Edinburgh Book Festival Barrier Design
-
Upload
neil-armstrong -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
1
description
Transcript of Edinburgh Book Festival Barrier Design
Neil Armstrong BDES (Hons) Product Design Yr2
Edinburgh International Book Festival
Crowd Control Barrier
Neil Armstrong
Materials and Structures 2
29th April 2013
(Unknown, 2011c)
Neil Armstrong BDES (Hons) Product Design Yr2
1
Introduction
This design proposal is in response to the request for Tender by the city of Edinburgh
to provide a design for crowd control barriers for the Edinburgh International Book Festival.
All materials, design and construction methods will conform to the British and EN
standards for such things as ergonomics, structural loading, materials, construction, and
finishes.
Ergonomics is defined as the scientific area relating to the understanding of
interactions that occur between a person and other factors of an arrangement (Unknown,
2011b). ISO26800:2011 is the standard that was issued in relation to ergonomics and sets
out to improve a number of design features including safety, reliability and maintainability of
the final design (Unknown, 2011a, Whitfield, 1971). Such considerations as colour, material
type and performance will be dealt with in order to produce a crowd control barrier that is
appealing and useable to the public and is fit for purpose.
Structural loading relates to the stability of a building. All matter, whether man made
or natural, consists of a load bearing structure (Hunt, 2003). Without this structure, objects
would lack the ability to stand freely. The crowd control barrier must therefore consist of a
structure strong enough to stand freely and not be affected by high impact loads such as
crowds.
All construction materials which will be used in the production of the barrier must
conform to the standards imposed by the government. This is to ensure that materials most
suited for the job are selected to ensure a safe and reliable product. Every material will have
a magnitude of stiffness and strength (Hunt, 2003). These characteristics describe the
physical properties of the structure with shape influencing the structure’s performance. The
strength of a material can be defined as the force required to break the material (Hunt,
2003). Strong materials include mild steel or nylon rope and materials such as sheet glass
and rubber can be defined as weak materials. Structural materials will generally exhibit
elastic behaviour as governed by Hooke’s Law. Hooke’s Law states that the removal of a
load on a structure will allow the structure to recover back to its original shape and size.
Materials all have differing levels of stiffness and can be described as being stiff, flexible,
floppy, springy or stretchy. Young’s modulus defines the value of stiffness for a material and
is expressed as the ratio of the materials stress/strain. Another important factor when
dealing with the materials used, is the shape of the design. Shape is important for the
Neil Armstrong BDES (Hons) Product Design Yr2
2
performance of a material, particularly during structural loading (Hunt, 2003).Shape can be
disregarded if the structure is in pure tension but the shape will affect the structure when in
compression, bending or shear. Therefore the shape must be considered. Isotropic
materials, such as steel or aluminium, perform equally when in both tension and
compression modes. Anisotropic materials, such as concrete, provide differing performance
characteristics when in tension and compression.
All barriers need to conform to BS8442:2006 British Standard legislations:
Miscellaneous road traffic signs and devices. Requirements and test methods. Parts of the
regulations are that the barrier must be able to withstand wind speeds of 50km/h, 70km/h &
100km/h (Unknown, 2012).
Background
The Edinburgh International Book Festival was introduced in 1983 and has grown
over the years to become one of the key features of the world famous Edinburgh festival.
Initially the festival was hosted every two years but due to rapid growth and interest, this was
changed to annually in 1997. It is now the largest festival of its kind in the world. Since its
humble beginnings in 1983, the festival has seen events grow from 30 meet the author
events to over 700 events during the festival calendar. Authors from all around the world
attend the event which, along with the International Festival, the Jazz Festival, the Edinburgh
Fringe, the Art Festival, the Film Festival and the Edinburgh Mela, forms what is now widely
regarded as the biggest and best arts festival in the world. Famous writers that have
appeared at the Edinburgh International Book Festival include Ian Rankin, JK Rowling,
Salman Rushdie, Al Gore, Ruth Rendell, Alan Bennet and Harold Pinter. As well as adult
orientated events, the festival also runs events aimed at children which incorporates
workshops, storytelling events, discussions, author events and book signings (Unknown,
2013c).
