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CHAPTER 7: Design Focus Designing an Intelligent
Building: Responsive Smart Environments
This chapter aims to discuss the various applications of building and
design innovations intended for the architecture of the project proponent. The
focus aims at creating an intelligent building by incorporating responsive
smart environments with the use of new innovative building technologies.
These technologies are called smart materials and would be on a micro scale
handled by a single IP network for efficient distribution of tasks carefully
responding to specific user needs within various building environments which
would then create an overall intelligent building. Each corresponding building
technology will be discussed in detail to address its applicability to the overall
building design.
7.1 Intelligent Building
An intelligent building is the integration of technology, building, and
energy management systems. An intelligent building takes a number of
building systems and brings them together to reduce energy consumption and
make the building as efficient as possible. It mainly consists of smart
technologies or smart materials to respond to various needs of the building
and integrating building automation into the design for it to run efficiently given
time, temperature and other various factors that may affect the building
environment. Intelligent buildings usually have one main control system which
governs all other aspects of the building such as safety, security, accessibility,
lighting, energy management, round the clock monitoring, HVAC systems,
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and communications for a more efficient response of the smart technology to
these building aspects rather than the traditional multi-control environments,
an intelligent building will have one central hub and a back-up hub just in case
of emergencies. Overall an intelligent building is made up of different smart
technologies which operate within the building infrastructure.
Characteristics of an Intelligent Building:
Integrate disparate building systems so they can be controlled by a
centralized common user interface.
Use a shared network for all building-system communications.
Are high-performance buildings that provide significant benefits to
building owners, property/facility management professionals, and end-
users.
Maximize building performance and efficiency by integrating building
systems such as lighting, HVAC, safety, power management, security
(access control, video surveillance, and visitor management), etc.
Use technology and strategies that add long-term, sustainable value to
the property.
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7.1.1 Benefits and Capabilities of an Intelligent Building
Tenant Attraction and Retention - A significant benefit to the building
owner is the expectation that intelligent buildings will get above-market
rents, have lower vacancy rates, and reduce turnover.
Lower Operating Costs - Because integrated buildings are also efficient
buildings, operating costs are significantly lower. More accurate
monitoring and control of energy-intensive systems like HVAC and
lighting help keep costs in check.
Diverse Energy Flow New intelligent buildings due to demand in
building automation makes use of more energy hence to create a
stable system, building power generators are made being part of the
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building itself also giving it multi-uses for the building. Such energy
sources may come from solar cell films tinted on windows to maximize
energy gain during daytime and or other systems that lower energy
consumption such as passive geothermal heating and cooling systems
for intelligent buildings.
Energy Metering - This is an area where intelligent buildings show its
innovative side when it comes to utilities. Integrated systems can track
and automatically invoice tenants for their energy use. Intelligent-
building systems enable energy sub-metering, and tenants are re-billed
for the precise amount of energy they use - all without the need for the
power company to install and monitor individual meters.
Fast and Effective Service - Intelligent building technologies give
building management professionals the tools they need to better serve
tenants, occupants, and users. Accessing building systems via the
internet makes it easier for facilities professionals to answer questions
and monitor building performance off-site. Problems are identified early
and solved immediately.
Tenants Can File Work Orders On An Online Network An intelligent
building uses its building-owned wired and wireless network to better
service tenants. Engineers carry web tablets and pocket PCs to
eliminate much of the paperwork typically associated with work orders,
and to accelerate their response time.
Simplified Property Management In an intelligent building,
maintenance crews don't take pressure readings or adjust valves by
hand. Adjustments are made from the network operations center with a
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few simple keystrokes. The result is a leaner facility management
operation.
Life-Safety Enhancements During Fires - A fire situation is perhaps the
most commonly cited example of how integrated systems are
beneficial. The alarms sound and other building systems begin to react:
Exhaust dampers open, the IP paging and intercom system issues
instructions to occupants, the access-control system unlocks doors for
evacuation, and CCTV cameras provide emergency responders with a
view of the fire.
