Edge Protection Federation Code of Practice 2014 - epf … · We have taken the step of revising...

Edge Protection FederationCode of Practice 2014

Issue no. 2


A Guide to the Selection and Use of Temporary Edge Protection Systems

Edge Protection Federation members at the time of publishing:

Access Knowledge & Training LtdBrand Energy & Infrastructure Services LtdC.J.O’Shea (Plant Hire) LtdCombisafe International Ltdeasi-edge LtdHeyrod Construction LtdIschebeck Titan LtdKGUARD LtdMKE Services LtdRapid EPS LtdSafe Edge LtdSeverfield Plc

Our thanks also to the Construction Industry Training Board and the Health and Safety Executive for their valued contributions.

This Code of Practice has been produced to provide helpful advice andinformation to those concerned with edge protection during constructionoperations, but should not be used as a substitute for supplier guidance or legal advice. It remains the responsibility of the user to carry out riskassessments and follow safe procedures.The Edge Protection Federationaccepts no liability in relation to any use or reliance made of anyinformation in this publication.

www.epf-uk.org


Contents:

1.0 Introduction 03

2.0 Design and Client Issues 04

3.0 Scope 05

4.0 Definitions 07

5.0 BS EN 13374: The Standard for Temporary Edge Protection Systems 09

6.0 Typical Product Types 12

7.0 Design 13

8.0 Edge Protection Systems and product types 14

8.1 Mesh Barrier Systems 148.2 Edge Protection for Industrial Steel Frame Buildings 168.3 Extended Height Containment 198.4 Compression / Friction Posts 208.5 Staircase Edge Protection 228.6 Excavation Protection 238.7 Free Standing Systems 238.8 Tubular Guardrail Solutions 258.9 Edge Protection Methods for Steel Frames 278.10 Edge Protection Methods for Timber Frames 288.11 Falls from Vehicles 28

9.0 Climbing Screen Protection systems 30

10.0 Net Barrier Systems 32

11.0 Installation Guidance: 3311.1 Safe System of Work 3311.2 Typical Method Statement Issues 3411.3 Concrete Frame 3611.4 Steel Frame including Mobile Elevating Work Platforms (MEWPs) 4111.5 Free Standing Systems 4511.6 Mobile Anchors 4511.7 Tubular Guardrails 46

12.0 Safety Requirements 48

13.0 Hierarchy of Hazard Management 49

We have taken the step of revising the EPF Code of Practice due to the needto reflect even more developments in our industry since our first wellreceived publication.

Edge Protection Systems are still a relatively new aspect of the Work atHeight industry, yet we are still undergoing relatively fast changes in themethods and products employed. This 2014 version of the EPF CoP includes the very latest changes.

The EPF are consulted by contractors onedge protection solutions proposed bysuppliers, and whilst we welcome suchapproaches, they often leave us concernedat some of the questionable methods beingoffered into the market.

All of the many different system types nowavailable should still meet the one commonstandard - BSEN 13374: 2013 (referred tosimply as BS EN 13374 from hereon in).

BackgroundTemporary edge protection is used inconstruction work, primarily to preventpersons and objects from falling to a lowerlevel from working surfaces (sloped or flat).

In the UK the Work at Height Regulations2005 govern the requirements forprevention of falls and the hierarchy forsolution selection. These Regulationsrequire the selection of collective passivemeasures such as edge protection inpreference to personal measures such asPersonal Fall Protection Equipment.

Classes specified within the EuropeanStandard BS EN 13374 are used throughoutthis guidance and reference should bemade to this standard. They are intended tocater for the varied requirementsappropriate for different uses

Leading Suppliers This guidance has been written by theleading suppliers and contractors within theindustry, working together within the EPF,and is intended to provide guidance on theuse of the various alternative product typesthat provide safe edge protection in a largenumber of different applications.

It is important to recognise that edgeprotection performance is dependent onthe structure to which it is attached, themethod of attachment and consideration ofthe loads and forces that need to be takeninto account.

Importantly, this guidance also advises onthe aspects to be considered whenselecting the safest method of installationof these products

03

1 Introduction

Traditionally, edge protection would havealways been by means of tubularscaffolding and, therefore, usually installedby scaffolders. It has now become morecommon for purpose-designed edgeprotection systems to be used on manysites, for which more specific training isessential. Tubular guardrails, of varyingmaterials and designs may also increasinglybe installed by non-scaffolders.

It is important that clients seek evidence ofappropriate training and qualifications forwhat is clearly one of the more hazardousconstruction related tasks.

The EPF training programme, whichincorporates each of the mainproprietary suppliers’ products, is anideal way of providing such evidence.

The EPF course is primarily for installersand is linked with a product specific moduleof the main proprietary systems used. Onits own it would not be sufficient to installedge protection.

Within the Work at Height Regulationsthere are clearly stated requirements toconsider working at height issues so as tominimise the risk of a fall from height ofpersons and materials (and theirconsequences) from the very inception of aproject, and to properly plan and organisework of this nature. However, on a dailybasis, risks are faced which would begreatly reduced if the requirements fromthe Regulations were followed.

There is an urgent need for designersand contractors to consider the problemsposed by a myriad of designs, withinsufficient consideration for access andtemporary edge protection either prior orsubsequent to the building construction.This is a requirement under Regulation11 of the Construction (Design andManagement) Regulations 2007.

Examples of this include steel framedindustrial buildings with steel columncentres set at 8m and 9m centres, with nointermediate structural supports for edgeprotection, as many lack rigidity or aremade of cold rolled section. Compliancewith BS EN 13374 has become verydifficult due to the lack of rigid fixing points.

Installation on steel framed buildings isincreasingly required to be installed bytelescopic boom, to avoid working atheight, yet the ground driving conditions areoften extremely hazardous at critical timesfor access as pouring the ground slab is alater priority, and there are many materialsobstructions inhibiting the path of MEWPs.

When the guardrail systems are safelybolted or clamped for the duration of theproject, the industry is now faced with theincreasing problem of component removalonce all the cladding elements are in place.The elements are effectively trapped unlessremoved from lower floor levels by a varietyof movable access platforms. The originalinstallation may well have reduced the riskof working at height, but the removalstages could present fresh risks.

These and other issues are highlighted inorder to appeal to the industry to assist thesuppliers of edge protection systems toreduce the risks of working at height throughbetter organisation, design and planning.

04

2 Design and Client Issues

Within this Code of Practice there are a large number of application solutions,with varying products, but a common approach to safety standards.However, it is found that many of these systems can be compromised bycircumstances found on sites on a daily basis.

06

This guidance covers existing best practice for design, selection, safeinstallation, dismantling, inspection and maintenance of temporary edgeprotection systems used in both concrete steel and structural timberconstruction, as well as in many building, and civil engineering applications.This will include potential falls from working areas, e.g. slabs, roofs, liftshafts, pits or voids, plus staircases and similar parts of building structures.

3 Scope

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Requirements for scaffold platforms are notcovered in this Code of Practice andreference in this area should be made toBSEN 12811: Temporary Works Equipment.Some edge protection with scaffoldingcomponents are covered in SG27: 09:Temporary Edge Protection on OpenSteelwork, produced by the NationalAccess & Scaffolding Confederation, butthis will not cover all applications –thosewill be catered for through supplieradaptations and proprietary products whichinclude tube and fittings.

This guidance specifically excludes edge protection to surfaces intended toprotect against:

• impact by plant, falling objects or vehicles

• falls into personnel protection fans

• containment of bulk loose material(including snow)

• access by the general public and theirprotection from falling

Operatives working without an edge protection system designed to BS EN 13374

06

Typical Edge Protection Systems designed to BS EN 13374

4 Definitions

07

Anchor sleeve:component of drilled anchor system whichis inserted into concrete and expanded tosupport heavy duty loads

Beam Bracket:System socket components on formworkbeams which support posts of edgeprotection systems

Bolted Frame Connection:component bolted into steel framework ofbuilding, either prior to construction, orassembled after initial construction

Cantilever:a projecting structure, such as a beam, thatis supported at one end

Clamps:system components for the fixing ofhandrails and guardrails which are clamped horizontally or vertically tostructural members

Climbing Screen Systems:large panel systems, typically for multi-storeyapplications that give protection for severalstoreys at once and are lifted in situ bycrane or by hydraulic methods

Concrete frame: building framework constructed primarily ofin-situ poured concrete

Containment Systems:also known as Extended Height or FullHeight Protection Systems, that go beyondthe minimum standard of BS EN 13374height and containment specifications

Core Protection Products: systems or components that are designedspecifically for lift shaft and core apertures

Counterweighted Systems: system components which are not fixed or clamped, but rely on ballast/counterweights for stability

Debris Containment:a system designed to prevent debris fromfalling from the working area

Dynamic Loads: suddenly applied impact or dynamic loads

Exclusion Zones: area where access is prevented due tohazardous activity within or above thezoned area

Extended Height: barrier heights greater than the standard of1.0m, but not necessarily full height

Falsework:a temporary structure used to support apermanent structure, or the concreteformwork, until it is self-supporting

Formwork:the section of temporary works that gives the required shape and support topoured concrete

Free Standing Systems:systems which are not fixed or clamped

Friction / Compression Posts:a system that is not anchored or bolted, but relies on friction or compression fixings between the floor and soffit

Full Height Protection:edge protection installed to fill the entiregap between floor and soffit

Leading Edge:edges or open edges of buildings /structures where potential fall risks exist

Mesh Barriers:system protective barriers with mesh infill

Metal Decking:profiled steel permanent formworkconstructed prior to concrete pouring

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MEWP’s:Mobile Elevated Work Platforms telescopicbooms and scissors lifts

Mobile Anchor: deadweight / counterweight anchorsmanufactured to BS EN 795: 2012:Personal Fall Protection Equipment; AnchorDevices; Class E, for the attachment ofpersonal fall protection equipment

Nets:safety nets compliant to BS EN 1263-1-Safety Nets- safety requirements and test methods

PFPE: Personal Fall Protection Equipment such as full body harnesses, lanyards, energyabsorbers etc.

Posts:principal vertical supports of edgeprotection systems to which guardrails,mesh barriers and toeboards may be attached

Slab Edge:concrete floor edges

Socket Bases:system base components which aretypically anchored into concrete slab

Staircase Systems:edge protection systems designed andinstalled using standard or variations ofedge protection components on staircases of various materials

Static Loads: gradually applied horizontal and verticalloads without any impact force

Steel frame: building constructed primarily of a steel framework

System Classifications: edge protection Classes as defined withinBS EN 13374: 2013

Timber Frame/ Structural Timber Frame System: Edge protection components designed to suit timber frame applications

Toeboard: solid horizontal barrier provided level withthe working surface specifically to preventthe fall of materials or people

Tubular Handrails: guardrails constructed from tube and fittingcomponents, and proprietary systems thatinclude other types of guardrails.

