Ecosystem Ecology. I. Introduction - Ecosystem: an assemblage of organisms, together with their...
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Transcript of Ecosystem Ecology. I. Introduction - Ecosystem: an assemblage of organisms, together with their...
![Page 1: Ecosystem Ecology. I. Introduction - Ecosystem: an assemblage of organisms, together with their chemical and physical environments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb75503460f94bc12b2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ecosystem Ecology
![Page 2: Ecosystem Ecology. I. Introduction - Ecosystem: an assemblage of organisms, together with their chemical and physical environments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb75503460f94bc12b2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Ecosystem Ecology
I. Introduction
- Ecosystem: an assemblage of organisms, together with their chemical and physical environments
![Page 3: Ecosystem Ecology. I. Introduction - Ecosystem: an assemblage of organisms, together with their chemical and physical environments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb75503460f94bc12b2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Ecosystem Ecology
I. Introduction
II. Energy Flow
![Page 4: Ecosystem Ecology. I. Introduction - Ecosystem: an assemblage of organisms, together with their chemical and physical environments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb75503460f94bc12b2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Ecosystem Ecology
I. Introduction
II. Energy Flow
A. Productivity
1. Gross Primary Productivity
Total photosynthetic productivity:
CO2 + H20 -----> Glucose + O2
![Page 5: Ecosystem Ecology. I. Introduction - Ecosystem: an assemblage of organisms, together with their chemical and physical environments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb75503460f94bc12b2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Ecosystem Ecology
I. Introduction
II. Energy Flow
A. Productivity
1. Gross Primary Productivity
Total photosynthetic productivity:
CO2 + H20 -----> Glucose + O2
Metabolism
Growth
Reproduction
![Page 6: Ecosystem Ecology. I. Introduction - Ecosystem: an assemblage of organisms, together with their chemical and physical environments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb75503460f94bc12b2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
1. Gross Primary Productivity
Total photosynthetic productivity:
CO2 + H20 -----> Glucose + O2
Ecosystem Ecology
I. Introduction
II. Energy Flow
A. Productivity
![Page 7: Ecosystem Ecology. I. Introduction - Ecosystem: an assemblage of organisms, together with their chemical and physical environments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb75503460f94bc12b2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
2. Net Primary Productivity:
- energy stored in biomass
Ecosystem Ecology
I. Introduction
II. Energy Flow
A. Productivity
![Page 8: Ecosystem Ecology. I. Introduction - Ecosystem: an assemblage of organisms, together with their chemical and physical environments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb75503460f94bc12b2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Ecosystem Ecology
I. Introduction
II. Energy Flow
A. Productivity
2. Net Primary Productivity:
- energy stored in biomass
- measurements
![Page 9: Ecosystem Ecology. I. Introduction - Ecosystem: an assemblage of organisms, together with their chemical and physical environments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb75503460f94bc12b2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Ecosystem Ecology
I. Introduction
II. Energy Flow
A. Productivity
2. Net Primary Productivity:
- energy stored in biomass
- measurements
- factors affecting NPP
![Page 10: Ecosystem Ecology. I. Introduction - Ecosystem: an assemblage of organisms, together with their chemical and physical environments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb75503460f94bc12b2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Ecosystem Ecology
I. Introduction
II. Energy Flow
A. Productivity
2. Net Primary Productivity:
- energy stored in biomass
- measurements
- factors affecting NPP
- light
![Page 11: Ecosystem Ecology. I. Introduction - Ecosystem: an assemblage of organisms, together with their chemical and physical environments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb75503460f94bc12b2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Ecosystem Ecology
I. Introduction
II. Energy Flow
A. Productivity
2. Net Primary Productivity:
- energy stored in biomass
- measurements
- factors affecting NPP
- light
- water
![Page 12: Ecosystem Ecology. I. Introduction - Ecosystem: an assemblage of organisms, together with their chemical and physical environments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb75503460f94bc12b2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Ecosystem Ecology
I. Introduction
II. Energy Flow
A. Productivity
2. Net Primary Productivity:
- energy stored in biomass
- measurements
- factors affecting NPP
- light
- water
- temp
![Page 13: Ecosystem Ecology. I. Introduction - Ecosystem: an assemblage of organisms, together with their chemical and physical environments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb75503460f94bc12b2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Ecosystem Ecology
I. Introduction
II. Energy Flow
A. Productivity
2. Net Primary Productivity:
- energy stored in biomass
- measurements
- factors affecting NPP
- light
- water
- temp
- nutrients
![Page 14: Ecosystem Ecology. I. Introduction - Ecosystem: an assemblage of organisms, together with their chemical and physical environments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb75503460f94bc12b2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
2. Net Primary Productivity:
- factors affecting NPP
- Nutrients: Nutrient Use Efficiency =
grams of dry mass produced/gram of nutrient absorbed
Lower NUE for a nutrient means it is more limiting (need more to produce the same biomass).
