Ecosystem Services Assessment and Mapping development and ... › files ›...
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Ecosystem Services Assessment and
Mapping – development and
application of Bulgarian
methodology, relation to IAS Dr Svetla Bratanova-Doncheva
Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystems Research
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
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Contents • Introduction – the context
• Ecosystem services
• Climate changes
• Trend of ecosystem changes
• Drivers and pressures of changes
• Invasive Alien Species
• How do invasive species impact ecosystem services?
– Mechanismes
– Impacts
• Science and policy recommendations
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In the context of global changes, the biodiversity loss and degradation of ecosystems and their services are becoming one of the bigest problems of the planet.
Effective societal responses are needed to manage sustainably complex socio-ecological (SE) interactions.
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The institutional capacities to
manage the earth’s ecosystems are
evolving more slowly than man’s
overuse of the same systems
Key problem
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Action 5 of the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020
foresees that Member States will map and assess the
state of ecosystems and their services in their
national territory by 2014.
The Working Group MAES-EC steers the
implementation of Action 5.
A coherent analytical framework has been
developed to be applied by the EU and its Member
States in order to ensure consistent approaches.
The MAES second technical report proposes
indicators that can be used at European and Member
State's level to map and assess biodiversity,
ecosystem condition and ecosystem services.
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Knowledge:
What drives the major European ecosystems and socio-ecological systems? What are the main pressures provoked by them?
Policy and management:
How can Ecosystem Services be sustainably secured across all scales?
Key questions
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Ecosystem services
• ES are the benefits that people obtain from biodiversity, ecosystems and their functions.
• Biodiversity has multiple roles supporting the delivery of ecosystem services and the status of ecosystems. Connecting biodiversity to ecosystem state but also to particular ecosystem functions and ecosystem services entails thus defining multivariate combinations of these different dimensions of biodiversity and using them for mapping and assessment. (MAES 1&2)
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Ecosystem processes
Ecosystem functions
Ecosystem services
Ecosystem functions and biodiversity
Biodiversity
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The biodiversity has a crucial role in the ecosystem processes
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• The concepts to analyse complex SE interactions: ecosystem integrity, resilience and ecosystem services
• The objective: to develop framework to assess resilience of ecosystem services, based on DPSIR, indicators and scenarios
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Ecosystem integrity -
definition
The ability of ecosystem for self organization and self maintenance of ecosystem structures and functions
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Ecosystem integrity
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Conceptual
framework
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Ecosystem services
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MAES
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CICES
• The Ecosystem services are 48
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BG 03 Biodiversity and
ecosystem services - EEA
PDP2 Methodological assistance for ecosystem assessment and biophysical valuation
(MetEcoSMap)
Funding by FM of EEA
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• EEA Technical report No 1/2014 - Terrestrial habitat mapping in Europe: an overview - Joint MNHN-EEA report
• MAES – documents – 3 Reports 2013,2014,2016
• Concept of ecosystem integrity - ENVEurope Project – 2010-2013
• Burhard’s matrix – 2009, 2010, 2013,2014
The concepts of ecosystem condition and services assessment is based on:
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Urban Cropland Grassland
Woodland and forest Heathland and shrub
Sparsely vegetated land Wetlands
Rivers and lakes Marine inlets and transitional v.1aters
Coastal Shelf
Open ocean
(2) Assess the condition
of ecosystems
Indicators Conservation status of habitats and species Ecofog;cal status of water bodies Environrnental status of seas
Ecosystem status and biodiversity
Data
Art.17 assessment
WFD assessment
MSFD assessment
data including air pollutant concentration, habitat connectivity,. land use change. soil degradation.
t
Land use land cover data,. e.g. Corine Land Cover
Copernicus high r esolution data Elevation data Seabed maps
National datasets
Models for spatially delineat.ing wetlands or natural, unmanaged ecosystems
Supply indicators: Indicators for stock and flow of ecosystem functions and ecosystem services
Demand indicators: rndJcators for the human demand for ecosystem services
t
Different sources of environmenta I data and models
Different socioeconomic statistics
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MetEcoSMap
• The national methodological framework on mapping and assessment of ecosystem services aims to streamline the national ecosystem mapping and biophysical assessment process in Bulgaria.
• The methodology is not aimed to complete the full cycle of ecosystem service valuation and reporting.
