Ecosystems: Management Implications · x x x x x Frequenz [kHz] H ... EUROCAT Soil River Estuary...
Transcript of Ecosystems: Management Implications · x x x x x Frequenz [kHz] H ... EUROCAT Soil River Estuary...
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Ecology Centre, University of Kiel
Ecosystems:Management Implications
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Indicatorsof the
Capacityfor Self-
Organization
Landuse-Intensity
Orientorsas
Indicators
Natural(primary)Sucession
MinorEcological
Risk
MajorEcological
Risk
Maturity
Pioneer Stage
NormativeArguments:
Risk Minimization andEcological Integrity
System-analytical Arguments:
Thermodynamics,Gradient Principle and
Orientor Theory
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Societal Driversuse of ecosystem services
Ecosystem Integritybased upon self-organising capacity
Human needsand activities
Natural processes and components
Societal evaluation of ecosystem services and environmental risks:Interpretation of the Precautionary Principle (Management Responses)
Use of ecosystem services causing environmental impacts
Simple model of man & biosphere interactions, after de Groot (1992), slightly modified
Use of ecosystems and consequent environmental impacts
Environmental risk
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Das Ziel: Integrationdurch Verknüpfung
Zukunft Küste – Coastal Futures
durch
Orientierung Zusammenarbeit
Naturwissenschaften Sozialwissenschaften Wirtschaft
Region Land Bund EU
Regionale Akteure Wissenschaftler Verwaltung
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Priority: environment,self-regulation. Strong sustainability.People:long-term planners,absolutely risk averse.
Strong EU
Strong political leadership.Regulated economy towards sustainability.People:mid-term planners,risk averse to some degree.
Free, unregulated world markets. Priority: economic growth. People:short-term planners,no risk aversion.
Green RegionsGlobal Markets
EUROCAT
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User specific perspectives
Marine protectionOffshore windparks
Fishery
Shipping
Disaster control
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Birds
Fish
MarineMammals
Benthos
Ecosystem
Risk of shipaccidents
Socio-EconomicSystem
Harbour Development
Fisheries
Tourism
Visual Impact
WindpowerIndustry
MaricultureEmploy-ment
PublicAccep-tance
LocalIncome
Birds
Fish
MarineMammals
Benthos
Ecosystem
Risk of shipaccidents
Socio-EconomicSystem
Harbour Development
Fisheries
Tourism
Visual Impact
WindpowerIndustry
Mariculture
Socio-EconomicSystem
Harbour Development
Fisheries
Tourism
Visual Impact
WindpowerIndustry
Mariculture
Socio-EconomicSystem
Harbour Development
Fisheries
Tourism
Visual Impact
WindpowerIndustry
MaricultureEmploy-ment
PublicAccep-tance
LocalIncome
The Core of ICZM: Interactions
Zukunft Küste – Coastal Futures
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Scaling
• Southern Northsea• Windparks• Power-plant
Sea use... Official data on planning... recent R&D results... Available modelling results... Own modelling activities...
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Welche Veränderungen betrachtet CF?
xx
xx xxxx xx
Frequenz [kHz]
Hör
verm
ögen
[dB
]
140
40
1601
0
20
40
60
80
100
120Exergie-Aufnahme
Stoffkreisläufe
Speicherkapazität
Heterogenität
biotische Diversität
Stoffverluste
Bauphase Referenzwerte
0
20
40
60
80
100
120Exergie-Aufnahme
Stoffkreisläufe
Speicherkapazität
Heterogenität
biotische Diversität
Stoffverluste
Bauphase Referenzwerte
(nicht aus ERSEM)
Chlorophyll-a
Individuenbezogene Reaktionspotentiale
Analysis of specific processes Analysis of indirect effects
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B1=Standard+0.216 [mg m-3]
Windpark Sandbank 24
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Wind
Wind speed map from ERS-2 data
M. Christiansen & C. Hasager
Wake effects
Single turbine
U2
U1
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Helgoland
Figure 4.2.1: 240ip in S (0) Figure 4.2.2: 240
ip in S (3)
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Societal Drivers
Pressures Coast
0
50
100Food demand
Urbanisation
Energy demand
Mobility &Transport
Industry &Housing
Nature
Conservation
EU leadership
Reference
Global Markets Strong EU Green Regions
Riverine input NitrogenPhosphorusSilicate, Sediment
Matter exchange with Greater North Sea ...Atmospheric input…Extraction of sand and clay…Loss or conversion of coastal habitats…Fisheries…Shipping and Ports…Oil and Gas ...Offshore Windfarms ...Waste Disposal…Recreation and Tourism...
