What is Development?

• How people grow, How people grow, adapt and change adapt and change during their lives during their lives – Physical DevelopmentPhysical Development– Personality DevelopmentPersonality Development– Socioemotional Socioemotional

DevelopmentDevelopment– Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development

History of Development

• Hall was First President of APA• Contents of Children’s Minds (1883)

– Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny• Ontogeny is the growth (size change) and

development (shape change) of an individual organism; phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species

– Children develop in regular stages– Deterministic

• Cultural Epochs Curriculum– Epochs of human history provide scope

and sequence of the curriculum– Differentiated curriculum

• Prepare boys for the world of work• Prepare girls for marriage and

motherhood

G. Stanley Hall

Contemporary Principles of Development

• Development is OrderlyDevelopment is Orderly• Development is Development is

GradualGradual• Nature - NurtureNature - Nurture

– Learning changes the Learning changes the physical structure of the physical structure of the brainbrain

– Different parts of the Different parts of the brain are ready to learn brain are ready to learn at different timesat different times

Piagetian Development

• Maturation• Activity• Social

Experience• Equilibration• Blog

Piagetian Terminology

• Schemes• Adaptation

– Assimilation– Accommodatio

n

• Equilibration• Constructivism

Assimilation/Accommodation

Stages of Cognitive Development

• Sensorimotor• Pre-operational• Concrete

operations• Formal

operations

Sensorimotor Stage: Ages 0-2

• Learning through 5 senses• Object permanence• Trial & Error• Reflexes

Preoperational Stage: 2-7

• Egocentrism• One-way logic• Conservation• Language Development• Focus on states, not processes

Preoperational

Researcher- Are Dreams true?Child- No, they are pictures we see.Researcher- Are your eyes open or shut when you dream?Child- Shut.Researcher- Could I see your dream?Child- No, you would be too far away.Researcher- Could your mother see it?Child- Yes, but she turns on the light.

Preoperational

Researcher- If you stuck a pin in this stone, would it feel it? Child- No Researcher- Why not? Child- Because it is hard. Researcher- If you put it in the fire, would it feel that? Child- Yes, because it would get burnt Researcher-Is the sun alive? Child- Yes, because it gives light. Researcher- Is a candle alive? Child- No- Well, I guess it is when it is giving light. Researcher- Is a bicycle alive? Child- No, when it doesn’t go it isn’t alive!

Conservation

The child agrees that each container holds the same amount of liquid

The child believes the tall container holds more.

Conservation of Liquid

Preschoolers ignore the pouring process and focus only on the beginning state and the end state

Blog

Concrete Operational Stage: 7-11

• Hands-on Thinking

• Two way logic• Transivity• Classification• Seriation

Blog

Formal Operational Stage: 11-15

• Hypothetico-deductive reasoning

• Systematic reasoning

• Adolescent egocentrism

• Monitored reasoningBlog

Applications of Piaget

• Awareness of student thinking• Individuals “construct” knowledge• Match teaching to cognitive stage

– presentation strategies– illustrations & examples– assignments

• Use disequilibrium to motivate

Limitations of Piaget

• Stage theory inconsistencies• Under estimation of

children’s abilities• It overlooks cultural and

social influences (Development depends upon task and prior experiences)

Vygotsky: A sociocultural Perspective

• Role of language & private speech

• Social transmission• self-talk & learning• Scaffolding & assisted

learning• Zone of Proximal

Development• Importance of

conversations

Implementing Vygotsky’s Theory

• Imitiative Learning• Instructed Learning• Assisted Learning• Cooperative Learning• Alternative

Assessments

Teaching Model Based Upon Vygotsky

Limitations of Vygotsky

• Learning may be effected by:– knowledge base– existing thinking skills

• Environmental influences– transmission model of most American

schools– authoritarian environments and

unwillingness to allow socially transmitted learning