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Ecosystems and Energy Chapter 3. “In the end, we will conserve only what we love, we will love...
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Transcript of Ecosystems and Energy Chapter 3. “In the end, we will conserve only what we love, we will love...
![Page 1: Ecosystems and Energy Chapter 3. “In the end, we will conserve only what we love, we will love only what we understand, we will understand only what we.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56649ea85503460f94babd7e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ecosystems and Energy
Chapter 3
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“In the end, we will conserve only what we love, we will love only what we understand, we will understand only what we are
taught.”
-Baba Dioum
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O'Connell 3
Chapter 3 Overview
Ecology
Feeding Relationships
The Energy of Life
The Flow of Energy Through Ecosystems
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What is Ecology?
Ecology –
study of the interactions among organisms, and between organisms (biotic) and their abiotic (non-living) environment.
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What is Ecology?
Levels of Biological Organization
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What is Ecology?
Ecological Levels of Organization:
Population
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What is Ecology?
Ecological Levels of Organization:
Community
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What is Ecology?
Ecological Levels of Organization:
Ecosystem
CO2
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What is Ecology?
Biomes (Landscape ) –
encompasses larger area and several ecosystems
Biosphere –
the whole earth
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O'Connell 10
THE STRUCTURE OF ECOSYSTEMS
The parts that fit togetherPhysical and chemical factors
Feeding relationships
Species interactions
Climate
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O'Connell 11
How Ecosystems Are Formed
Abiotic
Plants
Animals
(moisture and temperature)
(+ moisture = forest)(temperature = forest type)
(lynx or bobcat)
predict
predict
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O'Connell 12
Inorganic and Organic
Inorganic
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen
Water
pH
Organic
All living things
Products of living things
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O'Connell 13
Inorganic and Organic
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O'Connell 14
Moisture and Temperature
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O'Connell 15
Abiotic Factors
The physical and chemical part of an ecosystem.
Conditions: Vary in time and space.No Competition
Temperature
Wind
pH
Salinity
Fire
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O'Connell 16
Abiotic Factors (cont.)
Resources: Consumed by organisms.Competition
Water
Chemical nutrients
Light
Oxygen
Spatial needs
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O'Connell 17
Abiotic Effects in Ecosystem Development
Abiotic Effects in Ecosystem Development
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The Energy of Life
Potential vs. Kinetic Energy
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The Energy of Life
Thermodynamics –
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The Energy of Life
1st Law of Thermodynamics –
energy can change forms, but is not created or destroyed
2nd Law of Thermodynamics –
“Entropy Rules!”
amount of usable energy decreases as energy changes forms
1st Law deals with quantity of energy,
2nd Law with quality of energy.
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The Energy of Life
Photosynthesis
6 CO2 + 12 H2O + radiant energy
C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2
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The Energy of Life
Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O
6 CO2 + 12 H2O + energy
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The Energy of Life
Case-in-Point: Life Without the Sun
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O'Connell 24
Trophic Categories
AutotrophsProducers – make their own organic food
from inorganic materialsSome bacteria, algae, plants
Heterotrophs Consumers – eat live plants and/or animals
From bacteria to blue whales
Detritus feeders and decomposers – eat dead matter
Ravens and vultures; bacteria, earthworms, some insects
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O'Connell 25
Trophic Categories and Terminology
Autotrophs Heterotrophs
Producers Consumers Decomposers & Detritus Feeders
Photosynthetic Primary
Chlorophyll Herbivores Fungi, Bacteria, Earthworms
Purple Pigments Secondary Hydrogen Sulfide Carnivores
Omnivores Parasites
04/22/23
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O'Connell 26
AutotrophsAutotrophs
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O'Connell 27
Trophic Relationships Among Producers and
Consumers
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O'Connell 28
Detritus Feeders
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O'Connell 29
Trophic LevelsTrophic Levels
Third-order Consumer
Secondary Consumer
Primary Consumer
Producer
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O'Connell 30
Match Organisms With Trophic Level(s)
Trophic Levels
Organisms
Producer Primary Consumer
Secondary Consumer
Third-Order Consumer
Plants X
Rabbits X
Snakes X
Owls X X
Bacteria X X X X04/22/23
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O'Connell 31
Match Organisms With Trophic Level(s)
Trophic Levels
Organisms
Producer Primary Consumer
Secondary Consumer
Third-Order Consumer
Autotrophs
X
Herbivores
X
Carnivores
X X
Omnivores
X X X
Parasites X X X
04/22/23
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The Path of Energy Flow
Food Chains –
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The Flow of Energy Through Ecosystems
Producers, Consumers, and Decomposers
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Food Webs –
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O'Connell 35
Marine Food Web
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The Path of Energy Flow
Case-in-Point: How Humans Have Affected the Antarctic Food Web
Krill
Baleen whales
Squid Fishes
Toothed whalesSealsPenguins
What would happen if you eliminated krill?
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O'Connell 37
Where the Biomass Comes From
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The Path of Energy Flow
Ecological Pyramids
Pyramid of Numbers Pyramid of Biomass
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The Path of Energy Flow
Ecological Pyramids
Pyramid of Energy
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O'Connell 40
Trophic Level Energy Exchanges
Trophic Level Energy Exchanges
Third-order Consumer
Secondary Consumer
Primary Consumer
Producer10,000 Kcal
- 100x
- 10x
- 10x
100 Kcal
10 Kcal
1Kcal
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The Path of Energy Flow
Example: Thermodynamics in Action
Desert: Primary producers = 100 g / m2
Temperate forest: Primary producers = 1,500 g / m2
Food webs very simple, very few tertiary consumers
Food webs very complex, more tertiary consumers, some quaternary.
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The Path of Energy Flow
Desert Biomass Pyramid
Primary producers = 100 g / m2
Primary consumers = 10 g / m2
Secondary consumers = 1.0 g / m2
Tertiary consumers = 0.1 g / m2
Tertiary consumers must range over large areas to obtain enough energy to subsist.
such as . . .13.5 kg coyote must range ~12 ha to subsist (30 acres).
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The Path of Energy Flow
Temperate Forest Biomass Pyramid
Primary producers = 1,500 g / m2
Primary consumers = 150 g / m2
Secondary consumers = 15 g / m2
Tertiary consumers = 1.5 g / m2
13.5 kg coyote only needs ~1 ha to subsist (2.5 acres).
Also, possibility of quaternary consumers, like bears.
NOTE: just relative examples, not accurate
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The Path of Energy Flow
Ecosystem Productivity