Lecture Notes in Computer Science Edited by G, Goos and J. Hartmanis

719

Advisory Board: W. Brauer D. Gries J. Stoer

Dmitry Chetverikov Walter G. Kropatsch (Eds.)

Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns

5tla International Conference, CAIP '93 Budapest, Hungary, September 13-15, 1993 Proceedings

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg NewYork London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest

Series Editors

Gerhard Goos Universit~t Karlsruhe Posffacb 69 80 Vincenz-Priessnitz-Strage 1 D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany

Juris Hartmanis Cornell University Department of Computer Science 4130 Upson Hall Ithaca, NY 14853, USA

Volume Editors

Dmitry Chetverikov Computer and Automation Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences POB 63, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary

Walter G. Kropatsch Institut ftir Automation, Technische Universitat Wien Treitlstrage 3, A-1040 Vienna, Austria

CR Subject Classification (1991): 1.4-5

ISBN 3-540-57233-3 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN 0-387-57233-3 Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law.

�9 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1993 Printed in Germany

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Preface

For more than a decade the International Conference on Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns (CAIP) has been a traditional East European forum organised in the former GDR by the Image Processing Group of GfaA, the German Society for Applied Automation (former WGMA). The conference has been devoted to all aspects of ilxmge processing and analysis, computer vision, and related topics.

This year we had the fifth conference in a biennial series. For the first time the CAIP conference was held outside Germany. It was organised jointly by the Computer and Automation Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA SZTAKI) and the GfaA. The response to the CAIP'93 Call-for-papers was overwhelming. Each of the 170 submitted full-length papers was reviewed by two reviewers. 114 papers were selected for presentation at the conference. Most of the selected contributions as well as the invited papers are included in this volume. Over 30% of the accepted papers come from Central and Eastern Europe giving a unique overview of the research activities in this region.

The initial spirit of building a bridge between eastern and western scientific communities has begun to change. The CAIP conference is being transformed into a regional conference roaming through Central Europe. An international technical committee will be initiated to supervise future meetings.

The sponsors of CAIP'93 gave the Organising Committee the possibility to invite the key speakers and support a significant number of colleagues whose participation would otherwise have been impossible for financial reasons. We are indebted to the International Association for Pattern Recognition, the Commission of the European Communities, the ACCORD-PHARE Program, and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Without their generous support, CAIP'93 could never have achieved its main goals.

It is a pleasure to thank the invited speakers for accepting our invitation to give lectures and contribute papers to the proceedings. We would like to express our appreciation to the reviewers for their precise and highly professional work. Special thanks go to ]~va S6s from MTA SZTAKI for her dedicated preparation for the conference. We appreciate the help and understanding of the editorial staff of Springer-Verlag, in particular Alfred Hofmann who supported the publication of these proceedings in the LNCS series. Last but not least, we wish to thank all speakers and participants for their interest in the conference.

July 1993 G. Sommer, Do Chetvefikov

Conference Chairman

G. Sommer (Germany)

Program Committee

D. Chetverikov (Chair, Hungary) I. Bajla (Slovakia) W. Coy (Germany) V. Di Gesfl (Italy) M. J. B. Duff (Great Britain) J.-O. Eklundh (Sweden) B. Gudmundsson (Sweden) V. Hlavfi6 (Czech Republic) R. Klette (Germany) W. Kropatsch (Austria)

C.-E. Liedtke (Germany) I. Pitas (Greece) A. Rosenfeld (USA) W. Skarbek (Poland) J. Sklansky (USA) F. Solina (Slovenia) V. Valev (Bulgaria) K. Voss (Germany) L. P. Yaroslavsky (Russia)

Organizing Committee

l~.S6s (MTA SzTAKI, Hungary) E.Bahn (GfaA, Germany)

Reviewers

The Program Committee members and L. Csink (Hungary) G. Csornai (Hungary) U. Eckhardt (Germany) G. L. Gimerfarb (Ukraine) R. M. Haralick (USA) L. Kleinmann (Germany)

A. Kuba (Hungary) T. L6deczi (Hungary) A. Lerch (Hungary) V. G. Meazios (Greece) T. R6ti (Hungary) F. Sloboda (Slovakia) J. Szab6 (Hungary) T. Szirfinyi (Hungary)