Life-Safety Enhancements During Earthquakes - An earthquake sensor
or signal from the national geological service can be connected with
building systems for facilities in seismic zones. In the event of an
earthquake, an integrated building can automatically shut off gas lines,
shut down computers, and automatically notify occupants of the
earthquake.
Security Becomes Mobile - Wireless surveillance cameras and a web-
enabled security system inside an intelligent building would allow
guards to view live video from a laptop or handheld devices.
Anticipation of Future Technology - While no one can foresee where
the future of technology is going, experts predict that a building with an
IP backbone will be ready to support almost anything that comes onto
the market. And, with tenant needs changing, it's important to have a
building flexible enough to adapt quickly. In an intelligent building,
adding services for a tenant is simple assuming that a space is already
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built out; a tenant can move into the building and have voice, data, and
communication systems up and running almost immediately.
Additional Revenue - Intelligent buildings can offer tenants wired and
wireless high-speed Internet, and other communications services that
will maximize the building's revenue per square foot.
Single Point of Contact for Requests - Since the technology and
systems engineering department at Ave Maria University handles both
IT and facility-related services, students and faculty aren't confused
about who addresses their problems.
Environmentally Friendly - Careful measurement and monitoring of
energy use for the purpose of reducing consumption is a hallmark of
green and intelligent buildings. While it's possible to have a green
building that isn't intelligent because of the efficiencies that smart
technologies provide, all intelligent buildings are some shade of green.
7.2.1 Smart Materials in an Intelligent Building
Smart materials are those objects that sense environmental events,
process that sensory information, and then act on the environment.
Fundamental characteristics, which distinguish Smart materials from most
traditional materials that use in architecture, are transiency, selectivity,
immediacy, self-actuation and directness. Smart materials are materials that
receive, transmit, or process a stimulus and respond by producing a useful
effect that may include a signal that the materials are acting upon it. The
effects can manifest themselves by a color change, a volume change, a
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change in the distribution of stresses and strains, or a change in index of
refraction. This ability to producing a useful effect to respond the stimuli has
rendered smart materials a considerable materials to the architectural design
since buildings are always confronted with changing conditions.
7.2.2 Types of Smart Materials
Type 1: Smart materials that undergo changes in one or more of their
properties whether chemical, mechanical, electrical, magnetic or thermal in
direct response to a change in the external stimuli associated with the
environment surrounding the material. Changes are direct and reversible
there is no need for an external control system to cause these changes to
occur.
Thermochromic an input of thermal change mainly heat would
change the molecular composition of the material thereby creating a
different color change and likewise different composition output in
response to the stimulus the material was exposed to.
Magnetorheological the application of a magnetic field (or for
electrorheological an electrical field) causes a change in micro-
structural orientation, resulting in a change in viscosity of the fluid.
Thermotropic an input of thermal energy (or radiation for a
phototropic, electricity for electrotropic and so on) to the material alters
its micro-structure through a phase change. In a different phase, most
materials demonstrate different properties, including conductivity,
transmissivity, volu-metric expansion, and solubility.
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Shape memory an input of thermal energy (which can also be
produced through resistance to an electrical current) alters the
microstructure through a crystalline phase change. This change
enables multiple shapes in relationship to the environmental stimulus.
Type 2: Smart materials that are comprised of those that transform energy
from one form to an output energy in another form, and again do so directly
and reversibly. Thus, an electro-restrictive material transforms electrical
energy into elastic mechanical energy which in turn results in a physical
shape change. Changes are again direct and reversible.
Photovoltaican input of radiation energy from the visible spectrum (or
the infrared spectrum for a thermo-photo-voltaic) produces an electrical
current (the term voltaic refers more to the material which must be able
to provide the voltage potential to sustain the current).
Thermoelectric an input of electrical current creates a temperature
differential on opposite sides of the material. This temperature
differential produces a heat engine, essentially a heat pump, allowing
thermal energy to be transferred from one junction to the other.
Piezoelectrican input of elastic energy (strain) produces an electrical
current. Most piezoelectrics are bi-directional in that the inputs can be
switched and an applied electrical current will produce a deformation
(strain).
