrook 317 Network and Pit Schultz

42. Craft versus Design: Moving Beyond a Tired Dichotomy Rafael Cardoso 321

SECTION 5: CRAFT IN THEORY: AESTHETICS, ESSENCE, STATUS

Section Introduction 335 43. The Nature and Art ofWorkmanship DavidPye 341

44. 'The Genesis of the Technical Object: The Process Gilbert 354 of Concretization', from Du Mode d'Existence des Objets Simondon Techniques

45. 'Forms in the Realms of Matter', from Ihe Lift Henri Focillon 360 of Fonns in Art

46. Rhythm Elsie Fogerty 366

47. The Mande Blacksmiths: Knowledge, Power and Art in Patrick R 372 West Africa McNaughton

48. African Art: Where the Hand Has Ears Amadou 379 HdmpateBd

49. Walter Benjamin: Traces of Craft Esther Leslie 386

viii 1 CONTENTS

50. Functionalism Today 1heodor Adorno 395

51. Tue Thing Martin Heidet,ger 404

52. Rappel a l'Ordre: Tue Case for the Tectonic Kenneth Frampton 409

53. l\rt and Craft', from 1he Principks of Art R G. Collingwood 417

54. Art and Work Harold Rosenberg 424

55. 'Comment' and Responses John Bentley Mays 430

56. Curatorial Comment from 1he Maker's Eye Alison Britton 441

57. How Envy Killed the Crafts Garth Clark 445

SECTION 6: CRAFT IN ACTION: LIFE, ART, DESIGN

Section Introduction 457

58. Tue Enchantment of Technology and the Technology Alfred Gell 464 of Enchantment

59. Making Something from Nothing (Toward a Definition Lucy Lippard 483 ofWomen's 'Hobby Art')

60. 'Tue Creation of Femininity', from 1he Subversive Stitch: Rozsika farker 491 Embroidery and the Making of the Feminine

61. There's No Place Like Horne: Horne Dressmaking Carok Tulloch 501 and Creativity in the Jamaican Community of the 1940s to the 1960s

62. House-Trained Objects: Notes Towards Writing Tanya Harrod 512 an Alternative History of Modem Art

63. Tue New Ceramic Presence RoseSlivka 525

64. How I Spent My Summer Vacation or, Art and Politics in Philip Leider 534 Nevada, Berkeley, San Francisco and Utah

65. Some Notes on the Phenomenology of Making: Robert Morris 540 Tue Search for the Motivated

66. Tue Art of Encounter Lee Ufan 548

67. Let the Artisans Craft Our Future Grayson Perry 552

68. 'Manifesto of the Bauhaus' Walter Gropius 554 and 'Education and the Bauhaus' and Ldsz!O

Moholy-Nagy

69. Shaping Arnerica's Products Don Wallance 559

CONTENTS 1 ix

70. Asilomar Conference Proceedings 1957 Marguerite 569 Wildenhain and Charles Eames

71. 'Tue New Handicrafts,' from Hot House Andrea Branzi 577

SECTION 7: CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES

Section lntroduction 585

72. Affectivity and Entropy: Production Aesthetics ]ohanna Drucker 588 in Contemporary Sculpture

73. 'Craftsmen in the Factory of Images', from Tami Katz-Freiman 596 BoysCraft

74. And What Is Your Title? ZandraAhl 606

75. Craft Hard, Die Free: Radical Curatorial Strategies Anthea Black 609 for Craftivism in Unruly Contexts and Nicole Burisch

76. Tue Politics of Craft: A Roundtable Julia Bryan-Wilson, 620 Liz Collins, Sabrina Gschwandmer, Cat Mazza and Allison Smith

&commended Bibliography 629

List of Illustrations 632

Index 637