Ecosystems and Conservation Chemicals Cycle, Energy Flowsdstratto/bcor12/14_Ecosystems.pdf ·...
7
1 10 July 2019 Ecosystems and Conservation • “Energy flows, chemicals cycle” • Primary productivity • Global patterns • 10% “rule” • Nitrogen and Carbon cycles • Climate Change Chemicals Cycle, Energy Flows Sun Loss of heat Chemical cycling Energy flow Primary producers Primary consumers Detritus Secondary and tertiary consumers Microorganisms and other detritivores Global Patterns of Net Primary Production Net primary production [kg carbon/ (m 2 · yr)] 3 2 1 0 Energy Flow through Ecological Communities Plant material eaten by caterpillar 200 J 67 J Feces 100 J 33 J Not assimilated Cellular respiration Growth (new biomass; secondary production) Primary producers 100 J 1,000,000 J of sunlight 10 J 1,000 J 10,000 J Primary consumers Secondary consumers Tertiary consumers Terrestrial NPP Corresponds to Climate
Transcript of Ecosystems and Conservation Chemicals Cycle, Energy Flowsdstratto/bcor12/14_Ecosystems.pdf ·...
1
10 July 2019
Ecosystems and Conservation • “Energy flows,
chemicals cycle” • Primary productivity
• Global patterns • 10% “rule”
• Nitrogen and Carbon cycles
• Climate Change
Chemicals Cycle, Energy Flows Sun
Loss of heat
Chemical cycling Energy flow
Primary producers
Primary consumers
Detritus
Secondary and tertiary
consumers
Microorganisms and other
detritivores
Global Patterns of Net Primary Production
Net primary production [kg carbon/ (m2 · yr)]
3
2
1
0
Energy Flow through Ecological Communities
Plant material eaten by caterpillar
200 J
67 J
Feces 100 J
33 J
Not assimilated
Cellular respiration
Growth (new biomass; secondary production)
Primary producers
100 J
1,000,000 J of sunlight
10 J
1,000 J
10,000 J
Primary consumers
Secondary consumers
Tertiary consumers
Terrestrial NPP Corresponds to Climate
2
NPP Varies among Ecosystem Types
Net
prim
ary
prod
uctio
n (g
/m2 ·
yr)
Fig. 55-8
Tropical forest
Evapotranspiration (mm H2O/yr)
Temperate forest
Mountain coniferous forest
Temperate grassland
Arctic tundra
Desert shrubland
1,500 1,000 500 0 0
1,000
2,000
3,000
·
(“Evapotranspiration” includes effects of Temperature and Precipitation)
Atlantic Ocean
Moriches Bay
Shinnecock Bay Long Island
Great South Bay
A
B C D
E F G
EXPERIMENT
Ammonium enriched Phosphate enriched Unenriched control
RESULTS
A B C D E F G
30
24
18
12
6
0
Collection site
Phyt
opla
nkto
n de
nsity
(m
illio
ns o
f cel
ls p
er m
L)
Primary Production in the ocean is often limited by nutrients.
Which is the limiting nutrient in this experiment?
Chemicals Cycle, Energy Flows Sun
Loss of heat
Chemical cycling Energy flow
Primary producers
Primary consumers
Detritus
Secondary and tertiary
consumers
Microorganisms and other
detritivores
NitrogenCycle
The nitrogen cycle
Terrestrial cycling
N2
Denitri- fication
Assimilation Decomposition
Fixation in root nodules
Ammonification NH4
+
NO3−
Uptake of amino acids
Nitrification
N2 in atmosphere
Reactive N gases
Industrial fixation
Denitrification
Fixation
NO3− Dissolved
organic N NH4
+
Aquatic cycling
Runoff
NO3−
N fertilizers
Decomposition and
sedimentation
Nigrogen Cycle
3
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg
Much of the nitrogen cycle happens underground, by microorganisms
Fig. 55-16
1965
(c) Nitrogen in runoff from watersheds
Nitr
ate
conc
entr
atio
n in
runo
ff (m
g/L)
(a) Concrete dam and weir
(b) Clear-cut watershed
1966 1967 1968
Control Completion of
tree cutting
Deforested
0 1 2 3 4
20 40 60 80
Winter Summer
Nutrient runoff from the Mississippi Fig. 55-21
CO2
CO
2 con
cent
ratio
n (p
pm) Temperature
1960 300
Aver
age
glob
al te
mpe
ratu
re (º
C)
1965 1970 1975 1980 Year
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9
14.0
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
CarbonCycle
4
Earth�s Radiation Budget Global Precipitation Patterns Have Also Changed
Greenhouse Gas Concentrations Are Increasing Biomes
30ºN Tropic of Cancer
Equator
Tropic of Capricorn
30ºS
Tropical forest Savanna Desert Chaparral
Temperate grassland Temperate broadleaf forest Northern coniferous forest
Tundra High mountains Polar ice
Species distributions have changed in the past and they will continue to change Predicted Distribution
of American Beech Trees
American beech
(a) Current range (b) 4.5ºC warming over next century
(c) 6.5ºC warming over next century
(Fagus grandifolia)
5
Conservation and Biodiversity More diversity = less risk? Economists use the term “portfolio risk”
Plots with more species were less affected by drought
Fig. 56-10
Inbreeding
Small population
Genetic drift
Lower reproduction
Higher mortality
Smaller population
Reduction in individual
fitness and population adaptability
Loss of genetic
variability
“Extinction vortex”
Fig. 56-18
Kilometers
0 50 100
MONTANA
IDAHO
MONTANA
WYOMING Yellowstone National Park
Yellowstone R.
Shoshone R.
Grand Teton National Park
Snake R.
IDA
HO
W
YOM
ING
Biotic boundary for short-term survival; MVP is 50 individuals.
Biotic boundary for long-term survival; MVP is 500 individuals.
Greater Prairie Chicken Fig. 56-11a
Translocation
Year
Num
ber o
f mal
e bi
rds
200
150
100
50
0 1970 1975 1985 1990 1995 1980
RESULTS
6
Fig. 56-11b
100
Eggs
hat
ched
(%) 90
80 70 60 50 40 30
Years
Hatching rate
1970–�74 �75–�79 �80–�84 �85–�89 �90 �93–�97
RESULTS USA Threats
Global warming from 1880 to 2017
climate.nasa.gov
Habitat Conversion
(a) Forests with low undergrowth (b) Forests with high, dense undergrowth
Red-cockaded woodpecker
Habitat conversion
7
Invasive Species
Garlic mustard
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Garlic_Mustard_close_800.jpg/558px-Garlic_Mustard_close_800.jpg
What makes some species invasive?
Good Genes? Escape from
enemies? Pre-adapted to
new range? http://www.invasive.org/eastern/biocontrol/29GarlicMustard.html
Our Ecological Footprint
In all, the world uses about 1.5 planets worth of resources
http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/a-planet-in-ecological-debt
Reasons for hope