Supported by

International Association for Pattern Recognition Commission of the European Communities ACCORD-PHARE Program Hungarian Academy of Sciences

Table of Contents

Performance Evaluation

Performance Characterization in Computer Vision R. M. Haral ick (Invited) ......................................................................................... 1

Image Models

Low-Level Computational Mono and Stereo Vision: A Bayesian Approach G. L. Gimel farb (Invited) .................................................................................... 10

Topographic: Structure of Image O. R. Mus in ......................................................................................................... 24

Image Data Structures

The Dual Irregular Pyramid G. Kropatsch, Ch. Reither, D. Willersinn, G. Wlaschitz .................................. 31

Analytical Results on the Quadtree Storage-Requirements Vassilakopoulos, Y. Manolopoulos .................................................................. 41

From Pyramids to Quadtrees: Approximation of Heterogeneous Surfaces by Fixing Complexity M. Kertbsz, A. Kummert , F.Csi l lag ....................................................................... 49

Calculation and Estimation of Sample Statistics of Binary Images Using Quadtree Data Representations ft . Kummert , S. Kabos ........................... i .............................................................. 58

Image Processing

Temporal Speckle Reduction for Feature Extraction in Ultrasound Images A. N. Evans, 3/Z. S. Nixon ..................................................................................... 65

Noise Effects in Statistical Subpixel Pattern Recognition T. Szir6nyi ........................................................................................................... 74

VIII

Fast Iterative Reconstruction of Band-Limited Images from Non-Uniform Sampling Values H. G. Feichtinger, T. Strohmer ............................................................................ 82

Anisotropic Filtering of MRI Data Based upon Image Gradient Histogram 1. Bajla, M. Marusiak, M. Srdmek ........................................................................ 90

Fast Discrete Cosine Transform Approximation for J-PEG Image Compression L. V. Kasperovich, V. F. Babkin ........................................................................... 98

Error Diffusion in Block Truncation Coding W. Skarbek, A. Pietrowcew ................................................................................. 105

On a Bound on Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Subband Coding of Gaussian Image Process Z. Bojkovik, D. Milanovik, A. Sam6ovi6 ............................................................. 113

A Linear Predictor as a Regularization Function in Adaptive Image Restoration and Reconstruction B. Bundschuh ..................................................................................................... 118

Inversion of Convolution by Small Kernels H. Suesse, K. Voss .............................................................................................. 123

A Model-Based Image Quantization Technique for Supervised Image Recognition V. Valev ............................................................................................................. 128

Edges and Contours

Brightness-Contrast Diffusion and the Grouping of Missing Angles K. Ottenberg ...................................................................................................... 133

Rotation Invariance in Edge Detection D. Ziou, J.-P. Fabre ........................................................................................... 141

Using Eigenvectors of a Vector Field for Deriving a Second Directional Derivative Operator for Color Images W. Alshatti, P. Lambert ...................................................................................... 149

Crest Lines Detection in Grey Level Images: Studies of Different Approaches and Proposition of a New One N. Selmaoui, C. Leschi, H. Emptoz ..................................................................... 157

IX

Contour-Detection Using the Shape of the Nearest Neighbors Set (NN-Se0 J.-P. Assel in de Beauville, M. C. Mraghni ......................................................... 165

A Comparative Study of Performance for Noisy Roof Edge Detection J. Shen, S. Castan, J. Zhao ................................................................................. 170

Hough Transform and Related Methods

A Hough-Like Prediction/Correction Approach for Ellipse Detection L, T. S. Lam, HI. C. Y. Lam, D. N. K. Leung ...................................................... 175

Fourier Parameterization Provide Uniform Bounded Hough Space W. C. Y. Lam, K. S. Y. Yuen, D. N. K. Leung ...................................................... 183

Motion Estimation and the Randomized Hough Transform (RHT): New Methods with Gradient Information H. Kalvigiinen .................................................................................................... 191

Circle Extraction via Least Squares and the Kalman Filter M. S. Nixon ........................................................................................................ 199

Shape

A Multiresolution Shape Description Algorithm G. Sanniti di Baja, E. Thiel ................................................................................ 208

Image Coding by Morphological Skeleton Transformation R. S. Choral, ....................................................................................................... 216