Possible reference values:maximum value, average value, recent or former situation, wanted situation, expected situation, scenario situation, etc.
Drivers,Pressures &Scenarios
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Recent situation: social State 100 k.A.> 100 Überangebot< 100 Unterangebot
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Energy-szenario
AusgangssituationEnergieszenario
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Green scenario
AusgangssituationNaturraumszenario
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World views, values and perceptions of society:
Define risk aversion of society
Different interpretation of policy targets and yardsticks
Policy and Management strategies
The Background: Values and Perceptions of Society
EUROCATZukunft Küste – Coastal Futures
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Use of Scenarios in EUROCAT
Soil
River
Estuary
Coast
Atm
osph
ere
Bio
phys
cial
pro
pert
ies
Soci
o- e
cono
mic
act
iviti
es
Coastal response Green Regions
StrongEU
Global Markets
Workingwith nature
TargetedPolicies
EconomicInstruments
Different interpretations of the Precautionary Principle (scenario
dependent)
Revised Policy Mix
StakeholderInputs
Uncertainty about the Future
Modified after Colijn et al. (2002)
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Measures for Reducing Nutrient Emissions
Catchment Description MeasuresElbe present levels (same as in 2000) are maintained no additional measures
Humber present levels (1993-2001) are maintained until 2025 300 ha due to realignmentRhine present levels (same as in 2000) are maintained no additional measures
Catchment Description Measures
Elbe Reduction of inputs from the catchment (point and diff. Sources), implementation of the Nitrate Directive (good agr. Practice)
Farm measures, WWTP update,tile drainage reduction up to 10% of arable land
Humber
Reduction of inputs from the catchment, 20% reduction from point sources along the tidal reaches/estuary (implementation of the Urban
Waste Water Directive), 75% of the area designated as Nitrate Vulnerable area, management realignment
20% reduction of riverine loads (point sources + Nitrate Directive implementation),
realignment area of 1321 ha
Rhine Reduction of inputs from the catchment (point and diff. Sources), implementation of the Nitrate Directive (good agr. Practice)
Farm measures, WWTP update,tile drainage reduction up to 10% of arable land
Catchment Description Measures
Elbe Over-compliance with Environmental Directives and standards Farm measures, WWTP update, tile drainage reduction up to 20% of arable land
Humber
Reduction of inputs from the catchment, 50% reduction from point sources along the tidal reaches/estuary (implementaion of the Urban
Waste Water Directive), 75% of the area designated as Nitrate Vulnerable area, management realignment
50% red in point sources + Nitrate Directive implementation, realignment area of 7400 ha
Rhine Over-compliance with Environmental Directives and standards Farm measures, WWTP update, tile drainage reduction up to 20% of arable land
BAU
PT
DG
Sources: Cave et al., 2003 (Humber); Lise et al., 2003, 2004 (Rhine and Elbe) Karfeld in preparation (Elbe)
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Reduction scenarios
Humber
Source: Behrendt 2004
Humber: N 27%, P 42%
Rhine/Elbe: N 70%, P 75%
Humber: N 8%, P 37%