Since its original publication in 2003, this Standard for edge protection has ledto the introduction of a significant number of purpose-designed systems forimproving edge protection safety.

The Standard was the result of many years of work by specialists from severalEuropean countries, including the UK. It has recently been reviewed, 10 yearssince its inception, and the changes are featured in the following pages.

FallingHeight

CLASS C

CLASS B

60˚

45˚

30˚

10˚

2m

5m

Roofinclination

CLASS A

5 BS EN 13374: 2013 Temporary Edge Protection Systems. The Standard for Temporary Edge Protection Systems.

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5.1 Edge ProtectionClassifications within BS EN 13374: 2013

Edge Protection systems are selectedprimarily based on the gradient of thesurface for which they are to provideprotection. The performance requirementsfor the various Classes are detailed withinthe Standard BS EN 13374 thus:

Class AProvides protection to flat surfaces andslopes generally up to 10º. It providesresistance to static loads and is based on the requirements to support a personleaning against, walking beside, andpossibly stumbling against the edge protection.

Class BProvides protection to flat surfaces andslopes generally up to 30º, and to evensteeper slopes with short slope lengths. It provides resistance to both static and low dynamic loads and is based on therequirements to support a person leaningagainst, walking beside, possibly stumblingagainst, and sliding down a sloping surfacetowards the edge protection.

Class CProvides protection to steeply slopingsurfaces generally up to 45º, and up to 60ºfor 5m slopes. It provides resistance to highdynamic loads only and is based on therequirements to contain a person slidingdown a steeply sloping surface.

Edge Protection Classifications within BS EN 13374: 2013

The above graph indicates the normalexpected application range for the differentclasses of edge protection. It appears in aninformative annex to BS EN 13374: 2013and as such, compliance with the graph is not a requirement of the standard. There is therefore a degree of freedom leftto select classes and systems for moreshallow slopes than those indicated withinthe graph, where the specific hazardidentification and risk assessment mightsuggest the use of a Class with a steepergradient capacity.

Further clarification of the detailedclassification requirements can be foundwithin the Standard, BS EN 13374: 2013.

FT1

FD

FD

FD

FT1

FH1

FH2 FT2

0.2 kN

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5.2 Loading Requirementsfor Class A Systems fromBS EN 13374: 2013

Extracts from BS EN 13374:

FD = 1,25kNFT1 = 0,3kN (maximum deflection 55mm)FT2 = 0,2kN (maximum deflection 55mm)FH1 = 03kNFH2 = 03kN

Loads perpendicular, horizontal andvertical, to the system

FD Load FD shall act downwards within anangle of +/- 100 to the face of the edgeprotection system, anywhere along thetop edge of the guardrails and toeboards.

FT1 Force applied to meet deflectionrequirement (applied to guardrails and posts perpendicular to the edgeprotection system in the outwarddirection and downwards parallel to the edge protection system)

FT2 Force applied to meet deflectionrequirements (applied to toeboards)

FH1 Ultimate Limit State point load forceapplied to meet strength requirements,and shall act perpendicular to the edgeprotection system in the outward direction

FH2 Ultimate Limit State point load forceapplied to toeboard

Loads parallel to the guardrail

The edge protection system and any of itscomponents, except the toeboard, shall be able to withstand a horizontal load of 0,2 kN in its worst position.

5.3 Revisions to BSEN 13374: 2013

We highlight below some of the morenotable changes in the revision of BS EN13374, which was published in 2013.

The most significant of these is shown inSection 5.1.1, which refers to therequirement for all components to bedesigned to avoid accidental removal of anycomponent in any direction during use asextracted below:


Dimensional height and spacing of edge protection components

5.1.1 Basic requirements

An edge protection system shall consist of a principal guardrail and either anintermediate guardrail or an intermediateprotection. It shall also be possible to attach a toeboard. All components in thesystem shall be designed to avoidaccidental removal or displacement ofany component in any direction during use” (BS EN 13374: 2013)

This paragraph is capable of interpretationin different ways, but in our view it mayquestion the current common practice ofcasting a sleeve (plastic / steel) into theconcrete slab and subsequently inserting avertical tube as the main guardrail post.

As this method, unlike most of theproprietary systems, has no specific locking method to prevent uplift of thePost, it may be considered to be vulnerable to such accidental uplift.Therefore, re-consideration of such designs may be required.

A specific maximum gap of 120mm in theguardrail has also been introduced for thefirst time. This refers to the horizontal gapsbetween post / panels longitudinally and the extract from BS EN 13374: 2013 is tothe left.

5.1.3 Principal guardrail

The distance between the uppermost partof the principal guardrail and the workingsurface shall be at least 1000mm measured perpendicular to the working surface…The principal guardrails shall be continuousand any gaps shall be less than 120mm”(BS EN 13374: 2013)

The application of Limit State designmethods may also require alternativecalculation assessments of some existingsystems, although it is not expected toresult in any change in the performance of those products.

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5 BS EN 13374: The Standard for Temporary Edge Protection Systems (Cont)

250 120

470

1000 1000

150

470

150

Dimensions in millimetres

There are several different types, which canbe classified as follows:

• mesh Barrier Systems• net Barrier Systems• flat Roofing Counterweighted Systems• climbing Screen Systems• tubular Guardrail Solutions.

More information on these types is shownin Section 8.0.

The fixing methods for the types of edge protection will vary dependent on the application:

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6 Typical Product Types

With the publication of BS EN 13374 a number of new products and methodswere introduced, and innovation continues to be a feature of the industry.

APPLICATIONS CLASSA

CLASSB

CLASSC FIXING METHOD

Bridge decks Drilled Socket / clamped

Concrete frames

Steel framesBolted / clamped

Formwork decks Clamped

SpecialTimber frame

Stairways Bolted / clamped / inserted

Flat roofs(up to 10°) Counterweighted / bolted

Sloping surfaces(up to 30°)

Steeply sloping

Bolted / clamped

Bolted / clampedsurfaces (over 30°)

Drilled Socket / clamped

Compression / friction posts

Compression / friction posts

Class A systemsFor flat and sloping surfaces up to 10º Must resist a horizontal force of 0.3kNanywhere on the top of the Guardrailarrangement, whilst maintaining elasticdeflection within 55mm. They must alsoaccept a vertical force of 1.25kN applied asan accidental loading. Type A systems maytake their support from clamping, drilledanchors, counterweighted methods, or compression (friction) posts.

Class B systemsGenerally for sloping surfaces up to 30º.Must resist the same static loadingrequirements for Class A, and additionallymust pass a low dynamic test using aswing bag. This test applies horizontalimpact energy of 0.5kJ to the top rail and1.1kJ to the lower areas.

Class C systemsFor more steeply sloping applications andare required to only resist a high dynamictest using a rolling cylinder. This test appliesimpact energy of 2.2kJ to the system. The prime consideration is to prevent theperson falling, irrespective of the initialdamage sustained by the barrier system.


Table 1 - overview of design requirements

7.1 Environmental Factors

WindThe normal wind velocity pressure withinBS EN 13374 is 0.6N/m2, which coversmost wind conditions in Europe. However,each application should be considered onits own merits and advice should be soughtfrom the supplier on the appropriate factorto apply. Variations will include the physicallocation, the height of the structure and theduration that the edge protection will stay in place.

BS EN 13374 assumes a wind velocitybased on 40m height.

SnowThe effects of snow on certain edgeprotection products should be consideredas potentially adding both static anddynamic loadings. Where there is a build-upof snow, the use of barriers or Class Cnetting may capture a large drift of snow ifin an exposed location. The impact of highwinds on such applications, particularlywhere it is an inclined application, mayimpose unexpected forces which should beidentified as a potential design issue alongwith the wind.

In addition, there is a general warning aboutavoiding working on surfaces that maybecome icy, as there is risk of slips andfalls, plus the more worrying effect of asudden impact onto the protection in theevent of a loss of footing.

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7 Design

CLASSTYPE OF LOAD

Static Load Dynamic Load

Class A

Class B

Class C

X - -

X X

X- -

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8 Edge Protection Systems and Product Types

Never, in any circumstances, mix the components of different manufacturers,as they may have varying specifications and dimensions, and could result inunsafe conditions. The resultant configuration may not be acknowledged forresponsibility by any individual supplier and such installations may not complywith BSEN 13374.

8.1 Mesh Barrier Systems(Classes A & B)

Mesh barrier edge protection systems arefall prevention systems that offer a highlevel of protection through a full mesh-infilled guardrail and a performance-testeddesign to BS EN 13374. The mesh infill istypically heavy-duty mesh, and thereforesuperior to similar products previously usedjust for materials retention. Toeboards aretypically integral to each Panel.

Mesh Barrier assembly

Applications & SurfacesThese types of systems are suitable for useon a wide variety of applications, as thereare accessories for fixing to concrete slabs,upstand beams, steel girders, vertical walls,staircases, formwork beams and to manyother surfaces including timber. In additionthese systems are also used for sitepedestrian segregation. In many cases the fixing component is specific for thepurpose, however the Mesh Barriers andPosts tend to be used more generally.

Flat Concrete Slabs: Components • Mesh Barriers• Vertical Posts • Socket Bases• Clamps (to slabs, upstands, etc)• Beam Brackets.

Typical mesh barrier components for concrete slabs

Range of Adjustment: Slab ClampClamping components will generally adjust within a range of 100 to 600mm, but sizes beyond this may be available for special requirements. Steel joist/ girderclamping components may operate within a smaller range as these arecantilevered applications, and thereforemay have to sustain more onerous forces.Clamping components may be capable of being used both horizontally andvertically, (slabs and upstands) with minor adjustments.

Mesh Barrier

Post

Socket base

Slab clamp Beam clamp

Formworkbeam

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Safety post

Safety barrier

System clamped to slab edge

Safety postSafety barrier

Profile ofpermanentbarrier

System clamped to concrete upstand

Safety post

Safety postSocket

Distance subject to manufacturers recommendations

Safety barrier

8 Edge Protection Systems and Product Types (Cont)

Slab Camp arrangement

Upstand Beam Slab Clamparrangement

Anchor Loadings: Socket Bases Typical socket base situations may impose atensile load on the anchor of approximately6kN, and a shear load of at least 0.3kN for a1m long post. For longer post applications,the supplier will provide information andguidance. It is extremely important thatanchors are selected, positioned and set,strictly in accordance with themanufacturer’s instructions.

Components from different suppliers/manufacturers should not be mixed (seesection 8.0) as they may not be compatibleand may be of differing specifications.

Socket Base assembly

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8.2 Edge Protection for Industrial Steel Frame Buildings

Edge protection for steel frame buildings has usually been problematical for theinstallation task, as there is no flat concreteslab to work from until the flooring has beenlaid. It is important that protection is in placeat the earliest stage. Equipment is availablewhich can be clamped, bolted or welded to the horizontal steelwork. The fixing ofthese components can be done beforehandon structural elements prior to installation or by the use of a suitable MEWP to avoid operatives working in more exposed conditions.