Photoluminescent an input of radiation energy from the ultraviolet
spectrum (or electrical energy for an electro-luminescent, chemical
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reaction for a chemoluminescent) is converted to an output of radiation
energy in the visible spectrum.
Electrostrictive the application of a current (or a magnetic field for a
magnetostrictive) alters the inter-atomic distance through polarization.
A change in this distance changes the energy of the molecule, which in
this case produces elastic energy strain. This strain deforms or
changes the shape of the material.
7.3 Design Focus: Intelligent Building Design via Integrating Smart
Materials for a Responsive Environment
The use of new materials and the application of renewable energies
are considered as the most significant innovations in the building industry over
the last few years. The growing desire for comfort and functionality
simultaneously with the limited availability of resources and increasing energy
costs provide the basis for intelligent building control in modern constructions.
The combination of a responsive environment and smart materials make up
an intelligent building making it perform more efficiently than any other
conventional buildings.
7.3.1 Responsive Environment: Building Automation and Control
A building automation and control system interconnects all the
components in the electrical installation to form a networked system and thus
guarantees the transparency and utilization of information across the
installation. In this system, all users communicate via a single bus cable.
Thus it is possible to integrate all the different functional subsystems within
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the building into a seamless solution. Automation in buildings aims to combine
individual room functions with one another and to simplify the implementation
of individual customer preferences. This will be the core that controls most
architectural considerations within the built environment and moreover this
management feature will react according to changes in the building along with
other smart materials that would complement this feature.
Automation Features:
LightingLighting control and regulation.
Climate ControlHeating, air-conditioning systems and ventilation.
Sun Protection Shutter, electric phase change control for light and
heat control.
SecuritySecurity surveillance, access control.
Energy Management Energy and harvesting and consumption
management.
OperationDisplay, operation, monitoring and maintenance.
AutomationCentral automation and remote control technology.
CommunicationRemote access and communication gateways.
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Fig.1 The conventional solution: Many separate cables, separate functionality,
little flexibility.
Fig.2 Building Automation and Control System: a system, a standard, many
interoperable functions for maximum flexibility
7.3.1.1 Technical Specifications
The KNX bus system, all sensors (e.g. buttons or motion detectors) are
interconnected to the actuators (e.g. dimming actuators, roller shutter
actuators) via a data cable as opposed to directly wired switches and
consumers (conventional installation). The actuators control the power circuit
to the consumer. Communication for all devices is implemented using data
telegrams on the same bus cable. The sensors send commands, actuators
listen in and execute a defined function as soon as they are addressed.
The communication mediumthe KNX cable
In simple terms, the KNX bus consists of a pair of twisted-pair wires about 2 x
2 x 0.8 that connect the KNX devices. Over this cable, data telegrams are
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transmitted, and the electronics of the bus devices are supplied with energy.
The KNX system can also be extended over IP-Network.
The KNX structure
The KNX structure created is very flexible in its design due to the possible
connection of the devices: linear, tree and star wiring configurations are
allowed.
Sensors Sensors are responsible for detecting stimulus or changes
within the built environment and registering it into the management
system.
ActuatorsActuators are responsible for acting upon the changes that
occur and correspondingly responding to the needs of the users via the
management system.
Fig.1 Integration of all Functions
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7.3.1.2 Building Applications
7.3.1.2.1 Lighting
KNX ensures optimum lighting of industrial and office buildings as well as
private dwellings. The lighting requirement is monitored and controlled. In
addition, subsystems (such as for example 1 10 V lighting control, DALI)
and their interfaces are supported.
KNX is used in the following applications:
Switching
Dimming
Constant Lighting Control
Ambience Preference
Automatic Lighting
Lighting Scenes
1-10V Control
DALI Control (Digital Addressable Lighting Interface)
RGB Control (Color Light Control Red-Green-Blue)
Lighting Control:
1.) Presence Detector
2.) Light Sensor
3.) Lights
4.) Touch display
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7.3.1.2.2 Climate Control
KNX intelligent building control integrates the heating, air-conditioning and
ventilation to a coherent and efficient climate control. Measured temperature
values in the rooms are recorded and supplied to the heating and climate
control to generate the optimum temperature and air quality.