Neil Armstrong BDES (Hons) Product Design Yr2
3
Mind Mapping
Neil Armstrong BDES (Hons) Product Design Yr2
4
Neil Armstrong BDES (Hons) Product Design Yr2
5
Neil Armstrong BDES (Hons) Product Design Yr2
6
Existing examples of barriers
Fixed Leg Galvanised Steel Barrier
(Depot, 2013)
Neil Armstrong BDES (Hons) Product Design Yr2
7
The fixed leg galvanised barriers are manufactured using a 38.1mm tubular steel
frame and fitted with sixteen 12mm diameter infill bars. Each barrier weighs 10.6kg and is
usually 1100mm x 1270mm in size. The barriers are hot dip galvanised to ensure its
durability and prevent the barriers from rusting. The barriers are usually supplied with the
standard galvanised finish, although can be painted to suit individual customers needs. The
can either be used individually or linked together using hook and eye fixings located at either
end of the frame (Depot, 2013).
Aluminium Barriers
The aluminium barrier illustrated is manufactured from 1.3mm (16 gauge) thickness
6063-T5 Aluminium tubing and features thirteen 22mm² aluminium infill bars. Each barrier
weighs just 8kg and is 2000mm x 1100mm in size. Due to the barriers aluminium structure, it
is corrosion resistant, strong and ductile. The barrier can either be supplied in natural
aluminium or can be powder coated to a customer’s desired colour. The barrier features one
rigid foot and one PA66 nylon bridge foot to increase the barriers stability (Unknown, 2013b).
(Unknown, 2013b)
Neil Armstrong BDES (Hons) Product Design Yr2
8
Plastic Crowd Control Barriers
The plastic crowd control barrier is manufactured by blow moulding high density
polyethylene (HDPE). HDPE has a high strength to weight ratio and is capable of
withstanding high temperatures in comparison to other plastics. It is also a hard plastic,
which makes it ideal for barrier systems. This style of barrier comes in three sizes: 1000mm
x 1000mm (weighing 9.75kg), 1250mm x 1000mm (weighing 10.5kg) and 2000mm x
1000mm (weighing 14kg). Due to its blow moulded HDPE manufacture, there is no need for
welding, rivets or screws (Unknown, 2013b).
(Unknown, 2013b)
Neil Armstrong BDES (Hons) Product Design Yr2
9
Materials
Materials research is fundamental in a design project (Harper, 2001). Without the
knowledge of the materials the designer cannot predict the behaviour or longevity of the
product through the manufacturing process or general everyday use. Table 1 looks at the
potential materials that can be used within this design project. It details the material
properties and any further comments related to the end design.
Table 1 Materials Research Information
MATERIAL PROPERTIES CONSIDERATION IN THE
DESIGN
High density polyethylene (HDPE)
HDPE can be easily rotationally
moulded and any leftover material
can be recycled. It is sustainable
and cost effective and has a high
surface and tensile strength1.
This plastic is very appealing for the
intended design of the crowd
control barrier. The relative light
weight and ease of modelling would
make it ideal for the design.
Aluminium
Aluminium is a soft, ductile and
malleable material, which can be
easily shaped and moulded2.
The relatively low price and ease of
use of aluminium makes it a
promising addition to my design.
Mild Steel
Mild steel, or carbon steel, is a high
tensile, tough material that provides
great strength to a design3.
Mild steel would add unnecessary
weight to the otherwise lightweight
design. The corrosive nature of the
metal is also a disadvantage.
Acrylic
Acrylic can be produced in a variety
of shapes and colours and is easy
to machine. It is lightweight, durable
and easy to maintain4.
Acrylic does not come without its
disadvantages. These include
toxicity through manufacture,
discolouration of the final product
and the lack of recyclable elements.
This means acrylic will not feature
in my final design.
1.(Solidworks, 2013) 2. (Azom, 2002) 3. (Scott, 2013) 4. (Smith, 2012)
Neil Armstrong BDES (Hons) Product Design Yr2
10
Ergonomics
Ergonomics are vitally important when looking to design a product. Ergonomics deals
with how people relate to their environment. A designer must ensure that the product they
are designing is fit for the person it is intended for. Factors such as comfort, colour, shape
and safety, along with many others, must be considered in the final design.
In this project, the product being designed is a crowd control barrier. Therefore, the
most important ergonomic factors that must be kept in mind is safety and performance. It
has been recorded that for optimal performance, the standard height of a barrier is 43 inches
(Unknown, 2013a).
Design Control
A designer can control design changes by completion of a product change request
form. The product design change request form (Figure 1) can be used to detail the reason
for any changes, when they were approved and by whom.
The product change request form needs to:
Identify which product design needs to be changed
State the nature of the change required
Identify what the requirements are for change, as well as the drawings, specifications
or other design documents affected by the changes
State the reason for the changes in design
Provide the results of any product evaluation.