Installation and Removal by MEWPIncreasingly, installation in conjunction with MEWPs has become more favoured,although new safety procedures andtechniques need to become established.The removal of the installed components at a later stage is also a matter that requiresclose attention to avoid other access risksfrom working at height during the internalfit-out stage.

Installation by Trained OperativesThe installation of tubular type equipmentfor industrial steel frame applications has inthe past been the province of scaffolders,but there are now methods combined withnetting, hybrid combinations of varyingtubular members and proprietarycomponents. These may often now beinstalled by trained operatives who are notscaffolders, so clients do need to reassurethemselves that a suitable training processhas been undertaken.

Structural IntegrityEdge protection on steel framed industrialbuildings often relies on the verticalcolumns for its support, and these have inrecent years become more and more widelyspaced as the design of the other elementshave been optimised. The othercomponents of the building may lack thestructural integrity to support the forcesarising from BS EN 13374.

In considering the building structure, it islikely that hot rolled sections will havesufficient strength but cold rolled sectionsshould be carefully considered. Where otherbuilding components are employed e.g.purlins, it is important to determine thattheir strength and deflection characteristicswill enable the guardrail components tocomply with BS EN 13374.

Over spans of 7, 8 or even 9 metres, it may be difficult to meet the deflectionrequirements of Class A systems withoutspecially designed building or productsolutions, due to the lack of adequatestrength of structural members. This may be a matter for the permanentworks designer to consider under the CDM Regulations.

Tube and fitting components combined with aluminium scaffold beams and netting which are regularly used over theselonger spans may not at times meet therequirements of BS EN 13374, andfurthermore may not provide a reasonablelevel of guardrail rigidity in order to protectand give reassurance to the users. These should be the subject of designassessments, calculations and / or testing.

Steel scaffold tube and aluminium trussedscaffold beams will have different propertiesand should be considered separately for BSEN 13374 compliance.


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It is important to be aware that Class B alsohas to meet the Class A (eg ‘Flat’ ) staticload requirements of the Standard, andspecific test or calculation evidence may beappropriate.

Class B solutions apply to applications up to30 degrees of inclination. Such systemsmust meet Class A fall protectionrequirements e.g. 55mm deflection Thehierarchy requirements of the WAHRegulations must be remembered, and fallprotection should take precedence over fallarrest methods.

FASET (Fall Arrest Safety EquipmentTraining) have made the following statementabout the attachment of safety nets toaluminium beam guardrails, as on theirwebsite it states:

“Safety nets must never be attached to handrails unless they have been designed to take aminimum 6kN load at 45 degrees to the vertical.”

Examples of poor practice

The guardrail above has been joined in apoor manner, which could result in aweakness and movement which would not comply with the BS EN 13374.

The guardrail above is on a Class Aapplication, and safety netting will notmeet the static loading requirements of BS EN 13374. The Work at HeightRegulations also require a maximum gap of 470mm between guardrails, which this would fail to comply with.

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Typical Examples of Steel Frame Edge Protection

Connecting to vertical steel columns

Clamping to horizontal beams

Purlin clamps

Bolting to horizontal beams


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8.3 Extended HeightContainment

The term ‘Containment’ refers to thecontaining of both persons and materials fromfalling out of the leading edge. This does notinclude Climbing Screen Systems. Clientsneed to clearly state their requirements,which may be beyond BS EN 13374, andmay sometimes be more difficult to achieveexcept as a specially designed solution.

These applications are now covered beyondBS EN 13374 by the EPF document which isbased on earlier Combisafe design guidancetitled “Containment Systems for ExtendedHeight Edge Protection”.

Such configurations or systems will typicallyfill the edge protection space including andabove 1.0m, at varying heights up to thesoffit. These arrangements are differentfrom standard BS EN 13374 installations due to the increased forces (mainly windloadings) that result.

A variety of different mesh apertures or theuse of debris netting may be applied to theseapplications, which require carefulengineering assessment. The use of solidmonarflex sheeting should be treated withparticular caution, as these will imposesignificant wind loadings and should only beused if a competent Temporary WorksDesigner or equivalent has approved of theinstallation of such materials.

The securing of these applications will varyfrom product to product, and include baseanchors, soffit anchors, and friction /compression posts. Special panels have been developed in some cases to ease the increased manual handling risks and risks arising from higher wind loadings.

ApplicationsThe typical applications encountered will be where there is an increased hazardaffecting pedestrian traffic, for high rise /multi-storey buildings, and generally where a safety policy applies to a client /contractor / project.

LoadingsThe loading capability of the specificinstallation should be determined byconsultation with the Supplier.

Design IssuesIn the EPF guidance document‘Containment Systems for Extended HeightEdge Protection’ it is proposed that the areabetween floor and soffit should be definedas three different areas that can be coveredwith different types of containmentsystems. These are:• from floor to minimum 1m above floor• from 1m to 2m above floor, assuming that

personnel remain standing on the floor• from 2m to soffit. This area is normally

only covered when work has to be done tocolumns or work on the soffit.

In addition, containment porosity may varywith each application, and may be defined bythe size of a theoretical sphere that would beretained. The degree of porosity can rangefrom as little as 5mm up to 250mm in size.

The performance expectation of thecontainment system should be based on theassessment of the likelihood of personsfalling from above floor level, and / or thenature of the materials to be contained.

Wind loadings should be based on BS EN 13374 and individually assessed for the location and specific containmentprotection employed.

Typical example of full height edgeprotection

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8.4 Compression/ Friction Posts

These components are used to providesimilar edge protection to the anchored orbolted methods described elsewhere in thisdocument, but employing a different, faster,fixing principle. They are mainly applied toconcrete frame applications, but fixing tosome steel frames can also be provided.

Friction post systems fix between concretefloors and soffits without anchors to provide amore rapid installation process. The keyelement within this type of product is thedesign and operation of the post, which islocated and locked securely into position froma standing position using compressionbetween floor and soffit e.g. via a leverconcept or other method.

Panels are secured to the posts when in it’slocked position and visual methods shouldidentify the fact that it is secure. Either singleheight or multiple height panels may beinstalled with this method or alternatively alower panel with additional soft netting to the soffit.

SpecificationFriction Posts should be tested to BS EN 13374.

ApplicationPrincipally concrete frame projects withinconcrete floors, but also some steel frames.

LoadingsVertical and horizontal loadings must comply with BS EN 13374.

Applications Friction Post systems are generally limitedto concrete frame applications with levelfloors where the post can be adequatelysecured and restrained within pre-curedfloor levels. Some Friction Posts can also be used steel to steel.

Anchor PlateForce Check

FlagInner Post

Grab Plate

Hole For Anti Tamper Device

Safety Latch

Release Button

Locking Ring

Anchor Plate

Lower Post

Safety issuesInstallation of these systems will often benecessary on a leading edge, and thereforeadequate PFPE from a firm anchoring pointwill be required for safe fixing ofcomponents. It is recommended that theoperative should work out from onedirection and wherever possible workbehind a pre-installed section.

As the Posts are not physically anchored orbolted like other edge protection products,care should be taken to ensure that thelocking action is securely in place to preventmovement. In certain situations it may beadvisable that these posts are anchored atthe base, for example, tall floor to soffitheights, or where wind loading is likely to be increased such as when using debris netting.

The weight of components should be aslight and easy to secure as possible to limit any possibility of falls of persons ormaterials and for ease of installation at theleading edge. Exclusion zones should beapplied during installation.

Design IssuesTemporary works designers must satisfythemselves of the capability of the slab tosustain the force imposed on them by theoperation of the securing mechanism.


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8.5 Staircase Edge Protection

Safe access and egress by staircaseswithin construction projects has beentraditionally protected by tubularcomponents or by limited guardrailingmethods. The industries development ofeither specific clamping devices or throughthe inclusion of cast-in sockets at staircaseproduction stage has greatly improved thequality and safety of such methods.

SpecificationIn order to apply edge protection systempanels to staircases, in most cases, a seriesof specially profiled panels have beendeveloped by suppliers. These products willallow for the variations in staircase rise andgoing dimensions, and provide a smooth,snag-free termination to each flight.

ApplicationConcrete, timber and steel staircases.

LoadingsStaircase protection panels and postsshould comply with BS EN 13374.

LimitationsThe fixing to some designs of concretestairs may be restricted by the specificdetails of the method chosen, the availabilityof sockets, and the width may be restrictedwith some methods, so each applicationshould be considered on an individual basiswith suppliers.

Safety IssuesAs with the installation of all EP systems,the installation on staircases may presentfall risks, in which case fall protection for the installers will be required. In some casesnow the edge protection is pre-installed and can then be craned into position.


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8.6 Excavation Protection

There is a need to prevent falls intotrenches and excavations as there is toprevent falls from structures and otherleading edges. The fixings and type ofprotection differ from standard floor slabsand steel beams as they are required tosecure onto steel trench sheeting and steel sheet piling members. In otherrespects they may be similar in form and performance to other Class A BS EN 13374 products..

8.7 Free Standing Systems(Class A)

Free standing weighted edge protectionsystems are designed to comply with theClass A requirements of BS EN 13374 butare based on different supporting principlesto fixed mesh barrier systems.

These systems derive their support fromweighted components fixed to lever armsconnected in turn to barrier framespositioned at, or near the edge of the building

Examples of Free Standing Systems

Applications and SurfacesFlat roofs are defined as having slopes of10̊° or less, but may have a variety ofsurfaces, including concrete, roofing felt,bitumen, solar coatings or similar.Free standing edge protection systems maybe installed to provide protection forinspection, access to plant, or formaintenance, or new roof covering work.

This type of system is not generally suitablefor profiled industrial roofs, although specialadaptations may be available. In addition,some types of surface may presentparticular problems e.g. pebbles, granularloose materials, and those that lack frictionalresistance. Wet or icy conditions areparticular hazards, and some Class A testsattempt to simulate wet surfaces.

The test requirements in the 2013 versionof BS EN 13374 require manufacturers toconduct them at the maximum inclinationand on typical base materials, both wet anddry, and without an upstand.

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Applications will vary considerably, byvirtue of:• Edge upstands / parapets• Roof falls• Gutters• Rooftop Plant• Different Levels• Roof access• Shape.

Design FeaturesThe weighted systems all have oneimportant feature in common: they avoidpenetrating the roof surface in order toresist movement. This avoids the likelihoodof roof leakage. The Barrier designs haveelements which allow them to fit anyrectangular shape. Curves can also becatered for in some instances.

Design FeaturesThe weighted systems all have oneimportant feature in common: they avoidpenetrating the roof surface in order toresist movement. This avoids the likelihoodof roof leakage. The barrier designs haveelements which allow them to fit anyrectangular shape. Curves can also becatered for in some instances.

Components • Frames• Horizontal Linking tubes• Weights• Tubular lever arms• Bases• Toeboards

The amount of ballast may vary fromproduct to product, but would typically bein the 20 to 50kg range. The length of leverarms will also vary. The ballast materialused should be solid, (ie not sand or water)and be capable of being positively securedagainst displacement.