![Page 15: Ecosystem Ecology. I. Introduction - Ecosystem: an assemblage of organisms, together with their chemical and physical environments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb75503460f94bc12b2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
2. Net Primary Productivity:
- energy stored in biomass
- measurements
- factors affecting NPP
- light
- water
- temp
- nutrients
- Global Patterns
![Page 16: Ecosystem Ecology. I. Introduction - Ecosystem: an assemblage of organisms, together with their chemical and physical environments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb75503460f94bc12b2/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
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2. Net Primary Productivity:
- energy stored in biomass
- measurements
- factors affecting NPP
- light
- water
- temp
- nutrients
- Global Patterns
![Page 18: Ecosystem Ecology. I. Introduction - Ecosystem: an assemblage of organisms, together with their chemical and physical environments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb75503460f94bc12b2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
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Ecosystem Ecology
I. Introduction
II. Energy Flow
A. Productivity
3. Net Secondary Productivity
- assimilations efficiencies – A/I
seed eaters: 60-80%
browsers: 30-40%
detritivores: 15%
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Ecosystem Ecology
I. Introduction
II. Energy Flow
A. Productivity
3. Net Secondary Productivity
- assimilations efficiencies – A/I
seed eaters: 60-80%
browsers: 30-40%
detritivores: 15%
herbivores: 60-70%
carnivores: 80-90%
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Low AE? Must eat more to get energy needed.
Horse – ‘hindgut ruminant’ – less efficient, high throughput
Cattle – ‘foregut ruminant’ – more efficient, can eat less.
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Ecosystem Ecology
I. Introduction
II. Energy Flow
A. Productivity
3. Net Secondary Productivity
- affected by nutrient ratios, growth rates, and most limiting variable. May need to eat a lot to get enough of the limiting variable.
N:P :: 50:1
N:P :: 15:1
Fast growing; need higher ratio of Phosphorus for DNA synthesis.
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Ecosystem Ecology
I. Introduction
II. Energy Flow
A. Productivity
3. Net Secondary Productivity
- Net Production Efficiency = P/A
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Ecosystem Ecology
I. Introduction
II. Energy Flow
A. Productivity
3. Net Secondary Productivity
- net production efficiency = P/A
0.7%Shrews
0.5%Birds
6-10%MostMammals
Up to 75% for sedentary poikilotherms
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Ecosystem Ecology
I. Introduction
II. Energy Flow
A.Productivity
B.Trophic Pyramids
![Page 28: Ecosystem Ecology. I. Introduction - Ecosystem: an assemblage of organisms, together with their chemical and physical environments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb75503460f94bc12b2/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Ecosystem Ecology
I. Introduction
II. Energy Flow
A.Productivity
B.Trophic Pyramids
- ecological efficiency: NSP/NPP (5-20%)
NPP of Producers (PLANTS)
NPP of HERBIVORES
Loss due to 2nd Law
NPP of Primary Carnivores
NPP of Secondary Carnivores
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a. trophic "pyramids"
NPP of Producers (PLANTS)
NPP of HERBIVORES
Loss due to 2nd Law
NPP of Primary Carnivores
NPP of Secondary Carnivores
This is why large carnivores are RARE, and why they have large RANGES
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Ecosystem Ecology
I. Introduction
II. Energy Flow
A.Productivity
B.Trophic Pyramids
C.Detrital Foodchains
Herbivores
Predators
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Ecosystem Ecology
I. Introduction
II. Energy Flow
A.Productivity
B.Trophic Pyramids
C.Detrital Foodchains
HerbivoresNPPDetritivores
Temperate forest: 1.5% - 2.5%Old-field Habitat: 12%Plankton: 60-99%
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Ecosystem Ecology
I. Introduction
II. Energy Flow
A.Productivity
B.Trophic Pyramids
C.Detrital Foodchains
D.‘Biomass Accumulation Ratios’
If we know the mean ‘standing crop’ of biomass from year to year, and we know the net productivity, we can calculate how long, on average the biomass persists:
BAR (per year) = (biomass/m2) / (np of biomass / m2 / yr)
![Page 33: Ecosystem Ecology. I. Introduction - Ecosystem: an assemblage of organisms, together with their chemical and physical environments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb75503460f94bc12b2/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Ecosystem Ecology
I. Introduction