KNX is used in the following applications:
Individual Room Temperature Control
Heating
Air-Conditioning
Ventilation
Fan-Coil Control
Window Monitoring
Climate Control:
1.) Fan Coil Unit
2.) Window Contact
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3.) Valve Drive
4.) Radiator
5.) Room Thermostat
7.3.1.2.3 Sun Protection
Sensor controlled roller shutters, windows and blinds with sun position
controlled louvers allow for optimal lighting conditions and contribute to an
improved climate control in the room.
KNX is used in the following applications:
Roller shutter and window control
Blind control with louver adjustment
Sun shading control
Light regulation
Heat regulation
Curtain roller blind control
SMI interfaces (Standard Motor Interface)
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Blind Control Module:
1.) Presence detector
2.) Blind
3.) Manual blind control
7.3.1.2.4 Security and Safety
The combination of security technology components (e.g. smoke detectors,
window contacts) and the KNX devices (Security Terminals and Security
Module) provide optimum building monitoring and warning against
unauthorized entry. Furthermore, emergency call stations allow immediate
notification if help is required. Technical detection alarms (water, smoke, gas)
can also be integrated. Extended functions are realized in this way and serve
the room comfort as well as the safety and security of people and the
buildings they are in.
KNX is used in the following applications:
Personal and building protection
Door and window monitoring
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Fire and smoke alarms
Signaling of danger and unauthorized entry
Technical alarms
Emergency signals
Occupancy simulation
Panic lighting
Building Surveillance:
1.) Smoke detector
2.) Motion detector
3.) Window contacts
4.) Touch display
5.) Security lock
7.3.1.2.5 Energy Management
KNX is designed to reduce building operating costs and to employ the
required energy according to demand and as economically as possible. The
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diverse control and interface solutions of the KNX intelligent building control
system are particularly suited to this task.
KNX is used in the following applications:
Recording of consumption and metering functions
Demand controlled lighting
Energy-saving climate control
Harvesting of energy from various sources
Regulating energy consumption
Optimized use of energy
Diverse energy supply
Indirect energy savings
Energy Management:
1.) Visualization
2.) Energy consumption meter with meter interface
3.) Binary input
4.) Water meter
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7.3.1.2.6 Automation
Central access features are a necessary part of purpose-built buildings due to
the diverse control tasks as well as regular maintenance that is carried out. It
is useful to centrally manage consumers and operating functions and flexibly
adapt the building utilization. Consumption data can be read out for billing and
documentation purposes.
KNX is used in the following applications:
Central automation
Building management
Remote control systems and maintenance
Operating data logging
Data recording
Logic and timer functions
Fault processing
Monitoring and security
Interface solutions
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7.3.1.2.7 Communication
KNX provides interfaces to higher and lower level systems and thus enables
remote maintenance and operation via gateways and routers.
KNX is used in the following applications:
IP interconnection
Connection via telephone gateways
Control via remote desktops
Infra-red remote control
Implementation of scene functions
Audio / video functions
Interfaces to the OPC servers
7.3.1.2.8 Operation
Clear representation of the control processes in a building is a prerequisite for
comfortable and safe operation. States are visualized with the versatile
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control, signaling and operating devices. User entries are made using buttons,
on the touch panel or on a computer.
KNX is used in the following applications:
Display
Visualization
Operation
Signaling
Reporting
7.3.2 Integrated Smart Materials
The use of new materials and the application of renewable energies are
considered as the most significant innovations in the building industry over the
last few years. The growing desire for comfort and functionality
simultaneously with the limited availability of resources and increasing energy
costs provide the basis for intelligent building responses in modern
constructions.
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7.3.2.1 ReRev
Retrofits cardio equipment to reroute the energy that is being emitted as a
heat by-product. Instead of the equipment raising temperatures inside the
facility, causing the air conditioning units to work harder, the energy is
delivered to a central processing unit which converts the human power to
utility grade electricity. Each retrofit has a controller box which feeds back
through a processor and into a central-grid tied inverter, tapping directly into
the buildings electrical system -- creating free electricity with no maintenance
required.