When roof covering is taking place, edgeprotection can interfere with production,therefore in most cases the weights can betemporarily removed. It is very important toclosely follow the manufacturer’sinstructions concerning the removal ofweights to prevent compromising thesystem’s ability to perform safely. In somecases the counterweights have arms thatcan be lifted to raise the weight clear of the surface.

The moving of ballast weights has manualhandling Regulations implications, so themovement of them should be minimised.

Proprietary handrail fixings may beincorporated into projects in order to addflexibility to systems.

PerformanceThese product types should satisfy therequirements of Class A, to BS EN 13374,however due to the need to resist dynamic loads, they are unlikely to satisfy Classes B or C.

WindThese systems are generally designed tobe freestanding and capable of resistingmoderate wind loadings (eg 40 to 50mph)but the wind profile will be adverselyaffected when toeboards are incorporated.A toeboard would be a legal requirementfor maintenance tasks or new work, but forlong term use they have been known to beomitted if not a working area. In someinstances a wind calculation report may berequired to demonstrate the performanceof the system. Additional ballast oradditional fixings may then be required.

ProximityThe free standing edge protection systemsmay be employed at the leading edge ofthe roof, as a visual barrier, or walkwayarrangements between roof plant. The safedistance from the roof edge will vary fromproduct to product, and advice should besought from suppliers to determinewhether they recommend a safe minimum distance from the roof edge.


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8.8 Tubular GuardrailSolutions (Class A)

Edge protection using standard tube andfittings or proprietary tubular type systemscomponents are not standard scaffoldingapplications and require more specificapplication consideration.

These methods/ systems comprise of twobasic types

1. Purpose-designed tubular componentsof varying dimensions and / or varyingfixing components. Proprietary methodsthat have been calculated and tested.

2. Purpose-designed traditional scaffoldtube and fittings applied to edgeprotection. Calculations / testing is stillrequired under the WAH Regulations.

Installations using these methods may bebased on a specific supplier / contractor,who needs to be able to verify theirparticular proposition.

For some tubular scaffolding materials inedge protection, we recommend thatguidance is also sought from the NASCdocument SG27:09- Temporary EdgeProtection on Open Steelwork, whichcovers a number of issues arising from the installation of traditional tube and fitting guardrails.

Proprietary edge protection systems andpurpose-designed equipment, inconjunction with tubular components willnot be covered in the NASC documents,and the contractor / supplier will have theirown specifications.

Traditional Scaffold Tube and Fittings: ComponentsScaffold tube and fittings are the traditionalcomponents for constructing slab edgeprotection. Short length tubes are used forthe support posts, ties, and bracingmembers whilst tubes up to 6.4m in lengthare used for the handrails. The tubes areconnected together by means of fittings,and the support posts may include a baseplate. The toeboard is normally a 3.9mscaffold board which should be fixed to thesupport post by means of a toeboard clip. If used as a free standing edge protectionsystem, concrete blocks may be requiredto stabilise this arrangement, althoughmany free-standing tubular guardrails areemployed primarily as a visual barrier onlye.g. on flat roofs)

Example of a Tubular Scaffoldingapplication

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Applications and SurfacesWhilst virtually all of the purpose-designededge protection systems will meet theperformance requirements of BS EN13374, the situation with tubular guardrailsand traditional scaffolding componentsrequires confirmation. The reason for this isthat, whilst systems are modular, andusually at pre-determined centres, tubularguardrail posts are variable in location.

On concrete frames, individual socketbases are often used in conjunction withtubular scaffolding to reduce the need forclamping steel tubes to the slab edge. Ifthis is not part of a recognised proprietarysystem, evidence of their capability shouldbe sought.

Importantly, the revision to BS EN 13374Standard requires a resistance to accidentalloadings (see below), that will bechallenging for this method.

Extract from BS EN 13374: 2013

“ 5.1.1 Basic requirementsAn edge protection systemshall consist of a principalguardrail and either anintermediate guardrail or anintermediate protection. It shall also be possible toattach a toeboard. Allcomponents in the systemshall be designed to avoidaccidental removal ordisplacement of anycomponent in any directionduring use.” (BS EN 13374: 2013).

Tube and fitting guardrails can be suitablefor many edge protection requirements,and their performance to Class A canreadily be shown by calculation or testing.This would be a requirement under theWork at Height Regulations.

Design Features - Tube & FittingsTube and fitting components are flexibleand are capable of adaptation to virtuallyany shape. The slip loads of 6.1kN or 9.1kN per fitting (Class A or Class B) inaccordance with BS EN 74: 2005 need tobe accommodated.

Traditional free standing systems in an ‘A’type frame arrangement are recommendedto be designated only as a visual barrierand set back from the edge. This type ofarrangement is not considered to beadequate for fall prevention at an edge.

Containment nets and sheets arefrequently used to infill the guardrail and increase the level of containment.However the increased wind load must beconsidered and accommodated within thecalculated design.

Lightweight steel mesh panels(brickguards) can be used to containmaterials, however these need to beclosely controlled as they are easily movedout of position. A toeboard is used tofurther contain small items, and is normallya scaffold board fitted on edge.

Components • Scaffold Tubes (typically various

set lengths)• Scaffold Fittings (fixed, swivelling, and

various specials for particular applications)• Scaffold Boards (used as toe boards)• Base Plates


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8.9 Edge Protection Methodsfor Steel Frames

Purpose designed clamp on systems for edge protection to profiled steel roofsPurpose designed clamp on systems mustmeet the criteria laid out in BS EN 13374.They are specifically designed for clampingto steelwork sections usually at full heightroof level but can also be used atintermediate floor levels.

They would normally incorporatealuminium or steel tube / lattice beams toform a guardrail that must comply with thedimensions specified in the WAHRegulations.

Safety nets and / or debris nets can beattached to the system to give additionalprotection for roof workers and to preventobjects falling from the roof but the systemmust be tested for this purpose.

If the netting is to be used for fall arrestpurposes, safety netting which is compliantto BS E 1263-2: 2002 must be specified.Debris netting should be assessed for windloading on the guardrail structure.

Wind ForcesWherever mesh, sheets, or infill’s areinstalled, it is important to assess theimpact on wind forces, as these could addconsiderably to wind pressures that needto be resisted.

Wind pressure is based on a structure witha maximum height of 40m in accordancewith criteria set out in BS EN 13374.Where wind is shown to be the governing force the supplier should supplycalculations to show the system is capableof withstanding the loads generated.

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8.10 Edge Protection Methodsfor Timber Frames

It is now possible to apply the BS EN 13374 standard of edge protectionto structural timber frame applications.With application-specific fixings, specialadaptation plates, and standard meshbarrier components, the same quality ofprotection can be provided for a number ofapplications. Ground pre-fixing is alsoachievable, and desirable, to minimisework at height risks.

8.11 Falls from VehiclesThis application is not commonlyassociated with the edge protectionindustry, but it is directly relevant to theEPF market sector.

The need for loading, unloading andmaintenance of vehicles, where noalternative safer methods exist, may giverise to falls from 1.3m up to 4m or more. A fall from a typical height vehicle bed (eg 1.8m) can result in a serious injury.According to the HSE, 75% of falls occurduring loading and unloading.

Falls from vehicles are now a moreimportant safety issue as the high numberof incidents were recognised by the HSEand became a focus of interest and a majorcampaign topic. The HSE website containsvaluable advice on this subject.

The potential for falls from vehicles hasnow begun to be addressed in a largevariety of ways:• Avoidance of mounting vehicles by load

planning and improved vehicle selectione.g. mechanical handling.

• On site drive-in gantries• Bolted guardrail systems• Chain-link and similar flexible systems• Adaption of proprietary edge

protection systems• Special components for perimeter

edge platforms• Large vehicle soft landing bags • Counterweighted ‘hangman’ systems

(tested to BS EN 795: 2012 Class B)• Fall arrest / PFPE fixings solutions

A number of these, as collective methodsto prevent falls, come under the auspicesof BS EN 13374: 2013.

SpecificationWhilst there are a large number ofalternatives, the majority should meet therequirements of a BS EN 13374 Class Asystem. The deflection requirements inparticular seem to be overlooked by someof the proposed solutions, which can bevery unsatisfactory.

ApplicationHGV vehicles, articulated or rigid, trailers,curtain sided, vans, excavators,etc. Loading, unloading, electrical connections,repairs, air hose connections.

Limitations and Design IssuesThe difficulty for these applications is thatthe vehicle designs are so varied due tolack of standardisation of trailer bed design,including the rave (the steel section whichruns along the sides of the trailer bed) andthe cross and longitudinal beams providingthe structure under the floor.

Therefore there are likely to remain a largenumber of potential solutions to provideprotection for falls from vehicles.

Safety The WAH hierarchy should be rememberedwhen determining the preferred method offall prevention, as avoidance and collectivefall protection should take precedence overpersonal fall arrest solutions.

Fall Arrest Option

NB: also refer to the BCSA Guide to Workat Height during the Loading and Unloadingof Steelwork

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Screens are large edge protection panels that typically give protection over several stories at the same time, providing protection for workers atcasting, erecting and striking levels as well as follow on trades. They requireconsiderable design input, and remain a hybrid edge protection solution as they go well beyond the scope of BS EN 13374.

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9 Climbing Screen Protection Systems

ApplicationThe most typical applications are for multi-storey, high-rise projects. Developmentswith lower heights of about 7-8 storeyshave also been successfully managed.

Future StandardAt present there is no specific British or ENStandard that specifically applies to ClimbingScreens, as they are a recent development.Designers may apply BSEN 12811, BS EN13374 and/ or TG20 or other Euro codes.Every application is designed individually,and applied to different proprietary systems.In the EPF’s view there is a need for a newStandard to be developed, and the EdgeProtection Federation has invited thespecialist suppliers to formulate a new Code of Practice under our banner, as we feel a closer affinity to such products.

SpecificationThe screens are usually manufactured outof substantial steel sections, varying fromsupplier to supplier, and can be faced withsteel mesh, perforated steel sheets or solidply sheets. The screen panels themselvesare connected to vertical tracks that aresupported by means of propriety needlesthat are anchored to the cured slabs. Tracksand panels can be lifted by crane, electricchain hoists or if required hydraulically.

Screens can also be designed to incorporateworking platforms for post tensioning operations.

Screens are almost certainly the ultimate inedge protection for concrete frame high risestructures, creating an environment thatinstils such levels of confidence in the workforce that productivity can be enhanced.

Design and Weight

Each project will be individuallydesigned and configured.

Screen panel sizes are designed to suitmaximum crane capacity, relevant windloadings and the number of levels requiringprotection. A typical overall panel sizewould be in the region of 4.8m wide by11.5m high and this would normally giveprotection to 3½ floors in height.