Provide details on who approved the changes and on what date
These changes are to be made under ISO 9001:2008 standards (Part of ISO 9000 which
relates to quality management systems) under the documentation procedure “Control of
records” (Hoyle, 2009).
Neil Armstrong BDES (Hons) Product Design Yr2
11
Product Change Notification
#:_______
Product: Version: Revision:
Description of change:
Reasons:
Reference:
Originator: Date: Required date:
Type of change
Engineering Manufacturing
Software Alternative or replacement part
Firmware Improve manufacturability
Hardware (Electronics Design) Vendor or supplier request
Hardware (PCB) Cost savings: _____/unit (If applicable)
Hardware (Plastics or enclosure) Eco#:____________
Documentation
Correction Enhancement
Product Changes Attached Spec Initials Spec/Rev #
Was
Is
Sign Off Signature Date See attached doc
R&D New Spec
DOCUMENTATION Cutsheet Manual
TESTING Test Report #
TRAINING ABC Acme Manufa Sales
QUALITY MANAGER
MANUFACTURING Next production run
Scrap existing inventory
Rework work in progress
Revision history
Original PCN # for this product ________________
Past PCN # for this product
Approval
Comments:
Final release version: Final release approval Date:
Figure 1 Product Change Request Form
Neil Armstrong BDES (Hons) Product Design Yr2
12
Initial Design Ideas
Neil Armstrong BDES (Hons) Product Design Yr2
13
Neil Armstrong BDES (Hons) Product Design Yr2
14
Design Development Sketches
Neil Armstrong BDES (Hons) Product Design Yr2
15
Forces
There are a number of forces which could affect the barrier.
1. Bending Force = A combination of tension force acting on one side of an object and
compression force acting on the other side.
2. Compression Force = A force which compacts an object from both sides.
3. Tension Force = A force which pulls or stretches an object from both sides.
4. Torsion = A force which twists an object by use of lateral force to turn one side of an
object.
5. Shear Force = Two equal forces that are pushing an object on two opposite sides
along two distinct lines.
Neil Armstrong BDES (Hons) Product Design Yr2
16
Final Design Proposal
The final design consists of two hollowed out rotationally moulded high density
polyethylene (HDPE) supports at either end of the barrier, shaped as books. The spine of
the book shape features a hook or eye attachment, which is moulded during the
manufacturing process in order for the barriers to be linked together if required. The centre
of each side support features a chamber which can be filled with water sand via a screw cap.
This can be a lockable feature to prevent contamination or vandalism. Once filled with water
or sand, the barrier will have sufficient ballast and will be able to withstand high winds or
excessive force. Once the client has finished with the barrier, there is a second screw cap,
which again can be supplied as lockable, located in the bottom of the book shape. This
enables the water to be drained effectively from the chambers.
The middle section of the barrier consists of four moulded high density polyethylene
(HDPE) bars of two designs, a cross section of each can be seen in the diagram below:
These are slotted into 25mm deep cut outs moulded into each end support. A raised
bump on the top of the bars will fit into a shallow chamber in the top of the cut outs to
prevent the bars from coming apart easily when in use. Once the client has finished with the
barrier, it will be easy to remove the bars.
Neil Armstrong BDES (Hons) Product Design Yr2
17
The last section of the barrier features three sustainably sourced recycled aluminium
sheets which slide between the bars and are used to advertise the event with either the
companies name or logo etched into the aluminium. These panels also provide extra ballast.
The overall design has utilised materials that are low cost but highly durable. The
materials all have the structural ability to overcome environmental conditions that they may
be subject to. The colours and design have been chosen to appeal to all ages and the large
book design makes the festival area easy to identify. The actual barrier is of a height that is
easily workable to prevent backache and injury and the over components of the barrier can
be put together easily. Overall, the crowd control barrier is both ergonomic and cost effective
and can provide a more appealing alternative to conventional crowd control measurements.
Neil Armstrong BDES (Hons) Product Design Yr2
18
Neil Armstrong BDES (Hons) Product Design Yr2
19
Neil Armstrong BDES (Hons) Product Design Yr2
20
Neil Armstrong BDES (Hons) Product Design Yr2
21
Neil Armstrong BDES (Hons) Product Design Yr2
22
Neil Armstrong BDES (Hons) Product Design Yr2
23
Neil Armstrong BDES (Hons) Product Design Yr2
24
Neil Armstrong BDES (Hons) Product Design Yr2
25
Neil Armstrong BDES (Hons) Product Design Yr2
26
Design Review
Our company was approached by the organisers of the Edinburgh International Book
Festival to design and produce a crowd control barrier that was safe and functional, as well
as a design that was in keeping with the surrounding festival theme. The arrangements of
features and dimensions of the crowd control barrier design responds clearly to the
requirements set out by the organiser of the Edinburgh International Book Festival.