Rhine: N 38%, P 51%
Elbe: N 35%, P 48%
Humber: N 19%, P 41%
Rhine/Elbe: N 50%, P 65%BA
UD
GP
T
Reference 1985
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0
50
100Landwirtschaft / Fischerei
Siedlungs -entwicklung
Energiebedarf
Verkehr &Transport
Tourismus
Natur -schutz
EU - Politik
0
50
100Landwirtschaft / Fischerei
Siedlungs -entwicklung
Energiebedarf
Verkehr &Transport
Tourismus
Natur -schutz
EU - Politik
0
50
100Primärproduktion
Trophische Effizienz
SpeicherungArtenvielfalt
Nährstoffverluste
Ref=100
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COCOA Setup
3 o W 0 o 3 o E 6 o E 9 o E 1 2 o E 5 0 o N
5 2 o N
5 4 o N
5 6 o N
5 8 o N
6 0 o N
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 1 0 1 1
1 2
1 3
1 4
1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9
2 0 2 1 2 2
2 3 2 4
2 5 2 6
2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0
3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4
3 5 3 6
3 7 3 8 3 9
4 0 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4
4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8
4 9 5 0 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 7 5 8
5 9
6 0 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4 6 5 6 6 6 7 6 8 6 9
7 0 7 1 7 2 7 3 7 4 7 5 7 6 7 7 7 8
7 9 8 0 8 1 8 2 8 3
8 4 8 5 8 6 8 7
8 88 9 9 0 9 1
9 2 9 3
9 4 9 5 9 6 9 7
9 8 9 9 1 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 2 1 0 3 1 0 4
1 0 5
1 0 6
1 0 7
1 0 8 1 0 9 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 2
1 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 5
1 1 6 1 1 7
1 1 8 1 1 9 1 2 0
1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 3 1 2 4
1 2 5 1 2 6
1 2 7 1 2 8 1 2 9
1 3 0 1 3 1 1 3 2 1 3 3
1 3 4
1 3 5 1 3 6 1 3 7 1 3 8
93 surface plus coastal boxes
45 lower boxes
138 boxes in total
Elbe Box = 77, 78, 68, 69, 58, 59
Rhine Box = 91, 87, 83
Humber Box =70
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Box
Mean winterDIN concen.(mmol N m-3)
Mean winterDIP concen.(mmol P m-3)
Mean winterDIN / DIP ratio
Mean winterDIN / Si ratio
68Model Field
31.1 36.5
1.2 0.9
26.2 40.4
9.5 10.3
78Model Field
135.9 139.2
3.6 2.5
39.3 50.8
1.6 2.3
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ERSEM Validation
DIP (m mol P m-3)
CHL-a (mg Chl-a m-3)
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Time series of Diatoms and Flagellates for box 78 (Elbe) for the standard scenario
Diatomeen (mg C m-3) Flagellaten (mg C m-3)
Source: Lenhard, 2003
Pristine= pink1995= black
BAU= redPT= blueDG= green
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Net primary production (g C m-2 a-1)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
South NS Humber Box Rhine BoxNS
Elbe Box NS
1995=100
80%
70%
60%
Pris tine=10%North Sea circulation patterns
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Monthly mean tracer concentration (mmol m-3). A point source near the Rhine outflow isresponsible for the horizontal gradients.
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Horizontal distribution of net primary production simulated by ERSEM for the year 1995 in gC m-2 y-1.
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Self-organsing Capacity ProcessesERSEM indicators
Export of matter and energy (especially of scarce nutrients). Indicated by:matter losses into adjacent ecosystems (offshore)Ind. Nutrient losses into adj. ERSEM Boxes (org + in.)
