Ecosystem Services Assessment at Watershed Scale using InVEST · 2016. 6. 21. · Ecosystem...
Transcript of Ecosystem Services Assessment at Watershed Scale using InVEST · 2016. 6. 21. · Ecosystem...
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Ecosystem Services Assessment at Watershed Scale using InVEST
Guy Ziv Lead Scientist
Natural Capital Project
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Ruckelshaus et al. in review
The Natural Capital Project Incorporating ecosystem services in decisions
Spatial Planning
Climate Adaptation Planning Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES)
Development Impacts and Permitting Restoration Planning
Corporate Risk Management
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InVEST – Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs
• Ecosystem services are the goods and benefits society derives from ecosystems
• Examples: Water, Food, Energy (biomass), Pollination, Biodiversity
• Most ecosystem services cannot be directly measured, or are insufficiently monitored or reported
• The InVEST toolset is a science-based free open-source GIS software for modeling and mapping ecosystem services
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InVEST Principles
• Developed for users considering holistic integrated multiple ecosystem services
• Land-use/land-cover based GIS models • Incorporate models of the biophysical
function (supply), the beneficiaries utilization (service) and optionally economic valuation
• Depending on data and resources availability, can be applied at different levels, for anything from screening to planning to compliance (albeit limited)
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InVEST Models for Watersheds
• Nutrient Retention • Habitat Quality • Annual Water Yield • Sediment Retention • Habitat Risk Assessment • Monthly Water Yield • Flood Mitigation • Recreation • Aesthetic Value • More InVEST models exists, as well as a suite of
marine/coastal models. Check our website for full list www.naturalcapitalproject.org
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Nutrient Retention
• Mainly aimed to assess reduction of N and P loading into freshwater by riparian buffers
• Inputs are loading and retention per LULC class
• The service performed by riparian vegetation is retaining N and P applied upstream (demand), decreasing treatment cost for downstream users (value)
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1. Estimate Water yield 3. Estimate Pollutant Load value
4. Estimate nutrient retained
5. Estimate pollutant reached the stream
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑥 = 𝐴𝐴𝑥 ∗ 𝐴𝑥
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑥 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑥 ∗ 𝑅𝑥
2. Calculate flow direction
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Time
Load
ing
Critical Loading
6. Estimate Avoided treatment costs
Valuation
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Habitat Quality
• Managing the quality of habitat allows for us to manage the associated species
• Produces a map of habitat quality • Habitat is a function of conservation objective
– Are we considering all species or just specific species? All animals on the landscape or just threatened ones?
• Threats to habitat can be divided into two major categories – Actual removal of habitat or edge fragmentation – Sources of pollution (e.g., noise), roads, power lines, etc.
that degrade the integrity of habitat
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Model Overview
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Alternative Models
• Heuristic models – (weighted overlay, crayon and paper approach) – Expert knowledge – Not statistical
• Statistical models – (MaxEnt, logistic regression, CART, ANN) – Often data intensive – Output is probability of occurrence or conversion
• Why the InVEST model? – Requires basic data that is widely available – Habitat approach can encompass multiple species – Compare scenarios to a baseline – Incorporate the spatial impacts of threats
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Model Inputs
• Inputs – Map of each threat – Relative weights of
threats (0.0 to 1.0) – Spatial impact of threats – Land use/land cover
• habitat/nonhabitat • sensitivity of each habitat
type to each threat • accessibility of habitat to
threat (social, political, geographical restrictions)
roads cities
LULC
distance
impa
ct
0.35 0.65
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Validation of InVEST to GAP
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Water Scarcity Model
Consumptive Use Net
Volume
E(t) P(t)
Q(t)
Water Yield Model
Land Use Soils Climate
Water Yield Evapo-
transpiration
DEM
Annual Water Yield
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• Quantify sediment exported and retained on a landscape • Uses USLE (with some RUSLE modifications) to estimate
water erosion • Valuation – avoided dredging cost, avoided water treatment
Sediment Retention
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Stakeholder Preferences
Biophysical Weights
Annual Water Supply
Erosion Control
Biodiversity
Targeting investments: which activities?
Activity Rankings
High priority Low priority
Fencing Conservation Silvopastoral Reforestation
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Cost Data
Cost
Activity Rankings
Fencing C
onservation S
ilvopastoral R
eforestation
High priority Low priority
Investment Portfolio
Fencing Conservation Silvopastoral Reforestation
Activity
Targeting investments: where to invest?
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Erosion control returns for targeting investments
Targeted investment
Random investment
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Threats to habitat or candidate
species
Model input in InVEST
Map of relative risk
Habitat Risk Assessment
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Criteria Ratings Exposure Spatial overlap Temporal overlap Intensity Management effectiveness
Consequence Change in area Change in structure Frequency of natural disturbance Natural mortality Recruitment Age at maturity/ recovery time Connectivity
3 1 2 3
3 3 2 3 1 1 2
Weighted average data quality importance
Weighted average data quality importance
3 1 2 3
3 3 2 3 1 1 2
Habitat Risk Assessment
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Calculation of Risk
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Results: Mapping Risk for Prairie Habitat
Risk to prairie
Low Medium High
Best case
Baseline
Worst case
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-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100Habitat quality
Total carbon stock
Biomass carbon stock
Avoided nitrogen export
Avoided phosphorus export
Avoided sediment export
Water yield
Plantation area
% change from 2008 to Vision
% change from 2008 to plan
Reference line (= No change from 2008)
Tanjungjabung Timur District
e.g., Sumatra
Spider web trade-off diagrams
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Hawaii
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Tradeoffs among Scenarios Carbon Storage
Water Quality
Water Yield
Income Biofuels
Subdivision
Ag & Forestry