The self- weight of a panel this size wouldbe in the region of 2.5 tonnes with workingplatforms and 1.9 tonnes without platforms,but some may be even heavier.

Panels are usually designed to go aroundthe full perimeter of the building. To enablesafe lifting, gaps of approximately 100mmare left between panels but these areclosed off by means of vertical flexiblerubber ''skirts'' that do not interfere with thelifting operations. Gaps between the edgeof the concrete slab and screen panel areclosed by means of plywood flaps.

Needle supports are anchored to the curedslab by means of propriety anchors orthrough ties with removable anchor cones.The load on the anchors will depend on thescreen design, and care should be taken toensure the slab is not overloaded.

With solid screen panels extra care needs tobe taken in the design stages due to the windload acting on a solid surface. Mesh andperforated sheeting will offer less resistanceto wind, but these loads should be taken intoconsideration by the temporary worksdesigner when designing the screen layout.

Screens can be partially assembled off siteand assembly then completed on site. Thewidth of load being transported and numberof panels per truck needs to be taken intoconsideration if this method is adopted.

LoadingsAs stated above, the applied loads willdepend on the screen design, but may alsocomply with BSEN13374 or BS EN 12811 /TG20 . Wind loadings will be assessed forthe specific location.

SafetyScreens provide a high level of safety andsecurity, as they screen the full floor height,and for some subsequent lifts above. Thefixings are substantial, and movement takesplace within the protected area. When theprogrammed screened areas move on to thenext level, other more conventional types ofedge protection may be installed for otherstages of the contract, and this should beundertaken within the screened areawherever practical.

Screen suppliers should provide a sitespecific Method Statement and RiskAssessment as well as a Safety Checklistthat will allow for the safe assembly andinstallation of the screen system being used.

In order to minimise the risk of falls ofmaterials, gaps may be largely sealed byrubber gaskets/ skirts, as movement of the units may require a degree of tolerance that could otherwise make itdifficult to eliminate gaps.

In order to reduce some of the tasks andrisks involved with assembling the largeScreens on site, they may be fabricated off-site, transported to the location and cranedstraight into position. The width of the loadbeing transported and the number of panelsper lorry needs to be taken intoconsideration if this method is adopted.

Typical Installation Guidance: Climbing Screens• Consult the design drawings• During assembly and dismantling of

system, operatives must wear theappropriate PPE at all times

• Needles are anchored to the slab oncethe concrete has acquired sufficientstrength to carry imposed loads

• Screens may be erected in a suitableassembly area on site or off site for partpre-assembled delivery

• Due to the self-weight of components,provision should be made for mechanicalhandling during on site or off siteassembly. This would also apply whendismantling a system at the completion of the project

• Only suitably trained personnel should beused for screen assembly and dismantling

• The lifting sequence must be carefullyplanned and carried out in accordance withthe supplier’s instructions. Care must betaken to ensure screen weights are withinthe lifting capacity of the crane

• LOLER regulations apply during all liftingoperations.

• At all times, the user must follow thesuppliers Method Statement for the safeuse of the system

Examples of Climbing Screen protection Systems

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9 Climbing Screen Protection Systems (Cont)

Net Barrier Systems are fall arrest systems made using BS EN 1263 energyabsorbing safety nets, to combine fall prevention and a high degree ofcontainment. They comprise of a safety net spanning between intermediatesupport posts that can be set at significant support centres. They havespecific corner assemblies and access routes into the protected area.

If net barrier systems and ladder beams areto be used on roofs where a supportingguardrail is required along with full fallprotection, this should be assessed by theTemporary Works Designer in view of thepotential loadings on the structure.

Applications and surfacesNet barrier systems are typically used withsteep or curving roofs as well as large baysized industrial roofs, where the ability tomeet the static test deflection criteria ofClass A and B is complicated by the bay size.

Net Barrier Systems are also used extensivelyin stadia building and in other applications .

Example of a net barrier system

Design Features - Net Barrier SystemsNet barrier systems are typically Class Csystems with no requirement to satisfy thestatic test within BS EN 13374. The testdoes, however, require a minimum deflectioncriterion to be achieved in order that thesystem absorbs the applied dynamic loading.

They are formed using a safety net,sometimes supported on a top rope orcable, to provide an energy absorbing edgeprotection system for steep slopes. Systems

can be designed to combine the edgeprotection with an eaves overhang fall arrestsolution, linking into the building or theinternal under-slung safety nets. Nets shouldgenerally not be supported by guardrails

They are typically set at a high level relativeto the working surface, to ensure fullcontainment in spite of their flexibility in theevent of a high dynamic fall. In view of theirhigh level, access points need to be madethrough the net to provide access to theworking area.

The intermediate support arrangementsnormally secure to the primary structure atbay centres, and have a high degree ofadjustability to accommodate various eaveand verge details. The corner arrangementstake much of the impact load, and so arestiffened with bracing etc.

Components• Safety Net (combining overhang) • Top rope / cable• Intermediate support arrangement• Corner arrangement• Access point

PerformanceLarge bay sizes can be accommodated, withintermediate supports up to 10m apart.Eave and verge overhang limits will dependon the structure, the system chosen, and itsmethod of attachment to the building. Asthe overhang increases, the attachmentpoint can move from the column to othersuitable secondary anchor points.

Wind loading is an important performanceand capacity issue, which also affects themaximum intermediate support spacing.This can have a bearing on the maximumheight at which the system may be used,and can also limit the use of fine meshoverlays for a higher level of small material containment.

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10 Net Barrier Systems(Classes B & C)

11.1 Safe Systems of WorkAll edge protection activities, in commonwith most other construction activities,should be undertaken in accordance with asafe system of work. A safe system ofwork is a formal procedure that results froma systematic examination of a task toidentify all of the hazards and assess theconsequent risks. It is a means of ensuringthat wherever possible hazards areeliminated or otherwise minimised by theapplication of appropriate control measures.

It has been estimated that at least aquarter of all accidents at work involvefailures in systems of work. Therefore it isessential that the entire process of edgeprotection erection and dismantling,including all peripheral activities such asstorage and material handling, is coveredby a comprehensive system of work.

Use of Site Facilities / Main Client DutiesIn order to safely install edge protectionsystems there are a number of areas thatinstallers will benefit from the support andco-operation of the main contractor. It is inthese areas that there is a need to clearlycommunicate the aspects of site activity thatwill aid the safe, speedy installation andremoval of such systems.

Points for consideration are:• Involvement with the design team to

minimise the need for special componentsto overcome building obstructions.Facilitate pre-drilling of steelwork forground based assembly

• Formation of well compacted surfaces and roadways

• Operators of MEWPs to be suitable trainedand familiar with the equipment they are tobe using

• Co-ordination of crane lifts• Exclusion zones to be established

during installation• Weekly inspection regime• No interference with installed

components, except by suitably trained and nominated persons

• Access to building frame to facilitatedismantling, which may require scaffolding,mobile towers or MEWPs

• Storage during stage by stage dismantlingto avoid loss of or damage to equipment

Risk AssessmentsIn the development of safe systems ofwork, the decision process should be led by hazard identification and theassessment of associated risks which, if they cannot be eliminated, must then be effectively controlled.

Significant hazards relating to edgeprotection include:• Falls from height• Falling materials• Manual handling• Inadequate working space• Inadequate access to height• Lifting and lowering of loads• Plant and machinery operator competence• Structural integrity• Ground conditions • Access methods

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11 Installation Guidance

11.2 Typical MethodStatement Issues

The following items identify many of theissues that typically are required to beconsidered during the installation andremoval of edge protection.

Site InductionAll personnel working on or visiting the siteon a regular basis should report to the maincontractor to attend a site induction. Thisinduction should be held on first day ofoperating on site.

Site LabourAll operatives are required to be competentin the erection and dismantling of edgeprotection systems, and familiar with siteprocedures. All operatives should carryevidence of competence to install thesystem concerned, evidence to use anyaccess or lifting equipment, and generalsite safety awareness by way of a CSCScard or similar.

AccidentsAny accident, however slight, to be reportedimmediately to the main site agent andentered into the site accident book. If theaccident or injury falls within the requirementsof RIDDOR regulations, it shall be reported.

Access requirements / Site ConditionsSuitable roadways and access routes are tobe provided and maintained to allowtransport to gain access from the publichighway to the working area. The groundconditions within the working area shall beestablished and maintained in a suitablecondition to support the access (e.g.MEWP’s) and lifting equipment.

Working AreasOnce the start point and gridline have beendetermined, the main contractors shallensure that no other personnel work eitherunder or in fall risk areas. These areasshould be monitored closely by the maincontractor and adjusted to suit progress.

Where work is being undertaken that maycause materials to fall onto persons passingbelow, adequate means of isolating the areasbelow the work activity must be installed.

PlanningDetailed planning of the work can alleviatethe need to work at height, through pre-installation of systems. Examples areindicated later within this guidance.

When working on the edge, installers mayneed to wear a safety harness. When themethod of work requires the specification of a harness, both the lanyard and theattachment point must be included withinthe method statement. Considerationshould also be given to the need for arescue plan and the necessary equipmentrequired, as well as adequate andappropriate training in the equipment being used.

CompetenceHaving established a safety system of work,only those competent to carry out the workshould be employed, and they should followthe method statement.

Adjustment / Temporary RemovalIf the system needs to be temporarily removedto allow other work to be undertaken, theunprotected area should be immediatelysecured by other compensatory methods, andthe system should be re-instated as soon aspractical by those competent to reinstate it.

Setting OutThe system should be set out in accordancewith the system supplier’s instructions, andin accordance with the relevant Classrequirements from within the standard BS EN 13374. The minimum heightrequirements of 1m and the maximum gaps required by the relevant Class shouldall be satisfied.

HandoverOn completion of an area, the installer shouldcomplete a handover certificate and leave acopy with the main contractor’s site agent.Following handover the installed system willrequire a daily inspection by the user whoshould be familiar with the equipment andthe inspection required.

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Installation Options This table indicates the most commoninstallation options by type:

The materials being used must always bechecked for damage with damaged itemsbeing replaced immediately. The samesystem must always be used and systemcomponents must not be mixed andmatched, as all systems have differentspecifications. Edge protection systemsshould not be adapted or altered in any way,other than by a competent person, and inline with the manufacturer’s approval.

Edge protection systems are not designedfor the attachment of fall arrest devices, norare they designed to provide support tobuilding materials.

Ensure type or class of edge protectionmeets the specifications that are requiredon site for the specific applications.

Edge Protection Systems should not beadapted or altered in any way, other thanby a competent person, and in line withthe manufacturer’s approval.

GAPSIn general, gaps in edge protection shouldbe kept to a minimum. Below the protective barriers, toeboards or debris nets, the gapsshould be no more than 20mm. If there arepractical limitations e.g. profiled surfaces it should be as close as practicable to20mm, to capture loose materials fromsliding underneath. Side gaps in the edgeprotection should be sufficiently small(120mm) that a person cannot fall through.