Of energy, nutrients and toxic compoundsIndicated by: Particular Organic MatterSediment (amount & quality)Ind. Sediment in/output
Of energy and matter through the trophic structureIndicated by: trophic structure, turnover of w. nutrientsInd. Turnover of winter nutrients
Of structures (both biotic and abiotic patterns) is essential for resilience and adaptive capacity Indicated by: species composition, spatial sediment distrbutionInd. Diatom/nonDiatom ratio
external nutrient load, Nutrient availability
Ind. Net primary production
Exergy Capture
Heterogenity
Matter Losses Minimisation
Cycling
Storage Capacity
Capability of enhancing the use of incoming energy Indicated by: primary production, light supply,
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-50
0
50
100Exergy
Cycling
StorageHeterogeneity
Mini. Losses
Pristine
BAU= 80%
Policy Target= 70%
Deep Green= 60%
Ref. 1995=0
Elbe
MeasuresCosts (M
Euros) Minimum
Costs (M Euros)
Maximum
Elbe BAU present levels (same as in 2000) are maintained
no additional measures 399
ElbePT
Reduction of inputs from the catchment (point and diff. Sources), implementation
of the Nitrate Directive (good agr. Practice)
Farm measures, WWTP update,tile drainage reduction up to 10% of arable land
806,7 1804,5
Elbe DG Over-compliance with Environmental Directives and standards
Farm measures, WWTP update, tile drainage reduction up to 20% of arable land
1664,9 5935,7
Sources: Cave et al., 2003 (Humber); Lise et al., 2003, 2004 (Rhine and Elbe) Karfeld in preparation (Elbe)
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0
50
100Exergy
Cycling
StorageHeterogeneity
Mini. LossesPris tine
BAU= 80%
Policy Target= 70%
Deep Green= 60%
Ref. 1995=0
Rhine
MeasuresCosts (M
Euros) Minimum
Costs (M Euros)
Maximum
Rhine BAU present levels (same as in 2000) are maintained
no additional measures 816
Rhine PT
Reduction of inputs from the catchment (point and diff. Sources), implementation
of the Nitrate Directive (good agr. Practice)
Farm measures, WWTP update,tile drainage reduction up to 10% of arable land
846,2 1202,4
Rhine DG Over-compliance with Environmental Directives and standards
Farm measures, WWTP update, tile drainage reduction up to 20% of arable land
1651,8 2971,8
Sources: Cave et al., 2003 (Humber); Lise et al., 2003, 2004 (Rhine and Elbe) Karfeld in preparation (Elbe)
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-50
0
50
100Exergy
Cycling
StorageHeterogeneity
Mini. LossesPristineBAU= 80%Policy Target= 70%Deep Green= 60%Ref. 1995=0
Humber
MeasuresCosts (M
Euros) Minimum
Costs (M Euros)
MaximumHumber BAU present levels (1993-2001) are maintained until 2025 300 ha due to realignment -55,5
Humber PT
Reduction of inputs from the catchment, 20% reduction from point sources along the tidal reaches/estuary (implementation of the Urban
Waste Water Directive), 75% of the area designated as Nitrate Vulnerable area, management realignment
20% reduction of riverine loads (point sources + Nitrate Directive implementation), realignment
area of 1321 ha -34,245 55,68
Humber DG
Reduction of inputs from the catchment, 50% reduction from point sources along the tidal reaches/estuary (implementaion of the Urban
Waste Water Directive), 75% of the area designated as Nitrate Vulnerable area, management realignment
50% red in point sources + Nitrate Directive implementation, realignment area of 7400 ha
-1039,995 -844,62
Sources: Cave et al., 2003 (Humber); Lise et al., 2003, 2004 (Rhine and Elbe) Karfeld in preparation (Elbe)
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-2000,00
0,00
2000,00
4000,00
6000,00
8000,00
10000,00
Bau PT min PT max DG min DGmax
RhineElbeHumber
Costs (net benefits) [M Euros] of reduction scenarios
costs(net) benefits
Elbe/Rhine: Only costs of measures are computed, benefits are qualitatively assessed in a MCA
Humber: Net present value is computed as a difference between costs and benefits associated with scenarios
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 2 3 4 5
South North SeaHumber Box
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 2 3 4 5
South North Sea
Elbe Box
Elbe Box, North SeaRed.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 2 3 4 5
South North Sea
Rhine Box
Rhine Box, NorthSea Red.
Elbe
Rhine
Humber
Ecological risk: The ecological risk of 1995 is normalised to 100, the pristine is normalised to 0, the ecological risk of the considered scenarios are normalised between 0 and 100.
Ecological risk is computed as the average of normalised values (1 to 100) of ecosystem integrity indicators for each scenario.
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After Windhorst &Turner 2003, in preparation
about risks of natural hazards
Marginal costsof ecosystem conservation
use of ecosystem services
loss of ecological integrity (e.g. ecosystem squeeze)
SatisfyingZone
GreenRegions
Precautionary principle
Globalmarkets
Risk averse
Risk ignorant
Risk management
Economic Benefits(marginal)
about risks of natural hazards
about economic risksRisk ignorant
Risk averseabout economic risks
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 2 3 4 5
South North Sea
Elbe Box
Elbe Box, North SeaRed.