A Non-Linear Shape Abstraction Technique G. Brown, P. Forte, R. Malyan, P. Barnwell ...................................................... 223

Minimum-Space Time-Optimal Convex Hull Algorithms N. Korneenko ..................................................................................................... 231

Detecting Corners of Polygonal and Polyhedral Objects J.-K. Guo, R.-L. Hsu, C.-H. Chen, Y.-N. Sun ...................................................... 237

A Fast Algorithm for Dominant Point Detection on Chain-Coded Contours T. Melen, T. Ozanian ......................................................................................... 245

Shapes and Metrics M. Jourlin, 1. Fillere, J.-M. Becker, M.-J. LabourO ............................................ 254

Texture

Simplified Technique of Structure Extraction from Textural Images V. V. Starovoitov ................................................................................................ 259

Adaptive Pyramid Approach to Texture Segmentation S. HI. C. Lam, H. H. S. lp .................................................................................. 267

Markov Random Fields with Short- and Long-Range Interaction for Modelling Gray-Scale Textured Images G. L. Gimel farb, A. V. Zalesny .......................................................................... 275

Texture Recognition by the q-th Order Fractal Analysis S. Fioravanti, D. D. Giusto ................................................................................ 283

Structural Approaches

A Proximity Measure of Line Drawings for Comparison of Chemical Compounds E. Tanaka, H. Awano, S. Masuda ....................................................................... 291

Jigsaw Puzzle Solving Using Approximate String Matching and Best-First Search H. Bunke, G. Kaufmann ..................................................................................... 299

A Morphological Approach to the Generalised 2-stage Stock-Cutting Problem N. Georgis, M. Petrou, J. Kitt ler ........................................................................ 309

Primitive and Compound Patterns S. Ambroszk iewicz ...................................................... ........................................ 317

A Similarity Measure between 3-D Objects and its Parallel Computation N. Washio, E. Tanaka, S. Masuda ...................................................................... 322

Knowledge Representation and Learning

Automated Learning of Rules Using Genetic Operators C.-E. Liedtke, Th. Schnier, A. BlOmer ................................................................ 327

Symbolic and Iconic Information Combination for Satellite Imagery Interpretation J. Desachy, E. [t. Zahzah ................................................................................... 335

Xl

Multi-Class Classification and Symbolic Cognitive Processing with ALISA C. G. Howard, P. Bock ....... . ............................................................................... 343

Motion

Computing Image Flow Using a Coarse-to-Fine Strategy for Spatiotemporal Filters H. Rios ............................................................................................................... 355

Visual Motion Estimation from Image Contour Tracking W. Kasprzak, H. Niemann .................................................................................. 363

Robust Recovery of Ego-Motion M. Irani, B. Rousso, S. Peleg ............................................................................. 371

A Temporal Smoothing Technique for Real-Time Motion Detection J. Bulas-Cruz, A. T. A#, E. L. Dagless ............................................................... 379

Combined Evaluation of Motion and Disparity Vector Fields for Stereoscopic Sequence Coding N. Nikolaidis, L Pitas, M. G. Strintzis ................................................................ 387

Recovering Translational Motion Parameters from Image Sequences Using Randomized Hough Transform J. Heikkonen ...................................................................................................... 395

Estimating Optical Flow for Large Intefframe Displacements R. Agarwal, J. Sklansky. ..................................................................................... 403

3-D Vision

Surface Discontinuities in Range Images T. Pajdla, V. Hlavd6 .......................................................................................... 412

Algorithms for Shape from Shading, Lighting Direction and Motion R. Klette, V. Rodehorst ...................................................................................... 420

Separating Diffuse and Specular Component of Image Irradiance by Translating a Camera A. Jakli6, F. SoBna ............................................................................................ 428

Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for a Unique Solution of Plane Motion and Structure X. Hu, N. Ahuja ................................................................................................. 436

XII

Photometric Stereo for Non-Lambertian Surfaces Using Color Information 1s Schl~ns .......................................................................................................... 444

Active Fixation for Junction Classification K. Brunnstrom, J.-O. Eklundh ............................................................................ 452

Point Matching for Registration of Free-Form Surfaces Z Zhang ............................................................................................................ 460