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11 Installation Guidance (Cont)

Con

cret

e Fr

ame

Ste

elFr

ame

Tim

ber

Fram

e

Slo

ping

Roo

f

Flat

Roo

f

Drilled anchors

Cast-in anchors

Clamps

FormworkBeams

VerticalSurfaces

MEWPS

Columnsecured

FreeStanding

Bolted

11.3 Installation Guidance:Concrete Frames

Drilled AnchorsThe selection of a suitable anchor will bedependent on both the system beinginstalled, and on the base material available.The system supplier can advise on suitableanchors and can confirm the load impartedto the anchor with the various socket basesand configurations.

The strength, thickness, age, and type ofconcrete all have a bearing on performance,as do the edge distance, depth ofembedment, and the proximity to otherfixings. In all cases the anchormanufacturer’ instructions must be closelyfollowed to achieve the desired capacity.

Do not mix base components of differentmanufacturers, as they may have varyingspecifications and dimensions. In particular,the stud components, which may besubject to replacement, must be to themanufacturer’s specification otherwisehazardous conditions could be created.

Anchors Anchors used in the support of edgeprotection are frequently heavily loaded, andall key anchorage performance areas needto be carefully considered:• anchor edge distance• anchor spacing • depth of embedment • the base material itself• the load on the anchor is influenced by

the geometry of the system and theattachments, as well as by the thicknessof the slab and application geometry

• Additionally wind loading and combinationloading must be considered.

Effective anchorage solutions might includethe use of cast in channels or other fixingsthat are placed for the permanent works,but that can be utilised for the temporaryworks in supporting the edge protection.Their ability to accommodate the loadsimposed by the edge protection systemmust be confirmed.

Having selected an attachment point onthe slab face or wall surface, it is equallyimportant to consider the impact such alocation has on the effectiveness of the toe board containment. Panel type systemswill frequently lose effective toe boardheight, within the depth of the slab, or bypositioning the attachments down the wall face below the wall top. The ENrequirements for minimum toeboard heightmust be maintained, and equally the needto contain the 20mm sphere must also be considered.

The other consideration in selecting such an attachment position is the overall effective height of the edge protection. The minimum height of 1m in accordancewith BS EN 13374) must be maintained atall stages of the construction process. This may result in the need to “top up” the height of the edge protection systempost and panels.

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Slab Socket BaseWhen working at an edge, the operativemust wear suitable personal fall protectionequipment, which has been inspected andfor which they are trained to use and shouldbe anchored to a suitable point in thestructure in accordance with the safe use ofthe fall arrest system.

Before installing the anchors, the locationfor each socket base must be measuredand identified. They can then be installedinto sufficiently cured concrete slabs.

It is normal practise to install an expanding sleeve type anchor. The holediameter and depth should be to themanufacturer’s instructions.

It is normal practice that the hole is drilledno less than 200mm+/ 50mm in from theslab edge. However at all times referencemust be made to both the systeminstallation instructions and those of theanchor manufacturer.

The anchor sleeve must sit flush with theslab surface and not above. If the anchorsits proud of the surface, check the hole fordebris and depth and then re-locate.

The anchor can then be set using thesetting tool and a hammer until solidresistance is encountered. It must beensured that the thread on the socket baseis free from defects and / or damage, atwhich point the socket base can bethreaded into the surface and tightenedaccording to supplier’s recommendations.

Socket base centres and edge distancesshould at all times be set out in accordancewith the system manufacturers requirements

Anchor installation

Socket base installation

Typical spacing and gaps for floor slabs

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Socket base proud of surface

Socket base installedout of plumb

Socket base correctly installed

Vertical SurfacesWhere edge protection systems need to befastened to vertical surfaces such as slabedges or walls, consideration at the designstage should be given to the type of anchorand its suitability to the loading application.The anchor will be subject to combinedloading from both shear and tensile forcesresulting from self weight and othersuperimposed loads as well as moments dueto handrail and wind loading. The strength ofthe surface into which the anchor is fixed is amajor consideration and where any doubtsexist, the strength should be confirmed bypull out tests or other approved means.

Reference should always be made to theanchor manufacturer.

Gaps between the vertical surface and thehandrail / toeboard must be controlled andkept to the minimum as required by BS EN13374. The installation should be carriedout by trained personnel wearing suitablepersonal fall protection equipment and inturn anchored to a suitable point in thestructure in accordance with the safe useof the restraining system. AlternativelyMEWP’s may be a suitable alternative foraccess installation.

Cast In Anchors and Cast In SocketsIf proprietary anchors are to be inserted intofloors prior to pouring, the manufacturer’srecommendation must be closely followed.It is important to properly secure anchors, toprevent movement, and ensure that theresulting anchor is both vertical and flushwith the finished slab.

Cast in sockets are mostly used incomposite type construction, either with pre-cast units or with metal decking. The settingout and positioning of the sockets must becarefully planned, and must follow thesystem manufacturer’s recommendations.Best practice would include, where possible,the opportunity to pre-install the completesystem prior to lifting into position.

It is also important to consider the changesin working surface level, at the variousstages of the construction process. The overall height requirements within BS EN 13374 must be maintained, as must the containment limits.

When planning and installing edgeprotection for pre-cast unit placement,consideration should be given to thelocation of the anchors for the edgeprotection relative to the floor layout.

Effect of Concrete ToppingThe edge protection may also need to belifted to maintain its minimum height forthe topping pour. The principle being tominimise movement and change to theedge protection, whilst maintaining bothheight and toe board containment

Clamps Various clamps and attachments can beeffectively used to maximise flexibility and toavoid drilling or penetrating the structuralelement. Clamp systems, fitted in accordancewith the manufacturer’s instructions, requiremore space to provide adequate support, andcare must be taken to avoid conflict withother trades such as cladding.

Before installation, the design should be carefully checked to ensure that thestructural element will have sufficientstrength to accept the loads from the clamps.Where the finish may be sensitive, careshould be taken to minimise the impact ofthe clamp on finishes.

Where possible Clamps should be securedagainst inadvertent release during theinstallation process. Use of lanyards or tiesshould be considered.

The location for each clamp and post shouldbe measured and the approximate depth ofthe slab determined before adjusting theclamp to within 100mm of this figure depth.The clamp can then be hooked over the slaband positioned to obtain full contact againstthe edge.

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Finally the clamp can be adjusted to fit byturning the handle firmly so it clamps rigidlyinto place on the slab floor. Test formovement and if necessary, re-tighten.

Formwork BeamsProprietary brackets are available that lockonto the upper or lower surfaces ofaluminium or proprietary timber formworkbeams to provide a socket or other meansof clamping a vertical handrail post. These brackets can be pre-fixed onto theformwork beams during the initial formworkerection procedure and can remain in placeduring formwork or table movement thusproviding a handrail facility at all stages ofthe formwork use.

The brackets must be fitted in accordancewith the manufacturer’s instructions atcentres that are adequate to sustain theforces exerted onto the posts, via meshbarriers or handrails, due to wind andhandrail loading.

When working at an edge the operativemust wear a suitable safety harness andlanyard, which has been inspected and inturn should be anchored to a suitable pointin the structure in accordance with the safeuse of the restraining system.

Before installation the beams should beinspected for damage or distortion of theweb and at the ends. Once it has beenchecked that the beams are securely fixedto the falsework / formwork structure thebrackets can be fixed to the manufacturer’sinstructions. The centres of the bracketsshould be at least 150mm in from the endof the beam.

The horizontal spacing of brackets shouldfollow the system manufacturer’srecommendations and the brackets shouldonly be fixed to beams that are at rightangles to the mesh barrier direction. A supplier may be able to provide a solutionto this limitation that is specific to their ownproducts- in which case the guidance mustbe closely followed, but should not beassumed to apply to any other formworkbeams without specific supplier approval.

CantileversCantilever applications, whilst in commonuse, need further design considerationswith particular regard to stability, loadingand deflection criteria both during the initialerection and in the intended finalapplication. Formwork beam brackets canagain be utilised on these applications butthe deflection on the beams due to thecombined loading from concrete and theadditional moments from the handrailloading need to be considered by theTemporary Works Designer.

The brackets must be fitted in accordancewith the manufacturer’s instructions atcentres that are adequate to sustain theforces exerted onto the posts, via meshbarriers or handrails, due to wind andhandrail loading.

39


40

1.0m

Min

.

1.0m Min. Recommended

1.0m

1.0m

Min

. 1.0m

Min

.

1.0m Min.

PRIMARY BEAM PRIMARY BEAM

Falsework Leg Falsework Leg

Falsework Leg

0.30

mM

ax.

150mm Toeboard

SLABS UP TO 0.3m THICK SLABS OVER 0.3m THICKThe above cantilevers, toeboard heights etc. are required to maintain the integrity of Class A edge protection systems.

On slabs over 0.3m thick the edge protection will have to be extended in height, (1.0m Min. above slab level) in accordance with the manufacturers/suppliers instructions. Extensions are only a visible barrier on slabs over 0.5m. Alternatively the system may have to be designed to suit the requirements of Class B/C Edge Protection.

Wider cantilevers may necessitate the need for extended edge protection on deeper slabs but consideration will have to be given to the falsework/formwork design.

ExtensionClass A Edge Protection

Per suppliers instructions

Upper edge of toeboard should be at least 150mm above plywood surface

20mm max

150mm mintoeboard

Where work is being undertaken that may cause materials to fall onto persons working/passing below,then install adequate means of isolating the areas below the work activity.

FORMWORK BEAMS - Typical dimensions for spacings and gaps

Primary BeamSecondary Beam

If possible mesh guard should be flush with edge of plywood but if there is a gap it should not exceed 20mm

If falsework is erected as a tableform then the formwork beams, plywood and edge protection can be fixed at ground level and lifted complete into position on top of the falsework.

'X' = Maximum spacing between slab bracket/posts as per the suppliers instructions.

To suit

'X'

'X' 'X'

'X'

It is recommended that the direction of the panels should be at right angles to the secondary beams to which they are fixed.

Suppliers instructions should be followed if panels are fixed parallel to the secondary beams.

150mm Toeboard

11.4 Installation Guidance:Steel Frames

In accordance with the Work at Heightlegislation, hierarchal controls must beemployed to reduce or preferably eliminatethe need to work at height. It is thereforerecommended that where site conditionsallow, ground level, pre-determinedinstallation of edge protection systems is utilised.