An elliptical machine in regular use at a gym using ReRev technology will
generate one kilowatt-hour of electricity every two days. Thats the same
energy it takes to power a laptop for 24 hours or use a vacuum cleaner for 45
minutes!
7.3.4.1.1 Technical Data
The ReCardio system retrofits standard exercise equipment to capture energy
from the machine and send voltage directly back to the utility grid. Each
retrofitted machine has a controller box that feeds into the central ReCardio
processor and finally into an inverter that taps directly into the building's
electrical system. Any elliptical machine could create up to 300 watt-hours of
energy after a retrofitting that costs approximately $300 per machine (the cost
would decrease with big orders, and additionally would be offset by big tax
credits). At one dollar per watt-hour, that makes the system significantly
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cheaper than solar power, which can cost $10/watt-hour. For a given
machine, about 100 watts are generated for an average hour of usage
(depending on the specific machine and intensity). Ten hours of usage
creates enough power to charge your cell phone
397 times, or the equivalent of the battery of a
2004 Prius.
A solid candidate for harvesting electricity due to
its electronics and popularity is the Precor
Elliptical Trainer like the one shown to the
left. These machines have a power resistor in the
back and bleed off excess energy in the form of
heat through that resistor. ReRev removes the
resistor and puts their innovative circuitry in its
place. This facilitates the reclamation of fitness energy and also removes heat
that is typically dissipated by the resistor.
7.3.4.1.2 Application
Current installations are focused on elliptical, which Harr calls "low-lying fruit."
Because of their gear ratios and small amount of moving mass they offer the
best output, but ReRev.com also retrofits bikes, rowers, treadmills, and stair
climbers. While the technology is technically feasible for home use, Harr says,
for now a cluster of 10-15 machines is necessary to justify the required
infrastructure.
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If the machines run while not attached to the system, the excess energy
produced is burned off in the form of heat that requires air conditioning
systems to work overtime. Harr believes the financial advantages of
eliminating this are equally impressive, but has yet to crunch any numbers.
The power created by the machines is more consistent than solar or wind
power. While a cloudy day will limit what a set of panels can provide, gym rats
are nothing if not predictable.
HUMAN ENERGY
Kinetic energy from your
workout is converted to
DC (Direct Current) and
sent to the ReRev
System.
CURRENT CONVERTS
ReRev converts the DC
current into AC (Alternating
Current), the form of
electricity used by homes
and businesses.
RENEWABLE
ENERGY
The electricity
can then
be used to
power the
building.
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7.3.2.2 ASB GlassFloor
The ASB GlassFloor comes from Squash where All-Glass-Courts have
been used since 2006. Originally designed for the sport of squash where
portable All-Glass-Courts are erected in all types of locations, like city centers,
in front of the pyramids or in shopping centers. The floor is suitable for indoor
and outdoor use.
The one way translucence of the floor allows a whole new range of
possibilities. LED lines or screens can be seen through the floor but when but
when not illuminated, they are invisible. The floor is very long lasting and
sustainable.
Made from layers of toughened glass coated in an ultra-strong anti-skid
laminate, the smart floor lights up with different court markings at the touch of
a button.
A spokesperson for the company said: 'The floor is slightly sprung, which feels
great to walk on, and it even can be heated and lit from below. 'The floor can
even be used inside homes, as an alternative to traditional flooring methods,'
it claims.
7.3.3.2.1 Technical Data
Different lines for the following sports can be chosen: Tennis, handball,
volleyball, basketball and badminton.
Design: Aluminum support frame, fixed elastically on 2,830 supports which
are 17cm high.
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2. Not acted by humidity and heat.
3. Panels can easily be taken out and re-installed.
4. Athletes are full of enthusiasm about the unique elasticity/resilience.
5. The ceramic dots provide best slip resistance without any risk of injury
the ceramic dots are durable and resistant to wear and tear German
Workmanship. Size and density can be produced to our customers
requirements.
6. The etching of the surface prevents reflections of light etc. on the floors
surface.
7. Revolutionary advertising opportunities with full color prints from
underneath, which can be exchanged at any time. Very impressive with LED
lighting (i.e. illuminated logos or advertising). Also LED large LED screens are
possible. The floor can be enhanced through unique advertising opportunities.
