ecosystem final.ppt
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Transcript of ecosystem final.ppt
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Ecosystems:
Fundamental Characteristics
• Str$ct$re% & 'iving (biotic)
& *onliving (abiotic)
• +rocess% & Energy flow
& Cycling of matter
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#,OT,C com!onents
'iving things (!lants animals bacteria)
• +rod$cers ( +lants)
• Cons$mers (Animals)
• .ecom!osers ( Micro-organisms)
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Abiotic Com!onents
Abiotoic /actors incl$de
• *on living things (air water soil climate
0)
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How does an ecosystem work ?
• +lants $se s$nlight water and n$trients
from the soil to !rod$ce their own food
(!rod$cers)
• The animals feed on the !lants or each
other (cons$mer)
• /$ngi and #acteria feed on dead waste
material and ma1e things brea1 down and
rot" (decom!osers)
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A$totro!hs2+rod$cers
• A gro$!s of organisms that can $se the energyin s$nlight to convert water and carbon dio3ideinto 4l$cose (food)
• A$totro!hs are also called Producers beca$sethey !rod$ce all of the food that heterotro!hs$se
• Witho$t a$totro!hs there wo$ld be no life on
this !lanet• E3" +lants and Algae
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A$totro!hs2+rod$cers
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5eterotro!hs2Cons$mers
• Organisms that do not ma1e their own food
• Another term for 5eterotro!h is consumer
beca$se they cons$me other organisms in orderto live
• E3" 6abbits .eer M$shrooms
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TY+ES O/ CO*S7ME6S
& Primary Consumers & eat a$totro!hs (!rod$cers)
& Secondary Consumers & eat the !rimary cons$mers
& Tertiary Consumers & eat the secondary cons$mers
& Decomposers & bacteria and f$ngi that brea1 downdead organisms and recycle the material bac1 into
the environment
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5eterotro!hs2Cons$mers
• Primary Consumers
8" 5erbivores & eat O*'Y !lants
• E3" & Cows Ele!hants 4iraffes
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5eterotro!hs
• Secondary Consumers
2" Carnivores & eat O*'Y meat• E3" & 'ions Tigers Shar1s
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5eterotro!hs
• Tertiary Consumers
9" mnivores & Eat #OT5 !lants and animals
• E3" & #ears and 5$mans
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5eterotro!hs
• Consumers
:" Decomposers & absorb any dead material and
brea1 it down into sim!le n$trients or fertili;ers
• E3" & #acteria and M$shrooms
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/7*CT,O* O/ A*
ECOSYSTEM• Energy < Material flow
• /ood chains
• /ood webs• /ood !yramids
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/'OW O/ E*E64Y ,* A*
ECOSYSTEM
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Transfer of Energy
• When a ;ebra eats the grass it does not obtain
all of the energy the grass has (m$ch of it is not
eaten)
• When a lion eats a ;ebra it does not get all of
the energy from the ;ebra (m$ch of it is lost as
heat)
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Tro!hic 'evels
• A tro!hic level is the !osition occ$!ied by an organism ina food chain"
• Tro!hic levels can be analy;ed on an energy !yramid"
• Producers are fo$nd at the base of the !yramid and
com!romise the !irst trophic level"• Primary consumers ma1e $! the second trophic
level"
• Secondary consumers ma1e $! the third trophic
level"• /inally tertiary consumers ma1e $! the top trophic
level"
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ECO'O4,CA' S7CCESS,O*
• +rogressive re!lacement of one
comm$nity by another till the develo!ment
of stable comm$nity
TY+ES
• +rimary
• Secondary
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/ood Chains
• The energy flow from one tro!hic level to the
other is 1now as a food chain
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E3am!le of a /ood Chain
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/ood Webs•
The interloc1ing !attern of vario$s food chains in an ecosystem"
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© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
Food we# o! a hot sprin$
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Marine /ood Webs
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ECO'O4,CA' +Y6AM,.
• 4ra!hical re!resentation of str$ct$re <
f$nction of tro!ic levels of an ecosystem
TY+ES• +yramid of n$mbers
• +yramid of energy
• +yramid of biomass
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Tro!hic 'evels /o$nd on an
Energy +yramid• The greatest amo$nt of energy is fo$nd at the base of
the !yramid"
• The least amo$nt of energy is fo$nd at to! of the
!yramid"
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+yramid of n$mbers
• *$mber of individ$als !er s!ecies
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#iomass
• Energy is sometimes considered in terms of
biomass the mass of all the organisms and
organic material in an area"
• There is more biomass at the tro!hic level ofproducers and !ewer at the tro!hic level of
tertiary consumers" (There are more !lants on
Earth than there are animals")
• %io&li!e 'ass&wei$ht
• %io ( 'ass & )ei$ht o! livin$ thin$s within an
ecosystem"
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+yramid of #iomass
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•Express tropic structure as energy transfer
•Energy pyramids can never be inverted