Ecosystems Unit
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Transcript of Ecosystems Unit
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Ecosystems Unit
Unit Essential Question: How are the living and nonliving things connected in an ecosystem?
Key Learning: All living and nonliving things on our planet are connected.
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Concept: What’s In An Ecosystem?
Lesson Essential Questions:
1. How are population sizes determined? 2. How do you identify what is in an ecosystem?
Vocabulary
Population
Sampling
Abiotic Factor
Biotic Factor
You will be able to answer these questions by the end this section
You should already know what these words mean. You will be able to use them in your responses and discussions throughout the unit
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Investigation #1: Sampling Populations
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Natural Selection is a species’ response to Environmental
Stress.
Environmental Stress is any factor in the environment that makes it harder for a species to reproduce or get what it needs to survive.
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• Competition from an organism requiring a similar habitat.
• Climate change
• Predation
• Other factors that would put long term stress on a species!
• Change in availability or type of food
Environmental Stress could be…
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Three basic things can happen when a species is under stress:
1. Go extinct in that area.2. Move to another area (emigrate).3. Adapt to survive the stress.
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Ecosystems UnitWhat the Beak?
Part AComplete the reading in your packet and
answer the questions when you finish.
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Ecosystems UnitWhat the Beak?
Part BYou will complete the lab. Follow all of Mr.
Herlihy’s instructions and do not move ahead. If you miss a step, you will have
skewed data and will not get full credit on the lab.
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Ecosystems UnitStructure/Function Lab
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Among
OrganismsThere are three main types :
CompetitionPredation Symbiosis
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Competition:
Species that occupy similar niches will have to compete for these limited resources.
Food (nutrients), water and space are usually limiting factors in a habitat.
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Organisms have developed specialized forms, characteristics and behaviors that allow them to compete, these are called adaptations.
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Predation: An interaction in which one
organism kills and eats another!
The organism that does the killing is the predator,
the one that is eaten is the prey!
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PredatorsHave a wide range of specialized adaptations that allow them to catch prey.
Think of some predators that you know, what adaptations do they have that help them in their niche?
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PreyHave specialized adaptations to allow them to survive!
Such as:Camouflage- coloring or body parts that allow them to blend with surroundingsMimicry- body markings that make it look like something more dangerousProtective coverings- shell or spines that make them hard to catch or eatWarning colors- bright colors that warn predators that they are poisonous
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Symbiosis - a relationship between populations in which one or both populations is benefited.
There are 3 main types of symbiotic relationships:
commensalismmutualism
parasitism
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Commensalism- a relationship in which one species is benefited and the other is neither benefited nor harmed
For instance: barnacles on an oysterThe barnacle gets a place to live, the oyster is not harmed or helped.
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Mutualism - both species are helped.
For instance: oxpecker (also called “tick-pickers”) and herding animals such as cows or water buffalo. The “tick-picker” gets food and protection from predators. The herd animal gets relief from parasites.
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Parasitism- one species is helped, the other is harmed.
For instance: A tick and a dog. The tick gets food, blood from the dog. The dog is harmed, with too many ticks the dog will become anemic and will not be as healthy.Parasites RARELY kill the host. They almost always weaken it though.
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Energy Flow Through an Ecosystem
Food Chains, Food Webs, Energy Pyramids
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•Begins with the SUN•Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight & chlorophyll C6H12O6 + 6O2
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Organisms that can make glucose during
photosynthesis are called PRODUCERS.
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Producers use most of the energy they make for themselves.
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The energy that is not used by producers can be passed on to
organisms that cannot make their own energy. Organisms that cannot make their own energy are called
CONSUMERS.
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Consumers that eat producers to get energy:
• Are first order or primary consumers
• Are herbivores (plant-eaters)
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Most of the energy the primary consumer gets from the producer is
used by the consumer.
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Some of the energy moves into the atmosphere as heat.
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Some energy in the primary consumer is not lost to the atmosphere or
used by the consumer itself.
This energy is passed on to another consumer.
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A consumer that eats another consumer for energy:
• Is called a secondary or second order consumer
• May be a carnivore or a herbivore
• May be a predator
• May be a scavenger
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Most of the energy the secondary consumer gets from the primary
consumer is used by the secondary consumer.
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Some of the energy is lost as heat, but some energy
is stored and can be passed on to another
consumer.
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A consumer that eats a consumer that already ate a consumer:
• Is called a third order or tertiary consumer
• May be a carnivore or a herbivore
• May be a predator• May be a
scavenger
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Consumers that eat producers & other
consumers• Are called
omnivores
• Omnivores eat plants and animals
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The transfer of energy from sun to producer to primary consumer to secondary consumer to tertiary consumer can be shown in a
FOOD CHAIN.
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Sun
field mouse
owl
corn flower
toad
butterflyrabbit
grass
fungi moldbacteria
red fox rat snake
Decomposers break down all dead organisms and wastes from entire food web
Food Web
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Another way of showing the transfer of energy in an ecosystem is the
ENERGY PYRAMID. Energy pyramids show:
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• That the amount of available energy decreases down the food chain
• It takes a large number of producers to support a small number of primary consumers
• It takes a large number of primary consumers to support a small number of secondary consumers
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ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS: The concept of a pyramid is useful to describe the energy (trophic) levels of organisms, the amount of biomass (the mass of all the living material), and amount of energy transferred from one trophic level to another.
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Producers
Primary Consumers
Secondary Consumers
Tertiary Consumers
Trophic Levels
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Producer level has the largest amount of biomass
Primary Consumer level has 10% of the biomass found in the producer level
Secondary Consumer has 10% of the biomass found in the primary consumer level, that’s 1 % of the producer level
Tertiary Consumer has 10% of the biomass found in the
secondary consumer level, that’s 0.1 % of the producer
level
90% of the materials (biomass) taken in by consumers ends up as waste. This means that in order to make 1 gram of tertiary consumer biomass, 1000 grams of producer is needed in the beginning!
Biomass Pyramid
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100% of the energy originally taken in by the plants
10% of the energy originally taken in by the plants
1% of the energy originally taken in by the plants
0.1% of the energy originally taken in by the plants
Energy Pyramid