• It delivers a practical step-by-step guidance to the process of:
– Assessing the ecosystems condition, and
– Assessing the ecosystems’ potential to deliver ecosystem services (biophysical valuation).
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Where we stand:
timeline
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MetEcoSMap project in context
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Framework structure Context
Context: international, EU and national efforts; definitions and terms
9 mapping and assessment methodologies
Snapshot 2016: Mapping and assessment of ecosystems condition & services
On-the-spot verification guide
Verifying the mapping methodologies for several ecosystems at once, in one place Monitoring guide
Methods, frequency of monitoring, annual planning, capacity building
The road ahead
Connection to Monetary valuation and Natural Capital Accounting
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The Indicator approach
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Ecological integrity indicators
Ecosystem types - level 2
U r b a n C r o p l a n d G r a s s l a n d W o o d l a n d a n d F o r e s t H e a t h l a n d a n d s h r u b S p a r e s l y v e g e t a t e d l a n d W e tl a n d s R i v e r s a n d l a k e s M a r i n e
Ecosystem types - level 3 (попълва се от всяка работна група)
Ecos
ytem
str
uctu
re
Biotic diversity
flora diversity v v v v v
fauna diversity v v v v
habitat diversity v v v
additional variable (invasive species)
additional variables (naturalness) v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
Abiotic heterogeneity
soil heterogeneity v v
water heterogeneity
air heterogeneity v
habitat heterogeneity
additional variables (pollution) v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
Ecos
yste
m p
roce
sses
Energy balance
input exergy capture v v v v
storage exergy storage
output entropy production
other state variables meteorology v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
efficiency measures metabolic efficiency
Matter balance
input matter input
storage matter storage v v
output matter loss v
other state variables regeneration
other state variables element concentrations v v v
efficiency measures nutrient cycling v
Water balance
input water input v
storage water storage v
output water output
other state variables element concentrations v
efficiency measures biotic water flow v
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Mapping methodologies:
Preparation Step 1: Collecting data for ecosystem
condition parameters (methodologies contain typical border parameters and available data on each)
Step 2: Assessment based on available data: calculate for each polygon, fill database (uniform between ecosystem types)
Each polygon represents one ecosystem type at level 3
One record in the vector dataset for each polygon. The ID of the polygon used for relation with metadata.
Description of the data sources used for type determination.
Resulting table from validation.
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Mapping methodologies:
Assessment Step 3: Fill in 0-5 scores for each parameter or for each ecosystem condition indicator, for example:
• ecosystem condition parameter:
Step 4: For condition, calculate Index of Performance IP for the polygon’s ecosystem condition and enter into database: IP=ni/ni(max),
where: ni – sum of parameter assessment scores; ni(max) – sum of the maximum of parameter assessment scores (i.e. n *5); IP – a real number with values between 0 and 1
Parameter Unit Methodology Assessment scale
Score 1
(bad) Score 2
(poor) Score 3
(moderate) Score 4
(good) Score 5
(very good)
Plant Diversity % Statistic 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100
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Parameter Unit Methodology Assessment scale
Score 0 Score 1
(bad) Score 2
(poor) Score 3
(moderate) Score 4
(good) Score 5
(very good)
Crop Yield t/ha Statistic No relevant
0-1.0 >1-1.5 >1.5-2.0 >2-3.0 >3
• ecosystem service parameter:
• For services, calculate MEAN value for Real (expert assessed) Ecosystem service Capacity (RESsC) for the polygon’s ecosystem services and enter into database: MEAN (RESsC) = ni/ni(max),
where ni – sum of parameter assessment scores (RESsC ); ni(max) – sum of the maximum of parameter assessment scores (i.e. n *5); MEAN(RESsC) – a real number with values between 0 and 1
Step 5: Fill in 0-5 scores for each parameter or for each ecosystem service indicator, for example:
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Mapping methodologies:
Creating maps Step 6: Preparation of Digital Maps for ES types at level 3
– GIS compatible vector format - geospatial standards of OGC and INSPIRE;
– One complete coverage in a single layer;
– Cartographic projection: ETRS89-LAEA;
– Scale between 1:10 000 and 1:25 000;
– All other details – provided in the methodology
Step 7: Generation of metadata
Step 8: Putting the puzzle together:
• Digital Maps – example
• Color coding: comply with common EU standards; details in the methodology
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The message
Ecosystem services assessment:
AN ADAPTIVE PROCESS!