Temporal Precedence in Asynchronous Visual Indexing J.-M. Bost, R. Milanese, T. Pun ......................................................................... 468

Improved Stripe Matching for Colour Encoded Structured Light T. P. Monks, J. N. Carter ................................................................................... 476

Fusion of the Stereoscopic and Temporal Matching Results by an Algorithm of Coherence Control and Conflicts Management B. Chebaro, A. Crouzil, L. Massip-Pailhes, S. Castan ........................................ 486

3D Model Based Stereo Reconstruction using Coupled MarkovRandom Fields E. Lutton ............................................................................................................ 494

Occlusions and Special Views within the Reconstruction of Polyhedral Scenes V. Steinhage ....................................................................................................... 502

Fast Shadowing of Volume Data B. Gudmundsson, C. Tegenfeldt ......................................................................... 510

Three-Dimensional Moment Invariants under Rigid Transformation X. Guo ............................................................................................................... 518

Parameterisation of Simple Geometrical Lambertian Surfaces using Photometric Stereo M. D. Hemus, J. N. Carter ................................................................................. 523

Hough Transform to Extract 3D Information from Images of Different View Points S. Kawato .......................................................................................................... 528

Fast Algorithm for the Stereo Pair Matching with Parallel Computation M. L Kolesnik ....................... : ............................................................................ 533

Dense Stereo Correspondence Using Polychromatic Block Matching A. Koschan ........................................................................................................ 538

XIll

Planning the Next View Using the Max-Min Principle J. Maver, A. Leonardis, F. Solina ...................................................................... 543

Reconstruction from Proj ections

Cross-Correlation with Reconstruction: A New Approach to Pattern Matching V. Shapiro .......................................................................................................... 548

The Iterated Normalized Backprojection Method of Image Reconstruction L. Nowinski ................................................................................................... 556

Cone Beam Reconstruction and Fourier Transform of Distributions O, Trofimov ....................................................................................................... 564

Character Recognition and Document Processing

Character Recognition by Affine Moment Invariants J. Flusser, T, Suk ............................................................................................... 572

Ultra Fast Pattern Classification by Fuzzy Logic R. Fageth, W. G. Allen, U. Jager ....................................................................... 578

An Object-Oriented Pen-Based Recognizer for Handprinted Characters B. Klauer, K~ Waldschmidt. ................................................................................ 586

On the Method of Critical Points in Character Recognition E. V. Shchepin, G. ~ Nepomnyashchii .............................................................. 594

Printed Text Segmentation Using Distance Transform S. Ablameyko, O. Okun ...................................................................................... 599

Recognition of Handwritten Layout Drawings S. Takamura, M. Takagi ..................................................................................... 604

Automatic Recognition of Scanned Technical Drawings F.-L. Krause, H. Jansen, N. Luth ........................................................................ 609

Biomedical Applications

Digital Image Processing in Radiology. An Experience of Development of Technology for Computer-Aided Diagnosis T. P. Belikova (Invited) ...................................................................................... 614

XIV

Modeling and Quantification of Protein Maps by Gaussian Fitting J. R. Vargas, R. D. Appel, D. F Hochstrasser, C, Pellegrini .............................. 627

Computer Analysis of the Large Intestine Contours for the Recognition of Diseases V. A. Kovalev, N. V. Mytz ik .................. .............................................................. 634

A Rule-Based Approach to Hand X-Ray Image Segmentation P. 1. Radeva ....................................................................................................... 641

3-D Cerebral Vessel Reconstruction from Angiograms C.-H. Chen, Y.-C. Yu, J.-K. Guo, C.-H. Chen, Y.-N. Sun, C. 1. Yu ...................... 649

Comparison of Different Approaches to Suppress Speckles in Ultrasonic Tomograms J. Jan, B. Gabrhel, J. Haluzikovd, P. Kili6n, R. Kubdk Jr., L Provaznik ............ 657

A Test-Bed for Computer-Assisted Fusion of Multi-Modality Medical Images K. Mikotajczyk, J. Owczarczyk, W. Rekko .......................................................... 664

Object-Oriented Volume Segmentation D. W. R. Paulus, M. Wolf. .................................................................................. 669