II. Energy Flow
A.Productivity
B.Trophic Pyramids
C.Detrital Foodchains
D.‘Biomass Accumulation Ratios’
If we know the mean ‘standing crop’ of biomass from year to year, and we know the net productivity, we can calculate how long, on average the biomass persists:
BAR (per year) = (biomass/m2) / (np of biomass / m2 / yr)
Forests: ~ 20 years Tropical leaf litter: 3 monthsPhytoplantkon: ~20 days Temperate leaf litter: 2-20 years
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Ecosystem Ecology
I. Introduction
II. Energy Flow
A.Productivity
B.Trophic Pyramids
C.Detrital Foodchains
D.BAR
E.Human Concerns
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E. Human Concerns
![Page 36: Ecosystem Ecology. I. Introduction - Ecosystem: an assemblage of organisms, together with their chemical and physical environments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb75503460f94bc12b2/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
E. Human Concerns
![Page 37: Ecosystem Ecology. I. Introduction - Ecosystem: an assemblage of organisms, together with their chemical and physical environments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb75503460f94bc12b2/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
E. Human Concerns
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E. Human Concerns
500% increase in 50 years, with population increase of 250%
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E. Human Concerns
A doubling of meat production per capita
![Page 40: Ecosystem Ecology. I. Introduction - Ecosystem: an assemblage of organisms, together with their chemical and physical environments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb75503460f94bc12b2/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
E. Human Concerns
25% of catch by weight discarded
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E. Human Concerns
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E. Human Concerns
6-10 lbs of feed for 1 lb increase in cattle weight2-5 lbs of fish meal for 1 lb increase in farmed fish weight
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E. Human Concerns Edible kilocalories produced from kilocalories of energy required for cultivation are:
18.1% for chicken,
6.7% for grass-fed beef,
5.7% for farmed salmon
0.9% for shrimp.
123% for potatoes
250% for corn
415% for soy
input calories converted to calories able to be utilized by humans
So, for every 100 calories of energy we put in to raise chickens, we get 18 calories of energy produced in chicken meat. 100 cal into soy, 415 calories out.
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E. Human Concerns
Food production, per capita(400 kg per year is healthy minimum)
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SO HOW DID WE DO IT?
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E. Human Concerns
EXTENSIFICATION – MORE AREA
![Page 47: Ecosystem Ecology. I. Introduction - Ecosystem: an assemblage of organisms, together with their chemical and physical environments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb75503460f94bc12b2/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
E. Human Concerns
EXTENSIFICATION – MORE AREA
![Page 48: Ecosystem Ecology. I. Introduction - Ecosystem: an assemblage of organisms, together with their chemical and physical environments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb75503460f94bc12b2/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
E. Human Concerns
The best land has already been used; further expansion in marginal areas is costly and requires more supplementation
![Page 49: Ecosystem Ecology. I. Introduction - Ecosystem: an assemblage of organisms, together with their chemical and physical environments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb75503460f94bc12b2/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
E. Human Concerns
47% of historical forested land has been cut
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E. Human Concerns
INTENSIFICATION
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E. Human Concerns
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E. Human Concerns
The best land has already been used; further expansion in marginal areas is costly and requires more supplementation
![Page 53: Ecosystem Ecology. I. Introduction - Ecosystem: an assemblage of organisms, together with their chemical and physical environments.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649eb75503460f94bc12b2/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
E. Human Concerns
Global NPP (dry mass) = 224 billion tons. 59% is terrestrial, and of this, humans 35-40% is controlled by humans, either eaten directly or fed to animals we will consume