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Scientific challenges
• How many species are needed for an ecosystem to
be in a good functional condition?
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Scientific challenges
• How is biodiversity related to the nitrogen
budget of the ecosystem?
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Scientific challenges
How to enhance the resilience of ecosystem services?
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Area: 110 912 sq. km.
Mammal species: 94
Bird species: 383
Reptile species 36
Amphibia species 16
Fish species: 207 (marine and freshwater)
Insects and other invertebrates: about 27 000
Vascular plant species: 3 500 to 3 750
Non vascular plant species and fungi: 6 500
Forested area: 34% of total
a country of exceptionally high biodiversity
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Trends
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DPSIR
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Main pressures
in Europe
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Trends
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Climate change
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Trends
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IAS
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INVASIVE SPECIES
PROBLEMS • World-wide problem
• Increase in travel and trade open routes
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IAS trends
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• Approximately 42% of Threatened or Endangered species are at risk due to non-native, invasive species.
• Raise negative changes in ecosystems and threaten species diversity
INVASIVE SPECIES
PROBLEMS
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Effects of Invasive Species
on Ecosystems
• Direct competition with native species
• Lose of species diversity – may cause native species to become endangered
• Short-circuit interactions in natural communities & disrupt natural food web
• Affect entire ecosystem functions as water availability and nutrient cycle
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Characteristics of
Invasive Species
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How do invasive species
impact ecosystem?
Mechanisms:
• Competition, predation, herbivory, parasitism, changing soil chemistry, hydrology, fire
frequency or nutrient cycling. • IAS affect ecosystem services at four levels of
complexity
Species
• result in loss of biodiversity used for food, fiber, fuel, medicine
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How do invasive species
impact ecosystem services? Communities
• disrupt mutualisms important for pollination
and pest control;
• change physical environment
• degrade or enhance aesthetic value
Ecosystems
• alter hydrology and nutrient cycling
Atmosphere
• affect carbon sequestration
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Provisioning Services: Food, Fiber and Fuel
• IAS are a blessing and a curse for agriculture and food security
• 98% of food crops are non-native:
• Weeds reduce crop yields by -12%
• Non-crop IAS are sometimes incorporated into local livelihoods
How do invasive species
impact ecosystem services?
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Provisioning Services: Fresh Water
• Several well-documented examples demonstrate that some IAS can fundamentally change the flow of water
for drinking and irrigation. Tamarisk in the Southwestern U.S. (Zavaleta2000)
Woody plants in South Africa (Gorgensand van Wilgen 2004)
Pasture grasses in Midwest (Holmes and Rice 1996)
• Water is increasingly limited yet indispensable. Understanding how IAS affects hydrology, calculating costs, and making both transparent, is key for gathering important information and support for protecting water resources.
How do invasive species
impact ecosystem services?
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Regulating Services: Pollination • Honeybees may displace native bees, potentially better
pollinators (Spira, 2001).
• Invasive plants can also distract pollinators from native species (Chittkaand Schurkens, 2001).
• Invasive parasites can lead to the extinction of native pollinators.
Partly stimulated by recent honeybee deaths, much research is now underway on how non-native and native bees pollinate plants and contribute to a variety of ecosystem services including food, fiber, aesthetic, and cultural values.
How do invasive species
impact ecosystem services?
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Regulating Services: Climate • When IAS replace native species, differences in carbon storage
could affect the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Non-native pasture grasses replace rainforest in Brazil (Kaufman et al. 1995;1998)
IAS Woody species replace native grassland (Robles and Chapman 1995)
• Non-native timber species may sequester more (or less) carbon than native trees.
Although there is much focus on how climate change will affect IAS, the extent and implications of the impact of IAS on climate change is poorly understood.
How do invasive species
impact ecosystem services?
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Regulating Services: Water Purification • Zebra Mussels filter water but have negative impacts on other ecosystem
services (Nalepaand Schloesser1993).
• Golden apple snails alter food webs, transforming Southeast Asia’s wetlands from clear to turbid and algae-dominated (Carlssonet al. 2004) and damaging rice production
• Common Carp degrade water quality in Spain by increasing nutrient concentrations (Angeleret al. 2002).