The design elements that feature in the crowd control barrier include:
Two ends, designed to imitate books, act as weights and supports to the barrier.
The bars and sheet parts prevent people from queue jumping and control the crown
effectively.
The clips enable other products and barriers to be attached to the original placed
barrier.
All elements conform to the standards set out and provide safe and efficient control
of large crowds.
Failure can occur within the product if the barrier is used without any ballast. The
crowd control barrier is designed to be filled with either water or sand in order to provide
weight and prevent collapse.
All materials selected for the design project, namely aluminium and HDPE, are
suitable for the crowd control barriers. Both materials are durable, fit for purpose and will
provide enough strength to withstand the forces and loads exerted on the barriers
throughout their usage. The manufacturing process, rotational moulding, provides a low cost,
low wastage and highly efficient process of making the barriers. The moulds are simpler in
design than other processes and can allow for multiple colours to be added to the final
design. Assembly of the final product is completed by the user which will allow easier
storage and use.
Neil Armstrong BDES (Hons) Product Design Yr2
27
Company Policy
It is our company’s policy to use sustainable products wherever possible, using
locally sourced materials and production services in order to reduce our carbon footprint and
make products that are cheaper for our customers. We follow stringent safe practices in
order to protect the environment. We pride ourselves on being an ethical company,
supporting local businesses and giving our workforce a friendly, safe environment to work in.
We make our customers and employees need our number one priority each and every time.
We strive to produce the highest quality products at the lowest possible price which enables
our clients to get the maximum life cycle from our products. We as a company, adhere to all
safety standards when it comes to our products and our barriers conform to BS8442:2006
British Standard legislations.
Neil Armstrong BDES (Hons) Product Design Yr2
28
REFERENCES
Azom (2002). Aluminium - Advantages and Properties of Aluminium [ONLINE]. Available at:
http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1446 [Accessed 24th February 2013].
Depot, T. W. (2013). Fixed Leg Crowd Control Barrier [ONLINE]. Available at:
http://www.theworkplacedepot.co.uk/fixed-crowd-control-barrier [Accessed 27 April
2013].
Harper, C. A. (2001) Handbook of materials for product design. McGraw-Hill.
Hoyle, D. (2009) ISO 9000 Quality Systems Handbook. 6th ed. Oxford: Elsevier.
Hunt, T. (2003) Tony Hunt's Structures Notebook. 2nd ed. Oxford: Elsevier.
Scott, D. (2013). Mechanical Properties of Mild Steel [ONLINE]. Available at:
http://www.ehow.co.uk/list_6618717_mechanical-properties-mild-steel.html
[Accessed 24th February 2013].
Smith, J. (2012). What Are Some of the Properties of Acrylic Plastic? [ONLINE]. Available at:
http://www.ehow.com/list_7437054_properties-acrylic-plastic_.html [Accessed 24th
February 2013].
Solidworks 2013. PE High Density Material Properties.
Unknown (2011a). Ergonomics - General approach, principles and concepts [ONLINE].
Available at: http://www.iso.org/iso/ [Accessed 15th February 2013].
Unknown (2011b). Human factors briefing note no.8 - Ergonomics [ONLINE]. Available at:
http://www.energyinstpubs.org.uk/ [Accessed 15th February 2013].
Unknown (2011c). Profile Books [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.profilebooks.com/
[Accessed 27 April 2013].
Unknown (2012). Self Righting Bollards - BS 8442 explained [ONLINE]. Available at:
http://www.leafieldhighway.com/ [Accessed 27 April 2013].
Unknown (2013a). Barriers That Help With Crowd Control [ONLINE]. Available at:
http://www.crowdcontroldirect.com/crowd-control-barriers-a/312.htm [Accessed 27
April 2013].
Unknown (2013b). Crowd Control Barrier [ONLINE]. Available at:
http://hongmen88.en.made-in-china.com/ [Accessed 27 April 2013].
Unknown (2013c). Edinburgh International Book Festival [ONLINE]. Available at:
https://www.edbookfest.co.uk/ [Accessed 27 April 2013].
Whitfield, D. (1971) 'British standards and ergonomics', Applied Ergonomics, 2 (4), 236-242.