Smooth Morphological Transformation of CT and MR Medical Data V. Jankovi6, E. Ru~ickf:, L. NiepeL ..................................................................... 674

Evaluation of Plaque Formation - Surface Reflectance Measurement V. Smutn~, T. Dost6lovh, J. DuJkovh, V. Hlav6~ ................................................ 679

Analysis of MR Angiography Volume Data Leading to the Structural Description of the Cerebral Vessel Tree G. Szkkely, G. Gerig, Th. Koller, Ch. Brechbahler, O. Kabler. ........................... 687

The Automatic Classification of Normal and Abnormal Chromosomes Using Image Analysis L. N. Wiffen, J. T. Kent ...................................................................................... 693

Industrial Applications

Real Time Image Processing for Fast Seam Tracking M. Hanajik, R. G. van Vliet. ............................................................................... 698

An Experimental Vision Tool for Real Time Quality Control G. Boccignone, L. Esposito, A. Marcell i ............................................................ 706

XV

High-Tech Approaches of Computer Vision in Industry J. Wen ................................................................................................................ 711

An Image Processing System for Material Flow Control in Coal Mining Industry E. lvanov, D. Holm, W. Osten, W. Jftptner ......................................................... 716

Transparency Quantification. Application to Composite Materials Quality Controls by Image Processing S. Bres, [t. Emptoz, G. Merle ............................................................................. 721

Control of Composite Material Structure by Fractal Methods H. Boulecane, N. Vincent, M. Ruffler, H. Emptoz ............................................... 726

Model-Based Adaptive Preprocessing of Images in Automated Visual Inspection R. M. Palenichka, R. T. Mysak ........................................................................... 732

Other Applications

Application of Knowledge-Based Image Inspection System for Diagnosis of Misprints in Offsetprinting P. Perner ........................................................................................................... 738

Multiple Image Matching in an Automatic Aerotriangulation System Ch. K. Toth~ T. Schenk ....................................................................................... 750

Digital Processing of Skylab X-Ray Images of the Solar Corona S. Simberovfi ...................................................................................................... 759

Finding Human Faces in a Picture G. Yang, T. S. Huang ......................................................................................... 766

CADI:Computer Assisted Educational Package for D__igital Image Processing Gy. Cs. Hegedas ................................................................................................ 770

Computer Image Analysis to Locate Targets for an Agricultural Robot Y. Dobrusin~ Y. Edan, 1. Grinshpun, U. M. Peiper, I. Wolf A. Hetzroni .............. 775

The Application of Digital Image Processing in the Evaluation of Agricultural Experiments J. Berke, K. Gyorffy, G. Fischl, L. Kdwp~ti, J. Bakonyi ...................................... 780

GCV-Aided Linear Image Regularization for the Reconstruction of Wave Distribution Function of Magnetospheric VLF/ELF Waves K. Hattori, 3/L Yamaguchi, N. lwama, M. Hayakawa .......................................... 788

XVI

Crater Detection in Aero-Space Imagery Using Simple Nonparametric Statistical Tests A. S. Alekseev, V. P. Pyatkin, G. 1. Salov ........................................................... 793

Human Vision Models

Digital Retina - Simulating Dynamic Behavior of Visual Perception U. HOnisch ......................................................................................................... 800

Architectures for Image Analysis

A New Heterogeneous and Reconfigurable Architecture for Image Analysis V. di Gesit, G. Gerardi, S. Impedovo, B. Lenzitti, G. Parodi, D. Tegolo ............. 805

Neural Networks

The Analogic Single-Chip CNN Visual Supercomputer - a Review T. Roska (Invited) .............................................................................................. 813

A Variant of Learning Vector Qnantizer Based on Split-Merge Statistical Tests C. Kotropoulos, 1. Pitas ..................................................................................... 822

Neural Networks Classifiers Based on Geocoded Data and MultiSpectral Images for Satellite Image Interpretation L. Mascaril la, E. H. Zahzah, J. Desachy ............................................................ 830

Artificial Neural Networks for Image Improvement B. Michaelis , G. Krel l ........................................................................................ 838

Using Cellular Neural Network to "See" Random-Dot Stereograms A. G. Radvdnyi ............................. i .................................................................... 846

Author Index ............................................................................................ 855