ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.
-
Upload
diane-williams -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
0
Transcript of ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.
![Page 1: ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1d5503460f94c34759/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY
FLOW & MATTER CYCLING
CHAPTER 4
![Page 2: ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1d5503460f94c34759/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
ECOLOGY
Study of the relationships between organisms and their environment– How organisms interact with their nonliving
environment such as sunlight, temperature, moisture, nutrients, etc.
KEY WORK IS: INTERACT - Connections in Nature
![Page 3: ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1d5503460f94c34759/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What is an organism? What make up organisms?
![Page 4: ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1d5503460f94c34759/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Organisms are either:
EUCARYOTIC -– SURROUNDED BY A
MEMBRANE
– HAVE A DISTINCT NUCLEUS
– HAVE INTERNAL ORGANELLES
– All organisms except bacteria.
PROCARYOTIC -– SURROUNDED BY A
MEMBRANE
– NO DISTINCT NUCLEUS
– NO INTERNAL PARTS SURROUNDED BY MEMBRANES
– Bacteria
![Page 5: ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1d5503460f94c34759/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
What is a SPECIES? How do species
differ? What is the difference
between sexual and asexual reproduction?
Number of species on earth is not known– 5 million to 100 million
maybe
Wild species - found in natural habitat
Domestic species - have been taken and therefore play a smaller role.
![Page 6: ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1d5503460f94c34759/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Population
A group of organisms of the same species in a given area at a given time– Can vary with:
• Season
• Time of day
• Time of year
Density = number of organisms/area What is genetic diversity?
![Page 7: ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1d5503460f94c34759/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
What is habitat?
Where an organism lives
![Page 8: ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1d5503460f94c34759/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
What is a Community?
Populations of all species in a particular place at a particular time.
![Page 9: ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1d5503460f94c34759/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
What is an Ecosystem?
Community of different species interacting with one another and with their nonliving environments.
Ecosystems can be small or large. What is the Biosphere?
![Page 10: ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1d5503460f94c34759/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
lithosphere
hydrosphere
Atmosphere
Make up the Biosphere
![Page 11: ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1d5503460f94c34759/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
What makes up the Atmosphere?
Troposphere - 0-11 miles up - contains our air.– What are the major gases that make up the air
we breathe?
Stratosphere - 11-30 miles up - lowest portion contains the ozone layer– What is the purpose of the ozone layer?
![Page 12: ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1d5503460f94c34759/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
What is the Hydrosphere?
Liquid water - surface and underground Ice Water vapor in the atmosphere
![Page 13: ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1d5503460f94c34759/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1d5503460f94c34759/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Interior of earth:
Core - mostly iron, some nickel– Center solid surrounded by a liquid core of
molten material
Mantle - mainly iron with some Si, O,& Mg– Mostly solid rock except for asthenosphere
which flows like plastic.
Crust - thinnest zone - 98% of it is only 8 elements
![Page 15: ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1d5503460f94c34759/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Life is sustained by:
One -way flow of energy - from sun through plants to animals - then back into space
Cycling of matter or nutrients Gravity - allows planet to hold its
atmosphere. Earth is a closed system - receives energy
from sun but loses no matter into space– Nutrients are recycled
![Page 16: ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1d5503460f94c34759/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Organisms are open systems - exchange matter and energy between the system and the environment.– Take in matter and energy - use it to stay alive
and put waste back into the environment.
![Page 17: ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1d5503460f94c34759/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
How does the sun sustain life?
Lights & warms the planet Supplies energy for photosynthesis Powers cycling of matter Drives the climate and weather systems
![Page 18: ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1d5503460f94c34759/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Facts about the sun
Middle- aged star Takes 8 minutes for light to get to the earth Most of light to earth is ultraviolet About 28% of its light is reflected back into space
by clouds, dust, and land 72% warms air and land, evaporates water, generates
winds, Only about .023% is used by plants for
photosynthesis
![Page 19: ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1d5503460f94c34759/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Nutrient cycles
Nutrient - any atom, ion or molecule an organism needs to live
Macronutrients are needed in large amounts - CHONPS and a few others
Micronutrients - needed in small or trace amounts.
Also called Biogeochemical cycles. - life - earth - chemical cycles.– Driven by the sun
– Main ones are hydrologic, nitrogen,carbon, phosphorus, and sulfur.
![Page 20: ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1d5503460f94c34759/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Ecosystem Concepts
Biomes - large regions characterized by climate and life-forms - especially vegetation
Climate - long term weather - mainly temperature and precipitation.
Aquatic life zones - freshwater & marine– Lakes & streams
– Estuaries, coastlines, coral reefs, & deep ocean.
![Page 21: ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1d5503460f94c34759/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Ecosystem concepts
Ecotone - a region where two ecosystems meet.– Has more species
diversity than either adjacent ecosystem.
Biotic - living components - plants and animals
Abiotic - nonliving components - water, nutrients, air, solar energy, etc.
![Page 22: ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1d5503460f94c34759/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Range of Tolerance
Ability to survive within variations of a physical or chemical environment– Individuals within a population may have
differing ranges of tolerance
Tolerance limits - beyond which no member of a species is able to survive
![Page 23: ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1d5503460f94c34759/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Po
pu
lati
on
Siz
e
Low High Temperature
Zone ofintolerance
Zone ofphysiological stress
Optimum range Zone ofphysiological stress
Zone ofintolerance
Noorganisms
Feworganisms
Lower limitof tolerance
Abundance of organismsFew
organismsNo
organisms
Upper limitof tolerance
Range of Tolerance
![Page 24: ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1d5503460f94c34759/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Limiting Factors
Any one factor that is responsible for regulating population growth– Light, water– In aquatic ecosystems
• D.O.
• Sunlight
• Temperature
![Page 25: ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1d5503460f94c34759/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
What is photosynthesis?
The producers (plants) also called autotrophs take carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight and produce glucose and oxygen.
Chemosynthesis in the ocean uses heat energy from the thermal vents to convert dissolved hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide into organic nutrient molecules.
![Page 26: ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1d5503460f94c34759/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
What is trophic level?
The feeding level of the organism.
![Page 27: ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1d5503460f94c34759/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Plants are __________________ They are the __________________
in an ecosystem. They occupy the _______________ Trophic level.
![Page 28: ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1d5503460f94c34759/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Cows are __________________ which are ________________
Consumers. They occupy the ______________
Trophic level.
![Page 29: ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1d5503460f94c34759/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Lions are __________________ They are _____________ Consumers. They occupy the ___________trophic
level.
![Page 30: ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1d5503460f94c34759/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Pigs are _______ Which means they eat ______and ______;
![Page 31: ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1d5503460f94c34759/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Sharks are ______ Which means they eat __________
![Page 32: ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1d5503460f94c34759/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
What are DETRITIVORES? What are
decomposers?
What are detritus feeders?
![Page 33: ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1d5503460f94c34759/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
What is AEROBIC RESPIRATION?
Uses _____ + ______ and release _____ ,_______ ______, and _______
![Page 34: ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1d5503460f94c34759/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
What is AEROBIC RESPIRATION?
Uses glucose + oxygen and release carbon dioxide, water, and energy.
All organisms carry on respiration!!!
![Page 35: ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING CHAPTER 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1d5503460f94c34759/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
What is Anaerobic Respiration?
Also called fermentation. Does not use free oxygen The end produces are compounds such as
methane gas, ethyl alcohol, acetic acid, and hydrogen sulfide.