PlanningIn order to build the edge protection at groundlevel, it is important to determine:• whether clamping or bolting components

will be selected• that the steel sections have the

appropriate properties to resist the loads• if components are to be pre-bolted, the

section size will be compatible with thesize of the component

• that there is a reliable process for any pre-drilling during manufacture

• the craneage facility will maintain thebalance of the beams to avoid rotation

• ensure adequate knowledge of thesystem has been gained prior to anyinstallations, including fixing operationsand component sizes

• prior to any craning or manual handlingactivity, consideration should be given toidentifying each component weight

• all appropriate site risk assessmentsshould be developed and communicatedto all relevant parties

• implement the necessary exclusion zones• where appropriate, netting should be utilised• for MEWP equipment, the site ground

conditions should consist of a suitable hardcore surface which has been consolidatedand levelled

Sacrificial socket

41


WeatherConsideration should be given to weatherconditions that could have an adverse effecton the craning and installation of the edgeprotection. (Refer to the BCSA guide, erectingsteel in windy conditions)

Pre-attaching systems to steelwork:The steel sections should be checked toensure that the pre-drilled holes are to thecorrect spacings before securely fixing thecomponents to the manufacturer’sinstructions. All components to be lifted in aMEWP must have a reliable securingmethod to ensure that they cannotaccidentally be dislodged during lifting orduring fixing operations.

Positional (i.e. vertical) adjustments can bemade prior to attachment to the steel frame.

Ensuring that minimum gaps would be leftbetween the final working surface levelsand the underside of the barriers, removingwhere possible the need to re-position thesystem at a later stage.

Ensure that component positioning willpreclude the need for operatives to leanthrough the edge protection.

Measures should be taken to ensure thenecessary working clearances are providedfor the fixing of edge trims etc. before theguardrail posts are inserted and the meshpanels attached according to themanufacturers’ instructions. Finally it shouldbe checked that the guardrail height meetsregulatory requirements.

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CantileversMEWP’s can be used for access to installedge protection systems in a large range ofapplications. They can be used to installtubular guardrail solutions or other separatecomponent systems when all the work iscarried out at height as well as completing amesh barrier type system that has been partlyinstalled to the structural elements prior tolifting. They are also most commonly used toinstall net barrier systems, where theintermediate support points are typicallyinstalled on the column heads and then thesafety netting is strung between the supportsto complete the system.

General guidance• MEWP’s should not be used other than by

suitably trained and competent operatives,who can produce evidence of theircompetence and training

• when working within a boom type MEWP,the operative should wear a full bodyharness together with a fall restraintlanyard, of such a length that the usercannot climb up or out of the basket whilst attached to the anchorage point.Alternatively, comply with themanufacturers requirements.

• the ground conditions within the wholeworking area should be established andmaintained in a suitable condition tosupport the MEWP and any liftingequipment required. Specific attention is frequently required around the building perimeter.

• care must be taken to ensure that thecombined weight of the operative, thetools, and any equipment at no timeexceeds the capacity of the MEWP being used

• long or large components may require thespecification of alternative MEWP’s or theuse of lifting equipment

• the area around and below the MEWPshould be access restricted to limit thehazard of falling materials and tools

• all hand tools and other accessoriesshould be secured against falling, as theypresent a hazard to those passing below

Installing clamping components from a MEWPIt should be ensured that the steel sectionsare suitable for the edge protection systembeing installed and the capacity of theMEWP relative to weight of individualcomponents checked. All components to belifted in a MEWP must have a reliablesecuring method to ensure that they cannotaccidentally be dislodged during lifting orduring fixing operations.Before starting installation, a rescue planshould be produced to recover operatives inthe event of a fall, trapping etc.

The clamping components should bepositioned and rigidly secured at therecommended spacings before inserting the guardrail posts in the correct position.The mesh panels should then be installedfollowing the manufacturer’s instructions,ensuring that the guardrail height meetsregulatory requirements.

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Crane Slinging Edge Protection SystemsSlinging and positioning of the steel beam,complete with the edge protection should becarried out with consideration given to thepossible rotation and imbalance of the load.Measures should be taken to ensure theedge protection itself is secured to the steelframe components during lifting.Securing the load to the primary liftingdevice by means of secondary chains andties is suggested, as is following existingbest practice with regard to positive connection lifting.

Tubular Guardrail Solutions on steelworkIf tubular guardrails are to be installed by traversing the steelwork, there areparticular issues, as this can be aparticularly hazardous operation. We recommend the procedures outlines inthe NASC document SG27:09- TemporaryEdge Protection on Open Steelwork.

Installing tubular guardrails from mobileelevating work platformsGreat care and site specific prior approvalmust be sought to lift and handle very longtubes (up to 6.4m) from a boom typeMEWP basket. Handling materials such as this must be thesubject of a specific risk assessment thatensures that they can be safely liftedwithout risk of dislodgement or ofoverloading the platform. There must be a means of ensuring that thetubes remain secure throughout theoperation. Suitable measures to prevent thetubes rolling during manoeuvring of theMEWP should be adopted, such as feedingthe tube through the basket guardrails.However, the basket guardrails may not besuitable for vertical loading withoutadditional measures. Temporary clips oropen fittings can be used at the standards,to partially support the tubes, whilst slidinginto position and connecting.Lighter materials than steel should beconsidered, such as aluminium, to easemanual handling issues. Maintaining a cleararea below the operations is of increasingimportance as the risk of falling materialsincreases with the component size.

Greater care is needed in the control of theMEWP, as the long tube componentsextend the basket width substantially andpresent impact hazards over a large area.Consideration should be given to accessingsteelwork for fixings, as some of the boltfixings may be in difficult positions toensure adequately torqued fittings.Over-reaching and climbing out of theplatform must be avoided and considerationshould be given to the prevailing weatherconditions, which may affect the stability of the platform and equipment.

Mesh Barrier Type SolutionsLifting and handling mesh barrier panelswithin a MEWP can present concerns due to the weight and size of the panels. Early consideration should be given to barrier component weights prior to selection of a MEWP. Site specific prior approval must be sought to lift and handle mesh barrierpanels, and methods of safely, temporarilysecuring or restraining the barrier panelsshould be considered.

Net Barrier System InstallingPre-assembly or part pre-assembly of thecomponents will reduce work at height andease the use of a MEWP.The net barrier is installed longitudinallyunder tension and normally fitted into the fallarrest netting system within the building,having previously installed the cornerelements, and the intermediate supports.This requires a larger and more rapidlychanging exclusion zone to be establishedbelow the work area, and also renders theinstallation even more sensitive to ground conditions.Suitably trained and competent installersshould always be used, who should strictlyfollow the system manufacturers guidance.In most cases they will also need to beFASET (Fall Arrest Safety EquipmentTraining) qualified safety net riggersFASET best practice should be followed at all times.

44

11.5 Free Standing SystemsInstallation

Free standing systems are typically used inflat roof applications, or where theinclination is no greater than 10 degrees,and there is reluctance to drill into the fabricof the roof. These systems can also be usedto protect voids, lift shafts and stairwellswhere it may be more difficult to supportfrom elements of the building structure.Where roofing membranes are being laid,facilities may exist for adapting systems toachieve clear unobstructed areas.

Installation Guidance: Free Standing SystemsWhen working at the edge,- the operativemust wear a suitable safety harness whichhas been inspected and in turn should beanchored to a suitable point in the structurein accordance with the safe use of therestraining system.

The amount of material required should beestimated and a plan produced for theposition of the guardrail, together with anyballast positions and point loads on the roofshould be considered before transportingthe material onto it.

At least two people will be required to buildthis type of system

Once on the roof surface, the materialshould be laid out in approximately the right position, away from the edge. The components should be connectedtogether and moved to the distance fromthe edge specified by the supplier. Once inplace, the toeboards should be attached.

11.6 Mobile Anchor andFixed Anchor Systems

Where it is not possible to confidentlyprevent a fall, it is a requirement of the WAHRegulations to mitigate the consequences ofa fall, and this will require the use of aharness- based system attached to asuitable anchor point. In the absence ofsuitable support from the building structure,a mobile anchor can offer such support.

Whatever method is used, the BS 8437:2005 (+A1 2012) Code of Practice forselection, use and maintenance of personalfall protection systems should be referred to.This document covers restraint systems,rigid horizontal / vertical anchor lines, workpositioning systems and other fall arrestequipment. The specification and hazards ofsuch systems are covered in detail. It shouldalso be read in conjunction with BS 7883:2005 Code of practice for the design,selection, installation, use and maintenanceof anchor devices conforming to BS EN 795

BS 8437: 2005+A1: 2012 Code of Practicefor selection, use and maintenance ofpersonal fall protection systems andequipment for use in the workplaceBS 7883:2005 Code of practice for thedesign, selection, installation, use andmaintenance of anchor devices conformingto BS EN 795

Mobile Anchors Such systems will generally comprise of acentral framework with the facility ofattaching dedicated weights sufficient toresist the impact and weight of a personwhilst falling. The framework will feature aload-tested attachment point for an inertia /fixed length / restraint fall arrest safetyblock. The line should be restricted in lengthfor most applications to avoid the danger ofany pendulum effect. The safety blockshould only be used if it has been approvedfor this purpose by the supplier, and itshould be provided with suitable protectionor sheathing devices to prevent the risk ofsevering or critical damage on roof edges inthe event of a fall.

45


• the mobile anchor should have beentested to EN795

• it is important that all mobile anchorsystems are installed and used no closerthan 2 metres from the leading edge inorder to have sufficient clearance tooperate in the event of a fall.

• check that the surface is capable ofbearing the deadweight of the anchor andthat the friction resistance is suitable.

• do not use in icy or wet conditions.• assembled and used in accordance with

manufacturer’s instructions• many systems are designed to accept

only one person- check the capability• counterweights should be moved with

regard to Manual Handling requirements• employ internal lifts or mechanical

handling where possible.• the harness line should be of a maximum

length of 5 metres• attach counterweights to central framework

and check that all items are secure.• clip karabiner hook to central eyebolt.

Performance Systems tested to BSEN 795 Class B or E,and should have the capability of resisting adead force of 100kg dropping verticallythrough 2.5 metres. This should result in amass weight in the region of 250 to 350kgfor most systems.

ComponentsCentral Anchor FrameCounterweights Safety line and harness.

11.7 Tubular GuardrailSolutions

Installation Guidance: Tubular GuardrailsDetailed guidance for the erection, alterationand dismantling of tubular scaffolding,including guardrails, can be found in theNASC technical guidance document TG20,but for proprietary tubular methods, seekthe suppliers guidance information.

The following suggestions should be read inconjunction with that guidance.

• when working at an edge the operativemust wear a suitable safety harness andlanyard, which has been inspected and inturn should be anchored to a suitable pointin the structure in accordance with thesafe use of the restraining system.

• tubular guardrail solutions should only bedesigned and installed by competent andsuitably experienced persons

• steel tubes should be cut square andclean, free from bends, distortion, splits or corrosion.

Tubular Scaffolding• all fixings should be made to an

appropriate structure capable of sustainingthe forces required. The NASCrecommends the use of Class B rightangle / double couplers and connectionsbetween the needles and the steelwork ismade using Girder Clamps fitted to bothflanges of the steelwork.