Wetlands are widely recognized as providing free water purification services that would otherwise be costly and chemical-intensive.
How do invasive species
impact ecosystem services?
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Regulating Service: Erosion • Introduced ungulates, particularly on islands, cause sever
erosion (Laughrinet al. 1994; North et al. 1994; Mack and D’Antonio 1998)
• IAS can impact soil properties, increasing erosion
• Sphaeromain San Francisco bay (Cohen and Carlton 1995)
• When IAS replace native plants, they may increase sediment loss - Casuarinain Florida (Schmitz et al. 1997)
Evidence exists that non-native species impact erosion through several mechanisms. These impacts, however, are rarely translated into economic terms.
How do invasive species
impact ecosystem services?
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Pest and Disease Regulation • Invasive plants can serve as novel habitat for vectors,
increasing incidence of disease Lantana camarais new habitat for tsetse fly in East Africa, spreading sleeping
sickness (Greathead1968)
• Invasive animals can change food web dynamics, making system more vulnerable to disease
Noisy miner bird in Australia excludes native birds, leading to insect outbreaks and reduced tree health (Grey 1998)
We need to better understand how invasive species make ecosystems less resilient to disease.
How do invasive species
impact ecosystem services?
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Regulating Services: Natural Hazards, Fire and Flood Control
• IAS can alter the frequency, intensity, extent, type and seasonality of fire
Bromus tectorumin shrub-steppe (Whisenaut1990)
• IAS can increase flood-risk by narrowing stream channels and decreasing holding capacity, causing millions in damages (Zavaleta2000)
By increasing the intensity or frequency of fires, IAS are exclude native species that may provide key ecosystem services, and increase risk to nearby human communities. The “fire-prevention” services that some native ecosystems supply are generally under-appreciated. These services should be accounted for in controlling IAS and paying for ecosystem services.
How do invasive species
impact ecosystem services?
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Cultural Services: Recreation, Ecotourism, Aesthetic Values and Cultural Heritage
• Land and water-based recreation are both impacted by IAS
Water milfoil in Lake Tahoe –500,000/yr (Eisworthet al. 2000;2005)
• Aesthetic services are difficult to assess because they are subjective. IAS are often imported as ornamentals but accidental IAS such as gypsy moths can be quite unpopular.
Impacts of IAS on recreation and tourism are far more likely to be quantified and incorporated into policy decision-making compared with cultural services such as aesthetic value and cultural heritage for which it is difficult to assign economic value.
How do invasive species
impact ecosystem services?
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Invasion Curve
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Timing for the
Control of Invasive Species
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ECONOMIC EFFECTS
• Billions of dollars in damage to forests, property values, agricultural productivity, public utility operations, native fisheries, tourism, outdoor recreation
• Billions of dollars in programs to control invasive species
• Billions of dollars in damages per year
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Control Methods
• Prevention
• Eradicating potential invaders soon after invasion
• Physical (manual & mechanical)
• Cultural – Ecosystem Management
• Biological – natural enemies
• Chemical - pesticides
• Integrated Pest Management – Uses a combination of methods – OFTEN MOST EFFECTIVE
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Side Effects
of Control Methods
• Biological – control species can become invasive
• Chemical – may kill native species
• Physical – may miss removing some of the invasive species
• Prevention – apathy and lack of awareness
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Science and Policy
Recommendations
1.Include all relevant ecosystem services in IAS impact assessments: decision-makers need full information to strategically allocate limited funds for control.
2.Focus new ecological and economic research on regulating and cultural services: of all services, these are least accounted for despite their value for human well-being.
3.Develop accurate predictions for which IAS groups are likely to have the greatest impact on important ecosystem services. It is easier to prevent introductions of IAS than to eradicate them.
4.Do better at controlling borders by making impacts of IAS on ecosystem services and human well-being explicit to the public.
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5.Treat biological invasions more like global warming. Most research in invasion biology focuses on characteristics and control methods rather than negative impacts on ecosystems that result in economic damage to society. Science and policy should reflect the fact that IAS have taken their place next to human-caused global warming as a driver of global environmental change.
6.Measure the impacts of IAS using broader criteria than biodiversity. Because ecosystems provide life-support services to society, when using the ecosystem service framework for conservation it is particularly important to incorporate cultural and subsistence values into policy decisions.
Science and Policy
Recommendations
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~ e~a grants