Elbe
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Case study reindeer herding in Northern Finland
Burkhard and Müller 2005
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High Reindeer Densitiesin the Summer
on the Winter Pastures
Loss ofGrazing Land
Landuse ChangeTourism, Forestry, Hydro-Energy
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Rapid Soil Drying in Summer
Mechanical Disturbanceby Trampling
High Reindeer Densitiesin the Summer
on the Winter Pastures
Loss ofGrazing Land
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Rapid Soil Drying in Summer
Mechanical Disturbanceby Trampling
Destruction of Likensand
Soil Compaction
Wind Erosion fromBare Soils
Loss of „Soil Capital“
High Reindeer Densitiesin the Summer
on the Winter Pastures
Loss ofGrazing Land
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Key Problem:
Reduced Quantity and Quality of Grazing Areas
Podsolic Soilswith Healthy (A)and Damaged (B)Lichen Covers(Photo: Uhlig,Sveistrup & Schjelderup)
A B
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Key Problem:
Reduced Quality of Grazing Areas
IkonosPictureNäkkälä
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Landuse ChangeEcosystem Structures
Ecosystem InputsEcosystem Outputs
CarrierFunctions
Pressure
LanduseIntensity
0
20
40
60
80
100
120Reindeer Herding
Forestry
Tourism & Recreation
Other LanduseActivities
NatureProtection
Agri-culture
Raw Materials Energy Conversion
Human HabitationCultivation
Energy ConversionRecreation
Nature Protection
Area and Intensity
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Ecosystem StateStructureFunctionIntegrity
Self-Organisation
Regulation and Habitat
Functions
State
EcologicalIntegrity
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Exergy Capture
Exergy Dissipation
Metabolic Effeciency-1
Organisation
Diversity Storage
Nutrient Loss-1 Biotic Water Flows
Energy BalanceClimate
HydrologyBiomass
Erosion and SedimentsBiogeochemistry
Nutrient BalancesSoil Fertility
Organic MatterHabitat Maintenance
Biodiversity
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Economic Consequences
ProductionFunctions
Impact
EconomicWelfare
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Employment
Spending Power
Transport
Demography
Logistics and
Infra-structure
Significance Reindeer Herding
EfficiencyAccomodation
OxygenWater for Human Use
FoodGenetic Resources
Medicinical ResourcesRaw Materials
(Clothing, Building,...)Biochemicals
Fuel and EnergyFodder
FertilizerOrnamental Resources
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SocialConsequences
InformationFunctions
Impact
SocialWelfare
0
20
40
60
80
100
120Health and Nutrition
Social Security
Leisure
Personal Well-Being
Ethno-logical
IdentityEducation
Communication Culture
Aestetic InformationSpiritual InformationHistoric InformationCultural Inspiration
Educational InformationScientific Information
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Scenario A: Business as usual
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Scenario B: Intensification of reindeer herding
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Scenario C: Reduction of reindeer herding
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land use integrity
economysocial welfare
Sustainability scenario
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Outlook
The presented methodology represents a new approach towards policy implementation, the advantages are:
• Determine the ‚role‘ and impact of each river system upon the whole North Sea basin and its potential improvement
• Represent the indicators of ecological integrity as characterised by a dynamical and spatially differentiated equilibrium
• Facilitate an approach to reduction based on the choice of ‚acceptable‘ ecological risk
• Determine the values of ecological indicators related with the acceptable risk, thus facilitating monitoring campaigns
Further research topics are:• Validation with further field data• Revision and improvement of the aggregation procedure (from single
indicators to env. Risk• Potential for further applications
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Main contributing scientists:
Hermann LenhartFranciscus Colijn and Andreas Kannen
Kerry Turner, Rachel Cave and Laure LedouxHorst Behrendt and Jürgen Hofmann
Wietze Liese and Ron JannsenBenjamin Burkhard and Felix MüllerKatarina Licht and Bernhard Gläser
Stefan Garthe, Klaus Lucke and Ursula Siebert