8. Lines can be switched on individually, which is not possible with usual
sports floors. This prevents the possibility to carry out some individual
tournaments for many clubs so far.
9. This floors offers also the possibility to carry out parties and events. Neither
shoe marks, nor liquids nor the glowing end of cigarettes, nor any seating or
stages cause any problem for the glass floor.
10. Any color of the floor is possible.
11. The floor can be used outdoorsit is not harmed by rain, sun etc.
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12. LED marking lines are clearly visible with any source of illumination, also
under direct sun light
13. Easiest cleaning and maintenance of the floor. No experts required.
Around 50% less cleaning time and effort required under regular usage.
14. Reliable after Sales Service by ASB, a company that has been on the
market for more than 40 years and is known for quality and reliability Quality
and the best service have brought us to where we are.
15. The floor meets all required standards for sports floors, including EN 14
904:2006
16. The EN 14 904:2006 standard is the standard required by most
professionals associations.
17. The floor is visually attractive and offers futuristic and professional style.
The floor is stunning!
18. Possibility to carry out sports in the dark with UV illumination and neon
colors.
19. The GlassFloor can be used with roller skates and similar sports
equipment.
20. Sharp/pointed objects cannot harm the floor, as this list the case with PVC
or wooden floors.
21. 95% of the glass floor are recyclable. Due to its durability the floor is a
very sustainable and cost effective investment.
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7.3.3.2.3 Application
Even if the ASB GlassFloor has been primarily designed for sports events, it
can be used for many further fields of application. It can be produced as huge,
homogeneous surface in a wide variety of colors, as the laminated security
glass is produced with a colored PVB foil between the glass layers. The LEDs
in the substructure can be chosen in any color. So the glass floor is suitable
for the use in many different areas, like e.g. event venues. With the ASB
GlassFloor the different functional areas can be elegantly designed. The LED
lines or differently colored glass panels can also be used to indicate escape
ways.
The sprung characteristics can also be used for discotheques, clubs etc.
where the floors elasticity cushions the knees and ankles of the dancers. VJs
will find completely new possibilities in these rooms, by integrating the floor
LEDs under the dancers in their video show.
Reception areas in prestigious buildings can show many different info with the
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respective LED netssuch as pictures and also videos. Logos projected from
underneath, changing artworks, simulation of different floor coverings,
symbols, architectural motifs, accessible artworks in museumsthere are no
limits to any ideas.
Fig.1 Diagram of installing an ASB GlassFloor
7.3.2.3 UrbanTiles
Zero-energy, flexible light displays that project the city of tomorrow as
being an array of buildings with a constantly changing, customizable display
arena, UrbanTiles is a concept created by Israeli industrial designer, Meidad
Marzan, for his graduation project at the Bezalel Academy of Art and Design.
The concept involves the use of a matrix of dual-sided linking tiles that wraps
around the exterior of a building. These reversible tiles would have organic
photovoltaic cells on one side to collect energy during the day, and OLED
(organic light emitting diodes) lighting panels on the other side to emit the
harvested energy at night.
7.3.2.3.1 Technical Data
Urban tiles combines photovoltaic and OLED technology in a unit that serves
to harness solar energy, provide lighting, function as an entertainment screen,
and create exterior light displays.
These are assembled together into rows, creating a kind of technological
system of window blinds. The system offers almost zero net consumption, as
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the light captured by the solar panels are used to power the already low-
energy OLEDs. in a programmable interface that Marzan hopes one day may
be intuitively controlled via touchscreen, an electric motor permits each panel
to be rotated on its axis so that the solar cell may be turned outwards and at
specific angles during the day to harvest energy and/or permit the entry of
natural light.
By night, the OLED screens can be used indoors for lighting, faced outdoors
to create building-scale display patterns, or utilized as a single collective
screen for media playback.
Fig. 1 Technical construction of each UrbanTiles units
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7.3.2.3.2 Application
Fig. 2 Interior Installation as Lighting Fixture Fig. Conceptual installation on
a skyscraper