• all tubes should be connected with load-bearing couplers and scaffold fittingsshould be tested to BS EN 74 (Couplers,spigot pins and baseplates for use infalsework and scaffolds. Part 1)

• sleeve Couplers should be used forhorizontal tubing

• maximum spacing for supporting posts tobe set to achieve the performancerequirements for the relevant Class ofprotection within BS EN 13374

• toeboards provided should be capable ofsustaining the horizontal forces specifiedin BS EN 13374.

46

Dismantling of Edge Protection System

Sequence of Work• ensure adequate knowledge of the

system has been gained prior to anydismantling operations and implementcontrols appropriate with the Work AtHeight legislation

• edge protection systems must not beremoved prior to installation of permanentmeans of protection, and without theexplicit permission of the main contractor

• prior to any manual handling activity,consideration should be given toidentifying each component weight

• early consideration should be given to the possible restricted access for plantand machinery necessary for thedismantling operation

• ground conditions should be made safeand suitable for any machinery to operate

• the dismantling procedures and sequence should be in line with thesupplier’s recommendations

• the intention should be stated e.g. the purpose will be to dismantle thetemporary guardrail at the eaves positionand guardrail at the gable position of the steel framed structure

• the grid line start point is to be determinedon site prior to dismantling

Movement of Edge Protection Equipment• when manually handling tubes, operatives

are to be aware of other operativesworking around the site and equally whenmanoeuvring MEWP’s with tubes loadedthey are also to be aware of anyoperatives that may move into theerection / dismantling area and will stopwork immediately until the area is cleared

• ensure edge protection components areneatly and safely stored in readiness forsite removal

Dismantling of bolted edge protection on steel framed buildingsConsideration should be given at an earlyplanning stage to the issue of removal at theadvanced stage of construction.Components can otherwise become lessaccessible. If components do becomelocked into less accessible positions it maybecome necessary to use access platforms,where practicable, to eliminate theundesirable risks of working at height.

47


Listed below are the major pieces of Healthand Safety legislation that apply to the use ofedge protection systems:• The Work at Height Regulations 2005• The Health and Safety at Work Etc Act

1974 (HASWA)• The Management of Health and Safety at

Work Regulations (MHSWR) • The Lifting Operations and Lifting

Equipment Regulations (LOLER)• The Provision and Use of Work Equipment

Regulations (PUWER)• The Manual Handling Operations Regulations• The Construction (Design and Management)

Regulations (CDM) 2007 and revisions• Construction Health and Safety at Work

Regulations (modified by WAH regulations

Industry Guidance BS5975 Code of Practice for temporaryworks procedures and the permissiblestress design of falsework

Includes procedures for the managementand control of temporary works procedureson sites

48

12 Safety Requirements

It has been estimated that at least a quarterof all accidents at work involve failures insystems of work. Therefore it is essentialthat the entire process of edge protectionerection and dismantling, including allperipheral activities such as storage andmaterial handling, is covered by acomprehensive safe system of work.

Hazard IdentificationIn the development of safe systems of work,the decision process should aim to identify allhazards associated with the planned activityand, if they cannot be eliminated, identifyways in which they can be effectivelycontrolled to an acceptable level of risk.

Significant hazards relating to edgeprotection include:• falls from height • lifting & lowering of loads• manual handling• trapping• inadequate working space • structural instability• inadequate access to height• plant and machinery

Excessive gaps

Inadequate Support

49

13 Hierarchy of Hazard Management

All edge protection activities, in common with most other constructionactivities, should only be undertaken when using a safe system of work. A safe system of work is a formal procedure that results from a systematicexamination of a task to identify all of the hazards and assess the consequentrisks. It is a means of ensuring that wherever possible hazards are eliminatedor otherwise minimised by the application of appropriate control measures.

Edge Protection too Low

Inadequate support

Wrong Orientation

Too close to the Edge

One of the most common hazardsencountered whilst installing edge protectionon formwork decks is that of working atheight, with recent research suggesting thatfalls from height alone accounting for over45% of all site fatalities. In accordance withthe Work at Height Regulations, whereverreasonably practicable, work at height should be avoided.

Risk assessments should be commenced atplanning / design stage and be refinedthroughout the scheme and detailed designprocess. It is at concept stage that designerscan be most effective in eliminating orreducing hazards. This is because as thedesign progresses, hazards get locked intothe design and become harder to design out.

Hazards which cannot be avoided must becontrolled. The HSE promotes a structuredapproach to risk control which it refers to asa ‘hierarchical system’. The aim is topromote control measures on the basis of‘most effective first’. It is based on the clearprinciples that:

• prevention is better than protection• collective Passive protection (protecting all

personnel and not requiring actions by theindividual) is better than active personalprotection (requiring individual action)

• as a last resort, care must be taken tomitigate the consequences of any accident

50

Hierarchy of Control Measures This is expanded in the Management ofHealth and Safety at Work Regulations1999 as follows:1) avoid risks2) evaluate the risks that cannot be avoided3) combat the risks at source4) adapt the work to the individual5) adapt to technological progress6) replace the dangerous by the non or

less dangerous

7) develop a coherent overall preventionpolicy

8) give collective protective measurespriority over individual protectivemeasures

9) give appropriate instructions to employees.

This is presented within the following matrixshowing four levels of control measure /equipment associated with work at height.At every level, collective measures shouldbe considered ahead of personal ones.

51

13 Hierarchy of Hazard Management (Cont)

Type of work equipment Collective ProtectionMeasures

Personal ProtectionMeasures

Work equipment thatprevents a fall

Guard-rails; scaffolding;mobile towers; multi-userMEWPs; Edge protection

Work restraint systemsSingle user MEWPsFall factor 0

Work equipment thatminimises height andconsequences of fall

Nets at high levelSoft landing systems(close under work surface)

Personal fall protectionequipmentFall factor 1Fall factor 2

Work equipment thatminimises consequences offall

Soft landing systemsNets at low level(<6m below surface)

Life jacketsInflating air suitsInjury reduction systems

Work equipment that doesneither Hop-ups; platforms Ladders; step-ladders

Leas

t ef

fect

ive

Mo

st e

ffect

ive

Fig 1.0 Hierarchy of control measuresNote - In all cases collective protection measures have priority overpersonal protection measures

Regulations Summary

The Work at Height RegulationsThese Regulations have been made toprevent deaths and injuries caused by falls from work at height. They consolidate and replace all earlierregulations about working at height. The overriding principle is that everythingreasonably practicable should be done to prevent anyone from being injured byfalling from height.

The Regulations require duty holders toensure that:• all work at height is properly planned and

organised• those involved in work at height are

trained and competent• any person involved in Work at Height,

including organisation, planning,purchasing, shall be competent

• the risks from work at height are assessedand appropriate work equipment isselected and used

• the risks from fragile surfaces are properlycontrolled

• equipment for work at height is properlyinspected and maintained.

Duty holders include employers, the selfemployed and anyone who controls the waywork at height is undertaken.

The Health and Safety of Work Act 1974(HSWA)This Act is the major piece of health andsafety legislation in Great Britain. It applies toevery type of work situation. The act sets outgeneral duties for the health and safety ofthose involved in work, including employers,employees, the self employed, suppliers ofwork equipment and those who control workpremises. Section 6 covers the requirementto provide adequate information.

The main general duties are contained insections 2 -7 of the Act. Section 15 providesthe Secretary of State with extensive powersto make delegated legislation which containmore specific responsibilities such as The Management of Health and Safety atWork Regulations.

The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations (MHSWR)The Regulations place broad general dutieson employers and employees in all nondomestic work activities. They aim toimprove health and safety management and make more explicit what is required of employers under the HSWA. The Regulations, which aim to encourage a systematic and organised approach tohealth and safety, overlap with several otherregulations such as the CDM Regulations.

The broad requirements of the MHSWR onemployers are:• to undertake an assessment of the

risks to Health and Safety of theiremployees and to other persons affected by their undertaking

• to make appropriate arrangements for implementing any preventive orprotective measures identified in the risk assessment

• to undertake health surveillance asappropriate regarding the risks toemployee’s Health and Safety identified in the assessment

• to appoint one or more competent persons to assist in undertaking the above measures

• to provide relevant information to their employees.

52

The Lifting Operations and LiftingEquipment Regulations (LOLER)The Regulations aim to reduce risks topeople’s health and safety from liftingequipment provided for use at work.

The Regulations require that liftingequipment provided for use at work is:• strong and stable enough for the

particular use and marked to indicate safe working loads

• positioned and installed to minimise any risks• used safely, i.e. the work is planned,

organised and performed by competent people

• subject to ongoing thorough examinationand where appropriate, inspection bycompetent people

Lifting equipment includes any equipmentused at work for lifting and lowering loadsincluding lifting accessories.

The Provision and Use of WorkEquipment Regulations (PUWER)Under these Regulations work equipment,which includes machinery, appliances,apparatus, tools, component assembliesand in some cases, complete plant, must:• be suitable for its intended task and area

of operation• be well maintained• conform to certain EC requirementsWhen work equipment poses a specific risk,only designated, trained persons may use ormaintain it. Employees must receiveadequate information, instruction andtraining on how to safely use theequipment. They must also understand therisks and necessary control measuresassociated with their work.

53

13 Hierarchy of Hazard Management (Cont)

The Manual Handing OperationsRegulationsThe regulations, aimed at reducing the riskof injury from manual handling, establish ahierarchy of measures to be followed:• avoid hazardous manual handling

operations so far as is reasonablypracticable. This may be done byredesigning the task to avoid moving the load or by automating or mechanising the process

• make a suitable and sufficient assessmentof any hazardous manual handlingoperations that cannot be avoided

• reduce the risk of injury from thoseoperations so far as is reasonablypracticable. Where possible, mechanicalassistance should be provided, forexample, a trolley or hoist. Where this isnot reasonably practicable then changes tothe task, the load and the workingenvironment should be explored

The assessment referred to above shouldconsider:• the load to be manually lifted• the task i.e. twisting bending etc.• the environment where the activity is

being carried outEmployers must provide employees withinformation about the nature of the load tobe lifted and employees should make fulluse of any work equipment provided by the employer.

The Construction (Design andManagement) Regulations (CDM)The construction industry covers a widerange of activities, hazards, materials,techniques employment patterns andcontractual arrangements. The Regulationsare based on the premise that goodmanagement of construction progress fromconcept through to completion is essential ifhealth and safety standards are to improve.

The Regulations require the systematichealth and safety management of projects.Hazards must be identified and eliminatedwhere possible, and the remaining risksreduced and controlled. This approachreduces risks during construction work andthroughout the life cycle of a structure(including eventual demolition).

In summary the Regulations require:• a realistic project programme with

adequate time allowed for planning,preparation and the work itself

• early appointment of key people• competent duty holders with sufficient

resources to meet their legal duties• provision of health and safety information

from the start of the design phase,through construction and maintenance toeventual demolition, so that everyone candischarge their duties effectively

• co-operation between duty holders• effort and resources proportionate to the risk

and complexity of the project to be appliedto managing Health and Safety issues

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